04/12/2024
OPINION | The Case for Uniting Africans in South Africa: Seven (7) Economic Reasons for an Open Border Policy
The debate around South Africa’s open border policy is often reduced to emotional rhetoric and sweeping generalizations. Advocates, like the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), envision it as a crucial step toward a unified Africa—a vision rooted in the founding ideals of the Organisation of African Unity, now the African Union. Critics, however, argue that foreign nationals are taking jobs and contributing to crime, an argument frequently driven more by fear than by evidence. Yet, beyond the emotional debates, there are compelling economic and social reasons to consider an open border policy in South Africa.
1. Open Borders Lead to Better Migration Management
Building barriers to keep people out often backfires, as Ian Goldin points out. Instead of reducing migration, stricter borders tend to increase undocumented crossings, making it harder to manage migration effectively. Workers who come for seasonal jobs or wish to retire in their home countries may find it impossible to return, inadvertently turning temporary migrants into permanent ones. Harsh border policies push people toward dangerous and unregulated routes, exposing them to exploitation and life-threatening conditions. Open borders, on the other hand, enable structured and safer migration, benefiting both migrants and host nations.
2. Migrants Create Local Employment Opportunities
Contrary to the perception that migrants take jobs from locals, they often create employment opportunities, particularly for marginalized groups like women. For example, migrant domestic workers make childcare and eldercare more affordable, allowing South African women to enter or expand their roles in the formal workforce. International evidence supports this: in the UK, incoming migrants are projected to add £7.4 billion to the economy by 2028, and in the U.S., migrants paid a staggering $520 billion in taxes in 2021. These contributions highlight the economic benefits of a mobile, integrated workforce.
3. Filling Workforce Gaps
Migrants tend to occupy roles that locals are either unwilling or unable to fill, ranging from skilled trades like plumbing to physically demanding jobs like fruit picking or night-shift labor. In South Africa, foreign nationals have revitalized sectors such as small-scale retail, with the proliferation of salons and spaza shops standing as testimony. Other regions, like the Gulf states, depend so heavily on migrant labor that their economies would collapse without it. South Africa, too, stands to gain from fully embracing this workforce to address labor shortages and inefficiencies.
4. Positive Contributions to Social Security Systems
Migrants, particularly working-age ones, contribute more in taxes than they draw from public resources. They work longer hours on average, rely less on state-funded services like education or pensions, and thus strengthen social security systems. This phenomenon is not unique to South Africa; globally, migrants are often net contributors to the public purse, contrary to claims that they burden social welfare systems.
5. Undocumented Migrants: Hidden Economic Contributors
Even undocumented workers—often vilified in public discourse—make significant contributions to the economy. In the U.S., for instance, unregistered migrants are more likely to be employed than native workers and documented immigrants. They pay taxes but are often excluded from public benefits due to their undocumented status, which means their contributions bolster government revenue while they remain underserved. South Africa can similarly benefit from this hidden workforce if their status is regularized.
6. Migrants as Entrepreneurs and Innovators
Migration is inherently an act of entrepreneurship. The willingness to leave one’s homeland and navigate unfamiliar systems often reflects boldness, creativity, and determination. These traits translate into real economic impact: in the U.S., immigrants file patents at three times the rate of natives and are significantly more likely to start businesses. South Africa’s informal economy already showcases the entrepreneurial drive of foreign nationals. Harnessing this potential more systematically could lead to a surge in innovation and business growth.
7. Unlocking Creativity and Ambition
Compared to those who remain in their home countries, migrants tend to be more resourceful and determined. Restricting migration means losing out on the intellectual and creative contributions of these individuals. South Africa, by deterring migrants, risks stifling the economic dynamism that accompanies this ambition. Open borders would ensure the country benefits from the energy and skills of people seeking better opportunities.
The Practical Ineffectiveness of Border Restrictions
Even the most stringent border policies cannot entirely prevent migration. The U.S. experience is a case in point: despite billions spent on constructing a border wall under Donald Trump’s administration, undocumented migration continued. People escaping war, poverty, and conflict are willing to take extraordinary risks to reach safer, more prosperous destinations. South Africa, with its relative stability, will remain a magnet for migration regardless of its policies. Instead of pouring resources into ineffective restrictions, it would be wiser to embrace and manage migration proactively.
Conclusion: A United Africa Through Economic Integration
South Africa’s open border policy is not just a lofty ideal tied to Pan-African unity—it is an economic imperative. From boosting tax revenue and filling labor gaps to fostering innovation and entrepreneurship, the benefits of an integrated African workforce are clear. Emotional arguments against open borders overlook these advantages, focusing instead on unfounded fears. Embracing open borders aligns with South Africa’s role as a leader on the continent and provides a path toward a more dynamic, prosperous, and united Africa.
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