12/10/2024
A Chapter From Newly Released “Russia Reimagined: Global Power Dynamics From The Soviet Fall To The Modern Day”
Author: Maria Kuznetsova
(Geopolitics) Hardcover
EPUB Available
Publisher : Global East-West (London) (October 10, 2024)
Language : English
Hardcover : 265 pages
ISBN-10 : 1787953327
ISBN-13 : 978-1787953321
Item Weight : 1.03 pounds
Dimensions : 6 x 0.79 x 9 inches
Maria Kuznetsova’s book, “Russia Reimagined,” details Russia’s geopolitical evolution from the Soviet collapse to the present day, covering economic turmoil, political consolidation under Putin, relations with the West, and Russia’s evolving domestic and foreign policies.
Key Takeaways
The Soviet collapse left Russia facing immediate challenges, including economic disintegration, social unrest, and ethnic tensions.
The leadership transition from Gorbachev to Yeltsin marked a pivotal shift towards market economics and democratization, though this transition was turbulent.
Putin’s rise in centralized power, leading to political consolidation and a managed democracy, is often criticized for its authoritarian aspects.
Russia’s relationship with the West is characterized by tensions stemming from NATO expansion, conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine, and information warfare.
Economic sanctions against Russia have had significant macroeconomic and sectoral impacts, leading to policy adjustments and countermeasures.
Russia’s energy sector is crucial to its economic stability and geopolitical leverage.
The book concludes by reflecting on three decades of Russia’s geopolitical evolution and offering predictions for its future path in a multipolar world.
Contributions of the Book
– Geopolitical Influence and Strategies: The book delves into Russia’s geopolitical strategies, particularly focusing on its influence in regions like the South Caucasus and Central Asia. It highlights the historical associations and ongoing tensions in areas such as Nagorno-Karabakh, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, emphasizing the need to thoroughly examine Russia’s influence and interrelations in these critical areas.
– Economic and Energy Partnerships: The book discusses the economic collaborations between Russia and European nations, which include trade, investment, and technological exchanges. These partnerships have facilitated mutual economic growth and technology transfers, although they have also faced challenges such as regulations, sanctions, and trade disputes.
– Cultural Influence and Soft Power: The book explores Russia’s use of cultural influence and soft power as part of its geopolitical strategies. This includes disseminating ideas and cultural exchanges, which influence Russia’s broader global influence.
– Unintended Outcomes and Challenges: The book addresses the unintended outcomes of Russia’s geopolitical actions, such as the complexities and challenges that arise from its interventions and alliances. These outcomes highlight the intricate nature of international relations and the potential for unforeseen consequences.
– Future Projections and Resolutions: The book proposes potential resolutions for geopolitical conflicts, such as deploying a United Nations peacekeeping mission and using international legal mechanisms for arbitration. These suggestions aim to foster stability and uphold international law in disputed territories.
– Transformation and Challenges in Russia: The book examines Russia’s internal transformations and challenges, including economic and political shifts. It provides insights into the country’s domestic changes and their implications for its international strategies.
These contributions collectively offer a comprehensive analysis of Russia’s geopolitical strategies, economic collaborations, cultural influence, and the domestic and international challenges it faces. A Must Read.
Chapter I: From the Rubble: The Soviet Collapse and Russia’s Immediate Challenges
The Dawn of a New Epoch: The Disintegration of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s heralded an epochal shift in global geopolitics alongside an unparalleled metamorphosis for the citizens and institutions inhabiting the subsequently independent republics. The socio-economic and political tribulations precipitating the Soviet collapse were deeply entrenched in decades of internecine conflict, economic stagnation, and an erosion of ideological fervor. This confluence of elements culminated in an overwhelming pervading sense of disillusionment with the centralized authority, inciting widespread clamoring for radical transformation. Amidst the disintegration of centralized power dynamics, disorder erupted throughout the vast expanses of the erstwhile Soviet states. The rapid efflux of authoritative governance engendered a tumultuous void, igniting a plethora of autonomous movements that left administrative functions in a state of tumult. The fragmentation of the once-mighty Soviet framework bore profound implications—stirring uncertainty, insecurity, and societal discord.
