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21/12/2024

Hash-Nash-Shut, a Wasco Indian chief, in the year 1906
Hash-Nash-Shut was originally from the Confederated Tribes of Umatilla but married into the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. Before becoming the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs in 1938, the three tribes; Wasco, Warm Springs, and Paiute, lived along the Columbia River and Cascade Mountains. They all spoke different languages and had their own customs.
The Warm Springs and Wasco bands gave up ownership rights to a 10,000,000-acre (40,000 km2) area, which they had inhabited for over 10,000 years, in exchange for basic health care, education, and other forms of assistance as outlined by the Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon (June 25, 1855).
Apart from the Bald Eagle feathers in his hair, and white mink furs wrapped around his braids, Hash-Nash-Shut is wearing what seems to be a trade blanket. Trade blankets were initially manufactured for trade to native tribes in exchange for beaver furs and other goods at established trading posts throughout the Western United States and Canada. The period between 1880 and 1930 is considered the golden age of the Native American trade blanket. There were five American companies that dominated this market, with Pendleton Woolen Mills being the most famous. They are still in business to this day.
From the outset, Pendleton stood apart from other manufacturers, as it was established to deal solely with Native American trade and was the first company to utilize Native Americans as advisers in developing its designs. The Umatilla and Cayuse tribes were among Pendleton's initial customers, and for this reason, Pendleton originally set up shop on the Old Umatilla Reservation in Oregon.
Although the earliest of these blankets were very basic, incorporating only blocks, rectangles and crosses, the introduction of the Jacquard loom in the early 1900's revolutionized the industry and allowed for much more intricate designs and the characteristic zigzag patterns.
With this knowledge, we can assume Hash-Nash-Shut’s blanket with its rectangular pattern was one of the earlier designs.

21/12/2024

Morning Star
Morning Star (1810–1883) was a great chief of the Northern Cheyenne people and headchief of the Notameohmésêhese ("Northern Eaters"; also simply known as Ȯhmésėhese or "Eaters") band on the northern Great Plains during the 19th century. He was noted for his active resistance to westward expansion and the United States federal government. It is due to the courage and determination of Morning Star and other leaders that the Northern Cheyenne still possess a homeland in their traditional country in present-day Montana.

In 1851, Morning Star represented his tribe at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Following Custer's Last Stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876, Morning Star allied with the Sioux and other tribes against the United States. However, after a destructive raid by American soldiers under Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie in which 200 lodges were destroyed and 700 livestock captured, most of the Cheyenne were eventually forced to surrender. They expected to live on reservations with the Sioux in the north, but were subsequently transported to the Darlington Agency in the Southern Cheyenne Reservation in the Indian Territory.

Unable to hunt sufficient game while on the reservation, the tribe suffered from starvation and disease until September 1878, when Morning Star led the tribe north, back toward their ancient homelands. Fighting through, the Cheyenne were able to outmaneuver federal troops across the plains and in the Nebraska Sand Hills until they were captured near Fort Robinson. The tribe was said to have taken apart their guns and hidden the pieces under blankets or as necklaces and bracelets worn by children. Though Morning Star explained that his people would put up no further resistance if allowed to live with Red Cloud on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the Dakota Territory, the Army still insisted that they return south to the Southern Cheyenne reservation. On January 8, 1879, the Northern Cheyenne tried to escape the fort using the dismantled guns they had hidden upon their arrival, but they were quickly pursued; many Cheyenne, mostly women and children, were killed by federal troops in the Fort Robinson massacre. However, a few of the tribe managed to escape, including Morning Star, who eventually reached the Pine Ridge Agency and was held as a prisoner until he and the survivors were allowed to settle on a reservation near Fort Keogh in the Montana Territory.
Morning Star died in 1883 and is interred on the Northern Cheyenne reservation at Lame Deer Cemetery. Chief Dull Knife College, which is also in Lame Deer, is named in his honor. As Dull Knife, his photograph appears in Dee Brown's 1971 bestseller Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.

20/12/2024

By tipi in evening. Blackfeet. Montana. Early 1900s. Glass lantern slide by Walter McClintock. Source - Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library

20/12/2024

Medicine Cloud (Mahpiya Wakan), Oglala Lakota, by Frank A. Rinehart, at Pine Ridge, S.D., 1899

20/12/2024

Chase in the Morning (Anpao Wakuwa), Oglala Lakota. 1899. Photo by Frank A. Rinehart, at Pine Ridge, S.D.

19/12/2024

Artwork found on Pinterest.

19/12/2024

WHAT IS A POW WOW?

Some believe that the War dance Societies of the Ponca and other Southern Plains Tribes were the origin of the powwow. Another belief is that when the Native American tribes were forced onto reservations the government also forced them to have dances for the public to come and see. Before each dance, they were lead through the town in a parade, which is the beginning of the Grand Entry.

Today Pow Wows are organized by committees that work for weeks before the event. At the Pow Wow, the MC and Arena Director run the event. The MC works with the Arena Director to keep the Pow Wow organized and running smoothly. These two individuals along with the committee work hard to bring the people together to dance and fellowship together in the circle.

The Pow Wow begins with the Grand Entry. This is the entry of all the people entering the arena. This originally was a parade through the town thePow Wow was in. Even today in some Pow Wow, these parades are still held. During the Grand Entry, everyone is asked to stand as the flags are brought into the arena. The flags carried generally include the U.S. Flag, Tribal Flags, the POW Flag, and Eagle Staffs of various Native Nations present. These are usually carried by veterans. Native Americans hold the United States Flag in an honored position despite the horrible treatment received from this country. The flag has a dual meaning. First, it is a way to remember all of the ancestors that fought against this country. It is also the symbol of the United States which Native Americans are now a part. The flag here also reminds people of those people who have fought for this country.

Gathering of Nations

Following the veterans are other important guests of the powwow including Tribal Chiefs, Princesses, Elders, and Pow Wow organizers. Next in line are the men dancers. The men are followed by the women dancers. Once everyone is in the arena, the song ends and a song is sung to honor the flags and the veterans. After a prayer, the dancing resumes, usually with a few round dances. After the round dances, intertribal dancing songs are sung and everyone dances to the beat of the drum. At contest Pow Wows, the dancers compete in dance and age categories for prizes.

Tiny Tots!
Gathering of Nations Pow Wow 2018
Mark E Lawson photo

19/12/2024

"O my children! my poor children!
Listen to the words of wisdom,
Listen to the words of warning,
From the lips of the Great Spirit,
From the Master of Life, who made you!
"I have given you lands to hunt in,
I have given you streams to fish in,
I have given you bear and bison,
I have given you roe and reindeer,
I have given you brant and beaver,
Filled the marshes full of wild-fowl,
Filled the rivers full of fishes:
Why then are you not contented?
Why then will you hunt each other?
"I am weary of your quarrels,
Weary of your wars and bloodshed,
Weary of your prayers for vengeance,
Of your wranglings and dissensions;
All your strength is in your union,
All your danger is in discord;
Therefore be at peace henceforward,
And as brothers live together

18/12/2024

Sioux Chief Jack Red Cloud. 1904.

18/12/2024

Sioux chiefs. 1905. Photo by Edward Curtis.

18/12/2024

Dewey Beard, his wife and daughter. Lakota. 1880-1910. Photo by Colorado Photo Company. Source - Denver Public Library

17/12/2024

Choctaw Tribe
The Choctaw were first noted by Europeans in French written records of 1675. Their mother mound is Nanih Waiya, a great earthwork platform mound located in central-east Mississippi. Early Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century in the Southeast encountered ancestral Mississippian culture villages and chiefs.
The Choctaw coalesced as a people in the 17th century and developed at least three distinct political and geographical divisions: eastern, western, and southern. These different groups sometimes created distinct, independent alliances with nearby European powers. These included the French, based on the Gulf Coast and in Louisiana; the English of the Southeast, and the Spanish of Florida and Louisiana during the colonial era.
Most Choctaw allied with the Americans during American Revolution, War of 1812, and the Red Stick War, most notably at the Battle of New Orleans. European Americans considered the Choctaw to be one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeast. The Choctaw and the United States agreed to a total of nine treaties. By the last three, the US gained vast land cessions in the Southeast. As part of Indian Removal, despite not having waged war against the United States, the majority of Choctaw were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory from 1831 to 1833. The Choctaw government in Indian Territory had three districts, each with its own chief, who together with the town chiefs sat on their National Council.
Those Choctaw who chose to stay in the state of Mississippi were considered state and U.S. citizens; they were one of the first major non-European ethnic groups to be granted citizenship. Article 14 in the 1830 treaty with the Choctaw stated Choctaws may wish to become citizens of the United States under the 14th Article of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on all of the combined lands which were consolidated under Article I from all previous treaties between the United States and the Choctaw.
During the American Civil War, the Choctaw in both Indian Territory and Mississippi mostly sided with the Confederate States of America. Under the late 19th-century Dawes Act and Curtis Acts, the US federal government broke up tribal land holdings and dissolved tribal governments in Indian Territory in order to extinguish Indian land claims before admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907. From that period, for several decades the US Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed chiefs of the Choctaw and other tribes in the former Indian Territory.
During World War I, Choctaw soldiers served in the US military as some of the first Native American codetalkers, using the Choctaw language. Since the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Choctaw people in three areas have reconstituted their governments and gained federal recognition. The largest are the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma.
Since the 20th century, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians were federally recognized in 1945, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma in 1971, and the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians in 1995
Thanks Donna