The critical transitional phase from Gorbachev to Yeltsin bore witness to a labyrinthine interplay of leadership dynamics. The fierce contest for dominance amid an evolving political landscape underscored a perennial struggle to articulate an inclusive and progressive trajectory for the nascent nations. This period exemplified a departure from the deeply entrenched socialist economic paradigm, culminating in the disassembly of centralized economic systems. The ramifications of this shift resonated through the quotidian lives of citizens, instigating significant disruptions and dislocations.
Simultaneously, the economic turmoil ushered in an erosion of public trust in established civic and national frameworks, long synonymous with Soviet identity. This profound loss of confidence instigated a search for a renewed national identity, placing immense strain on emergent institutions to maintain their legitimacy amid seismic shifts in societal mores and values.
In the aftermath of the collapse, the reconfiguration of governance and military institutions proved to be a staggeringly intricate endeavor. Existing hierarchies faced challenges as they were refashioned to align with the novel governance models and security paradigms necessitated by the transformed geopolitical context. Additionally, the dissolution of the Soviet Union catalyzed the ascendancy of ethnic nationalism and fervent demands for autonomy among various regions, as simmering conflicts jeopardized the newfound independence and territorial integrity of these states.
Amidst this backdrop, Russia’s pursuit of international recognition as an independent entity was fraught with convoluted geopolitical maneuvering. Achieving acknowledgment of its sovereignty demanded deft diplomacy and strategic engagement to mitigate potential realpolitik repercussions. Furthermore, the establishment of an adapted foreign policy aligned with the post-Cold War international order was critical for successfully navigating the reshaped geopolitical terrain. The strategic decisions forged during this pivotal period laid the foundation for stabilizing and reconstructing the nation, charting a course for forthcoming trajectories to address substantial challenges.
Immediate Aftermath: Political and Social Turmoil
The immediate aftermath of the Soviet Union’s collapse was fraught with political and social turbulence as the once-dominant superpower metamorphosed into an assemblage of independent states. The disintegration of the union precipitated a profound power vacuum and an atmosphere of uncertainty, echoing both domestically and on the global stage. Within Russia, the abrupt void left by the Soviet regime birthed a chaotic milieu, compelling the newly established Russian Federation to contend with agonizing challenges of nation-building in the post-Soviet epoch.
Internally, the political landscape became a battleground for influence and control among heterogeneous factions. The enduring legacy of the prior regime, coupled with the absence of established democratic traditions, resulted in power struggles that further complicated efforts to stabilize the country. Concomitantly, the societal fabric underwent profound disruptions, with economic dislocation, rampant unemployment, and a pervasive loss of purpose engendering a pervasive sense of disenchantment among the populace.
The disintegration of the centralized economy also elicited far-reaching ramifications, as the planned socialist system swiftly gave way to a precarious transition toward a market-oriented economy. This shift precipitated mass privatization, hyperinflation, and a drastic decline in living standards for countless citizens. The sudden dismantling of state subsidies and price controls left ordinary Russians grappling with an unfamiliar economic reality, exacerbating social inequalities and undermining trust in burgeoning democratic institutions.
Moreover, the dissolution of the Soviet Union unfurled a torrent of ethno-national identity movements across its former republics, inciting violent conflicts and territorial disputes. In Russia, tensions surged between the Kremlin and regional authorities, while separatist aspirations imperiled the cohesion of the fledgling federation. The resurgence of historical grievances and quests for self-determination complicated an already tumultuous period in Russian history.
Against this chaotic backdrop, the urgency for leadership and direction intensified. As the world bore witness, Russia embarked on a tumultuous journey of self-discovery, striving to redefine its identity and reaffirm its position on the global stage. The immediate post-collapse epoch set the foundation for a protracted process of reinvention and reform, shaping the nation’s trajectory for years to come.
Leadership Transition: From Gorbachev to Yeltsin
The transition of leadership from Mikhail Gorbachev to Boris Yeltsin epitomized a critical juncture in Russian history. Gorbachev’s tenure as the final leader of the Soviet Union was marked by sweeping reforms purposed to rejuvenate the stagnant economy and instill greater political openness, encapsulated in the notions of glasnost and perestroika. However, these reforms, rather paradoxically, precipitated the unraveling of the Soviet apparatus and the eventual disintegration of the union.