17/12/2024

Bull Chief, born in 1825, Died February 4th 1914, was part of the Crow, or Apsaroke tribe.He was interviewed by a man named Edward S. Curtis, who visited many tribes during the 20th century for interviews and to take portraits of the Natives. As a young man Bull Chief was never very successful when he was part of war-parties and always returned home without honor. He believed it was unnecessary for one to fast in order to be successful in a battle, and therefore opted not to fast. Being so unsuccessful after returning from battle after battle, Bull Chief decided to climb Cloud Peak, which is the highest peak of the Bullhorn Mountains in Wyoming. Bull Chief stayed up on Cloud Peak for one day and one night hoping to have a vision, but having no luck he had to leave because mountain-rats were biting through his clothes and a fierce blizzard was causing hazardous conditions. When Bull Chief returned home, his village was getting ready to be moved to a new location. Based on landmarks mentioned in the new location, it appears the tribe was moved near Red Lodge Creek, MT. During this transition time, Bull Chief decided to continue trying to fast in order to have a vision. He fasted for four days and four nights, but still had no vision. After which, he tried two more times unsuccessfully. Seeing that his current attempts were failing, and all of the other men in his tribe counting coup he again decided to try something new. For this attempt, he went up to the head of Red Lodge Creek to fast for four days and for four nights in blinding snow. This time his experience turned out much different from all of his previous attempts. He had a vision in which he, "Saw his own lodge and a splendid bay horse standing in front of it." It was not explained as to what this vision meant, but thereafter Bull Chief began to do remarkably well in battles. Shortly after the vision, Bull Chief was able to get his first honor and started counting coupe frequently. Counting coup is the highest honor for winning intertribal wars between Plains Indians. Bull Chief's determination and personal strength helped him to his successes as a hunter, in combat, and in spiritual pursuits.
Bull Chief was a fierce warrior who led his warriors into battle with the United States Army in the Great Plains, raiding white settlements during the course of the 1870s, operating in Apsaroke territory to help his people survive against the westward expansion. But after the wars were over, he moved to the Crow Reservation. In 1908, he met photographer Edward S. Curtis and had his picture taken, an elderly veteran whose war years were long past.
Bull Chief took 15 wives in total and gave up 13 of them.[2] One of Bull Chief's wives, most likely his first because she is referred to as his young wife, was killed by a bank of earth falling on her. In order to mourn for his young wife, Bull Chief decided he wanted to go through some form of torture to honor her death. Shortly after he made his decision to endure torture for his wife, two local tribesmen went out and killed a buffalo bull and brought back the head attached to a long strip of skin and including the tail at the end, to the edge of the village.[2] When Bull Chief heard of this, the next morning he went out and bathed; afterward, he went to Big Shadow, a clansman, to ask him to pierce him.[2] Big Shadow accepted and instructed Bull Chief to go bathe again, remove every ornament from his body, rub himself with sage, and he would come and meet him.[2]
After Bull Chief had concluded his tasks, Big Shadow came and found him, bringing with him three other men. Big Shadow started off the process then by painted Bull Chief from head to toe with white clay.[2] Once Bull Chief was painted, Big Shadow then pierced Bull Chief's back muscle in two separate places and thrust skewers through the slits in his muscle to attach the thongs fastened to the nostrils of the buffalo head.[2] Next Big Shadow pierced Bull Chief's shoulders and from those slits, hung the shield and tomahawks.[2] Bull Chief was then given a staff and instructed to get up off the ground. After getting up Big Shadow told Bull Chief he needed to walk around the village four times while the three men with them would smoke. This was a difficult task for Bull Chief to accomplish, because the dogs in the community would jump on the skin and when dogs were not jumping on it, it was getting caught in the sage brush under it.
At sunset Bull Chief went up on a hilltop and laid down with his head between the horns of the buffalo and his feet at the tail, pointing east. He stayed up on the hilltop all night to rest from the day's activities. During his sleep, Bull Chief had another vision, this time of a man standing at his feet, then turning and departing.Big Shadow came up on the hilltop around sunrise and informed Bull Chief that he knew someone had some and visited him the night before. At first Bull Chief did not tell Big Shadow what the man looked like who had visited him, but after Bull Chief bathed and cleaned up he joined Big Shadow again and then told him about the man.The description Bull Chief gave Big Shadow of the man led Big Shadow to believe this man was his father, Morning Star.