As the USSR fractured, Yeltsin emerged as a pivotal figure within the political milieu. His ascent to power as the President of the Russian Federation heralded the advent of a novel governance paradigm. Yeltsin’s leadership style starkly contrasted with Gorbachev’s cautious disposition; he embraced audacious and often contentious policies to navigate Russia through periods of turmoil. His unwavering commitment to democratization and economic liberalization set the stage for transformative shifts, steering Russia toward a market-oriented economy and democratic governance.
The paradigm shift from Gorbachev’s vision of reforming the Soviet system toward Yeltsin’s agenda of dismantling it entirely illuminated the dramatic ideological and political transitions accompanying the USSR’s dissolution. Yeltsin’s presidency was characterized by challenges of nation-building and managing a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape, testing his leadership and strategic acumen at every juncture. His confrontations with the conservative vestiges of the old regime added further complexity to this transitional period. This analysis delves into the subtleties of this significant leadership shift, exploring the ramifications of Gorbachev’s legacy, the dynamics of the power struggle, and the implications of Yeltsin’s ascendancy for Russia’s domestic and international endeavors.
Economic Disintegration: The Collapse of the Centralized Economy
The disintegration of the Soviet Union ushered in a tumultuous epoch for the Russian economy, characterized by the unraveling of a centralized economic framework that had governed the nation for decades. This system, marked by extensive planning and control over production, pricing, and distribution, was intended to promote the ideals of state socialism; however, it rapidly proved untenable against the backdrop of shifting global dynamics and chronic internal inefficiencies.
As the Soviet Union fragmented, the centrally planned economy dissolved, resulting in widespread disruptions across production, trade, and resource allocation. State-owned enterprises, which had once constituted the backbone of economic activity, confronted grave challenges as the traditional command structure disintegrated and market forces struggled to usurp the vacated space. The abrupt transition from a closed, state-dominated economy to a more liberalized market-oriented paradigm created a jarring shift that left numerous sectors reeling from the rapid transformations.
Vital industries, including energy, heavy manufacturing, and agriculture, faced profound upheaval as they contended with the dissolution of established supply chains, state subsidies, and protectionist policies. The sudden exposure to international competition and the imperative to adapt to new market realities further strained an already fragile economic landscape, spawning layoffs, supply shortages, and severe price fluctuations.
Simultaneously, the erosion of the centralized economy exacerbated existing regional disparities, with certain areas struggling to adapt to the cessation of subsidies and support from the central government. This transition laid bare the vulnerabilities of resource-dependent regions, underscoring the necessity for diversified economic strategies to cushion the blow of fluctuating commodity prices and market demands.
Amid this turmoil, the financial system grappled with its own profound challenges, contending with hyperinflation, currency devaluation, and a debilitating crisis of confidence in the banking sector’s stability. The pervasive legacy of state control and inefficiency loomed large over efforts to stabilize and reform the financial industry, necessitating extensive restructuring and regulatory overhaul to regain both domestic and international trust and credibility.
In sum, the collapse of the centralized economy served as a watershed moment, heralding the onset of a protracted epoch of economic transformation and reform. The ensuing years were characterized by dynamic shifts in policymaking, institutional frameworks, and market dynamics as Russia endeavored to forge a new trajectory amidst the remnants of its past.
Social Fabric at Risk: Public Unrest and National Identity Crisis
The economic disintegration that followed the collapse of the centralized Soviet economy yielded profound repercussions for the social fabric of Russian society as citizens faced rampant unemployment, hyperinflation, and declining living standards, and public unrest burgeoned. The abrupt transition from a state-controlled economy to a market-driven one bred pervasive uncertainty and anxiety among the populace, igniting protests, strikes, and civil disobedience.
Moreover, the dissolution of the cradle-to-grave welfare system aggravated social tensions, amplifying the disenchantment felt by many individuals struggling to acclimate to rapid economic upheaval. This tumultuous phase saw the emergence of stark disparities in wealth distribution, deepening societal divides and intensifying feelings of injustice and inequality.
In tandem with these economic tribulations, the dissolution of the Soviet Union precipitated a profound national identity crisis as Russians grappled with questions of heritage, legacy, and the loss of their erstwhile superpower status. Waves of nostalgia for the perceived stability of the Soviet era clashed with lofty aspirations for a new national identity, fostering a climate rife with introspection and contemplation. This tumultuous search for a cohesive societal narrative contributed to feelings of fragmentation and disorientation across communities and the nation as a whole.
Compounding these challenges, the resurgence of long-standing ethnic and regional tensions following the Soviet collapse added another layer of complexity to the evolving social landscape. Historical grievances resurfaced as pent-up frictions ignited, complicating the already intricate narrative of post-Soviet Russia. As the populace endeavored to recalibrate its bearings amidst this chaos, the very foundation of the nation’s social fabric was subjected to intense scrutiny, marking a pivotal chapter in Russia’s history characterized by discord, soul-searching, and metamorphosis.
Institutional Shifts: Reforming the Government and Military
In the aftermath of the Soviet Union’s disintegration and the ensuing social upheaval, Russia confronted the formidable task of restructuring its governmental institutions and military apparatus to align with the rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape. This transition from a centralized communist framework to an emerging democracy demanded comprehensive reforms to ensure the stability and efficacy of state governance and national defense.
The government embarked on a multifaceted initiative to overhaul bureaucratic structures, enhance administrative efficiency, and cultivate transparency and accountability. This endeavor involved streamlining processes, redefining the roles of various ministries and agencies, and implementing contemporary management practices to eradicate the inefficiencies deeply embedded in the previous system. The overarching goal was to foster confidence among citizens and international partners regarding the competence and integrity of the state apparatus.
Simultaneously, the Russian military faced profound challenges as it navigated monumental transformations. The dissolution of the once-formidable Soviet armed forces necessitated a strategic reconfiguration to align with the nation’s reduced resources and shifting security imperatives. This transformation involved downsizing the military, modernizing equipment, and recalibrating operational doctrines to meet contemporary warfare demands while maintaining fiscal sustainability.
Moreover, the interconnection between government and military reforms resulted in a significant redefinition of civil-military relationships. Civilian oversight mechanisms were implemented to consolidate democratic control over the armed forces, thereby mitigating the risk of authoritarian resurgence. Concurrently, efforts to elevate professionalism within military ranks emphasized respect for human rights and adherence to the rule of law in all military operations.
These institutional shifts represented a pivotal juncture in Russia’s post-Soviet trajectory, laying the groundwork for a more responsive and resilient governance structure and defense establishment. The successful ex*****on of these reforms affirmed Russia’s commitment to embracing democratic values and adapting to the evolving global order. Nevertheless, the legacy of these transitional endeavors continues to shape Russia’s domestic politics and its global standing, illustrating the enduring impact of this era on the nation’s contemporary identity and strategic posture.
Ethnic Tensions and Separatist Movements
In the aftermath of the Soviet Union’s dissolution, Russia confronted many tribulations, particularly regarding ethnic strife and burgeoning separatist aspirations within its jurisdiction. The disintegration of the once formidable Soviet state precipitated the emergence of long-suppressed national ambitions and ethnic grievances, engendering a tumultuous epoch replete with secessionist movements and sanguinary conflicts. The dismantling of the centralized power structure left various ethnic communities in disarray, igniting fervent quests for autonomy and independence across disparate locales. This fractious milieu challenged the very essence of the Russian Federation, straining the fragile equilibrium between a united entity and its diverse ethnocultural identities. The Caucasus region, in particular, metamorphosed into a crucible of ethnic agitation, with the Chechen Republic emerging as a prominent locus for separatist endeavors. The harrowing First Chechen War, marred by egregious violence and relentless human rights violations, starkly illuminated the ferocity of the ethnic conflicts that burgeoned in the wake of the Soviet collapse. This conflict in Chechnya accentuated the intricacies of orchestrating ethnic diversity within the Russian Federation and laid bare the limitations of the central government in addressing the aspirations for separation.
Concurrently, other regions such as the Baltics, Transnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia experienced similar fervors for self-determination, culminating in protracted disputes and armed confrontations. These movements aimed to redefine territorial boundaries and reclaim historical identities, posing formidable challenges to Russia’s efforts to construct a cohesive post-Soviet identity. The oscillation of these separatist sentiments put a premium on the resilience of the newly established Russian state, compelling it to grapple with questions of minority rights, territorial integrity, and the tenets of sovereignty amid an increasingly fluid geopolitical landscape.