17/12/2024

Southern Cheyenne Chief Red Moon... the peace chief who would become a warrior.
Red Moon was the son of Yellow Wolf, a chief who was killed in the massacre at Sand Creek in 1864. In spite of this, Red Moon chose to ally with peace chief Black Kettle. In January 1865 the peace chiefs of the Cheyennes, among them Black Kettle and Red Moon, separated themselves from the warring clans and headed south from the Northern Cheyennes.
Red Moon and his people were camped near Black Kettle's band when Custer attacked Black Kettle's people on the Wash*ta River in 1868. Chief Black Kettle was killed in this attack.
By November 1870 Red Moon, and other peace chiefs, had moved their people to the Darlington Indian Agency. This indicates that Red Moon and the other chiefs at that time were peaceable and willing to work with the whites.
By 1874 Red Moon, Gray Beard and other chiefs became unsatisfied with the lack of promised provisions and the treatment they were receiving by the whites. Many left the reservation and returned to their old ways of following the buffalo. This uprising became known as the Red River War and Red Moon became known as a prominent Cheyenne warrior. Red Moon was involved in the Battle of the Adobe Walls, and it is also a possibility that he was involved in the Battle of Lyman’s Wagon Train and also the Buffalo Wallow Fight. Following the hard winter, Red Moon, Stone Calf, Gray Beard, and several other chiefs came into the Darlington Agency and gave themselves up on February 24, 1875. This was the end of the Red River War, and ended the occupation of the southern plains by the Indians. Chief Red Moon had held out until the last.
In 1892 the Indians were supposedly given their choice of 160 acres of land as their own along with $75.00. Chief Red Moon chose one of his favorite hunting grounds, a quarter section about ten miles up the Wash*ta River from Cheyenne. However, the government would not allow him to choose land there and forced him to choose land closer to Hammon. Following the Land Run of 1892, the community which sprang up in the vicinity of Red Moon’s favorite hunting spot became known as Red Moon. A fitting tribute to the man who fought for his rights to be free and provide for himself.

16/12/2024

Two Hopi women inside home, Arizona. ca. 1900. Photo by Carl Werntz

16/12/2024

Crow Eagle, Fool Thunder, Iron Thunder, Slow White Buffalo. Dakota group. Seated, Iron Thunder, holding peace pipe. 1880s. Photo by D.F. Barry

16/12/2024

Navajo men by Shiprock, New Mexico. Early 1900s. Photo by William M. Pennington. Source - Denver Public Library

15/12/2024

The Crow are also called the Apsáalooke, Absaroka, and Apsaroke. Their name was given them by the Hidatsa, and meant “people [or children] of the large-beaked bird.” Historically, they lived in the Yellowstone River Valley. A Siouan tribe, they once were part of the Hidatsa, living around the headwaters of the upper Mississippi River in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. Later, the Crow moved to the Devil’s Lake region of North Dakota, before splitting with the Hidatsa and moving westward.
Settling in Montana, the tribe split once again into two divisions, called the Mountain Crow and the River Crow. They were first encountered by two Frenchmen in 1743 near the present-day town of Hardin, Montana. When the Lewis and Clark expedition came upon them in 1804, they estimated some 350 lodges with about 3,500 members

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