The ramifications of these ethnic tensions and separatist movements not only destabilized the foundations of the Russian Federation but also resonated on an international scale, eliciting apprehensions regarding the potential for broader destabilization and its implications for regional security. The Russian government’s responses to these predicaments, encompassing both repressive measures and tentative negotiations, mirrored the complexities inherent in balancing national unity with ethnocultural diversity. Moreover, these experiences sculpted Russia’s evolving strategy for managing domestic divisions while simultaneously informing its perspective on analogous conflicts within neighboring states, magnifying the interconnectedness of ethnic dynamics throughout the post-Soviet realm.
Fundamentally, the period following the Soviet disintegration was characterized by a convoluted interplay of ethnic tensions and separatist movements, which tested the fortitude of the Russian state and left profound marks on its domestic unity and international stature.
International Recognition: Establishing Russia’s Sovereignty
The dissolution of the Soviet Union heralded a paramount challenge for Russia: the quest for international recognition as an autonomous sovereign polity. The abrupt fragmentation of the Soviet empire thrust Russia into an uncharted abyss, cast against a backdrop of economic, political, and social upheaval. Within this milieu, the pursuit of global acknowledgment of Russia’s sovereignty became synonymous with the imperative to assert its re-emerging identity on the international stage, delineating its unique position amid the shifting geopolitical topology.
The endeavor for garnering international recognition unfolded amidst a labyrinthine tapestry of diplomatic maneuverings, legal complexities, and geostrategic calculations. It entailed multifaceted engagements with an array of global and regional entities, each wielding varying degrees of influence and vested interests. Central to this undertaking was the crucial task of procuring formal affirmation of Russia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, reframing its international stature from that of a constituent republic within the Soviet paradigm to that of an independent nation-state entitled to rightful membership in the global community.
Integral to this pursuit were initiatives designed to secure recognition from significant powers and international organizations, notably the United Nations and its affiliated bodies. This trajectory necessitated deft navigation through the intricate dynamics of multilateral diplomacy, leveraging historical precedents, legal frameworks, and geopolitical arguments to bolster Russia’s sovereignty claims. Concurrently, Russia embarked on a proactive outreach campaign aimed at nurturing bilateral relationships with key global stakeholders, elucidating its commitment to responsible governance and adherence to international norms while emphasizing its contributions to the preservation of global stability.
Furthermore, the process of affirming Russia’s sovereignty required meticulous engagement with territories once embedded within the broader Soviet orbit. Acknowledging historical legacies, ethno-cultural sensitivities, and enduring secessionist ambitions, Russia endeavored to balance the recognition of burgeoning states’ sovereignty against its own territorial integrity. This intricate approach underscored Russia’s commitment to regional stability, conflict mitigation, and respect for self-determination, reflecting a nuanced and pragmatic posture essential for fostering trust and cooperation across geopolitical fault lines.
Ultimately, the attainment of international recognition was not merely a diplomatic milestone; it represented a pivotal moment in the evolution of Russia’s identity on the world stage. This accomplishment symbolized the culmination of arduous diplomatic efforts, consolidating Russia’s status as the legitimate successor to the Soviet Union and affirming its role as an influential actor in global geopolitics. Moreover, this diplomatic vindication laid the groundwork for Russia to engage substantively in global governance discussions, contributing actively to multilateral initiatives and forging partnerships conducive to shared prosperity and security.
Formulating Foreign Policy: Navigating a New World Order
As the residual dust settled post-Soviet collapse, Russia found itself perched at a critical juncture in its historical trajectory, confronted with the monumental challenge of recalibrating its foreign policy to adapt to an accelerating global landscape. The newfound sovereignty and independent trajectory spawned by the Soviet Union’s disintegration demanded a fundamental reassessment of Russia’s role within international relations. Amidst this seismic alteration, the development of a robust foreign policy framework became essential for the nation’s reinvigoration on the global stage.
In navigating this novel world order, astute diplomacy and strategic foresight became pivotal. Russia’s leaders understood that cultivating strong, mutually beneficial alliances with both traditional partners and emergent powers was of paramount importance. Engaging with Western nations while simultaneously safeguarding national interests transformed into a delicate balancing act for Russian diplomats. Additionally, reestablishing ties with erstwhile Soviet republics and pivoting towards Asia required finesse and sophistication in foreign policy maneuverings.
The multifaceted complexities of the post-Soviet era mandated an intricate approach to global governance. From active participation in international organizations to adherence to established diplomatic norms, Russia sought to assert its position as a responsible, influential global actor. The development of alliances and partnerships to foster economic, political, and security cooperation lay at the heart of this renewed foreign policy agenda.
Moreover, the shifting geopolitical currents necessitated a thorough evaluation of both potential threats and opportunities. Emerging security challenges, notably the proliferation of non-state entities and transnational terrorism, compelled Russia to recalibrate its defense posture and engage in dialogues surrounding arms control and disarmament. Simultaneously, the quest for energy security, in light of Russia’s extensive natural resource reserves, emerged as a defining factor in shaping its foreign policy calculus.
The extensive Russian diaspora further accentuated the intricacies of foreign policy considerations. The imperative to safeguard the rights and interests of Russian nationals abroad, coupled with maintaining cultural and linguistic connections with compatriots residing in diverse countries, constituted a fundamental aspect of Russia’s external strategy.
Furthermore, the necessity of projecting soft power and bolstering public diplomacy initiatives to shape global perceptions of Russia became increasingly evident. Through leveraging cultural, educational, and informational exchanges, Russia endeavored to cultivate a favorable international image and rectify misconceptions concerning its motivations and capabilities.
In summary, foreign policy formulation in the aftermath of the Soviet disintegration was a multifaceted undertaking that called for a meticulous amalgamation of pragmatism, idealism, and strategic foresight. This epoch laid the cornerstone for Russia’s reintegration into the international milieu, ultimately shaping its trajectory in the ongoing narrative of global geopolitics.
Laying the Groundwork for Recovery: Early Strategic Decisions
In the wake of the Soviet collapse, Russia was beset by the arduous challenge of reconstructing and redefining its presence on the global stage. Confronted with economic volatility and political uncertainties, the formulation of early strategic decisions became critical in shaping its pathway to recovery. This chapter explores the pivotal initiatives and policies that served as a foundation for Russia’s resurgence.
Foremost among the challenges facing the newly autonomous Russia was the pressing need to stabilize its economy. The transition from a centrally planned socialist framework to a market-driven economy necessitated audacious reforms. Privatizing state-owned enterprises, deregulating industries, and instituting a new currency system represented essential early measures to revitalize the national economy. Strategic partnerships with international financial institutions and foreign investors became instrumental in infusing the Russian economy with vital capital and expertise.
Simultaneously, the nascent Russian government embarked on a diplomatic campaign to assert its position within the evolving global hierarchy. Crafting a foreign policy agenda that adeptly balanced cooperation with assertiveness, Russia sought to redefine its international identity. Key decisions concerning alignment with global organizations, engagement with neighboring states, and participation in multilateral fora established the trajectory for Russia’s entrenchment within the international arena.
Furthermore, initial strategic decisions encompassed efforts to restore internal stability and foster social cohesion. Initiatives to ameliorate ethnic strife, social disparities, and regional inequities laid the groundwork for cultivating national unity. Efforts to rebuild trust in state institutions and reshape the narrative surrounding Russian identity emerged as crucial components of a broader strategy intended to promote sustained recovery.
Additionally, the cultivation of strategic partnerships and alliances evolved into a cornerstone of Russia’s resurgence as a salient geopolitical player. Engagements with key global powers, regional allies, and burgeoning economies signaled a proactive strategy designed to position Russia as a notable force in international affairs. Investments aimed at enhancing diplomatic capabilities and projecting soft power further fortified Russia’s bid to exert its influence across multiplicative arenas.
Ultimately, the period following the Soviet Union’s collapse was marked by the implementation of critical early strategic decisions that established the groundwork for Russia’s recovery and recalibration. These multifaceted initiatives, spanning economic, diplomatic, and social spheres, exemplified astute navigation of formidable challenges and laid the foundations for Russia’s subsequent evolution as a defining factor in global geopolitics.
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Volgin E.I. The problem of countering political extremism in the Russian Federation in the early 1990s. // History magazine – researches. 2024. № 3. P. 189-203. DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.69970 EDN: JVIHNN URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69970
Reference: Volgin E.I. The problem of countering political extremism in the Russian Federation in the early 1990s. // History magazine – researches. 2024. № 3. P. 189-203. DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.69970 EDN: JVIHNN URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69970
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