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Laughing Fox Tail, 500 Redondo Drive, Apt 106, Springfield, IL (2024)

10/16/2024

We need a big Aho! 💜🪶
❤️𝗜 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗯𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝘄𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗧-𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗿𝘁 👇
https://lal9.com/products/s425
Wes Studi is a native American Cherokee actor and Vietnam veteran. Aside from the movies, he is an activist for both Native Americans and wounded combat veterans.
He was born on December 17, 1947, in Nofire Hollow, a mountainous area of Oklahoma, United States. Studi began his acting career in the late 1980s and gained recognition for his versatile and profound performances.
One of Studi's most famous roles is as Magua in the film "The Last of the Mohicans," where he portrayed a character full of strength and complexity. He is also known for his roles in films such as "Dances with Wolves" (1990), "Heat" (1995), "Avatar" (2009), and "Hostiles" (2017).
Throughout his career, Wes Studi has been honored with numerous awards, including the National Film Award for Outstanding Contribution to Cinema in 2019. Beyond acting, he is also a social and cultural activist for Native American communities, advocating for the preservation and respect of Cherokee and other Indigenous cultures.
Studi has been involved in educational and advisory activities, contributing to the introduction and teaching of Indigenous culture and history in schools, communities, and non-profit organizations. He has supported various artistic and cultural projects of Native American communities, from sponsoring cultural events to assisting young Indigenous artists in their careers.
Wes Studi's roles not only depict strong characters but also serve as symbols of the strength and reverence of Native Americans. In "Dances with Wolves" (1990), he portrayed a Sioux leader named Chief Ten Bears.
His contributions have helped promote understanding and respect for the cultural and historical heritage of Native Americans in American society.
The shirt he is wearing represents his support for the sioux tribe
❤️𝗜 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗯𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝘄𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗧-𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗿𝘁 👇
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10/16/2024

Happy 80th Birthday, Danny Trejo!
Danny Trejo, born on May 16, 1944, in Los Angeles, California, is a renowned American actor (of Mexican descent) known for his distinctive appearance and frequent roles as a villain in many action and crime films. Having endured a difficult childhood and many years in prison for drug-related and violent offenses, Trejo found a way out through participating in rehabilitation programs and becoming a boxing champion in prison. His acting career began by chance when he was invited to be a drug counselor for a film, leading to many small roles and eventually major roles in films like "Desperado," "Heat," "From Dusk Till Dawn," and "Machete."
Besides his acting career, Trejo is also a successful entrepreneur with a chain of restaurants, Trejo’s Tacos and Trejo’s Coffee & Donuts in Los Angeles. He actively participates in charitable activities, particularly helping those struggling with drug addiction, using his life experiences to become a motivational speaker and advisor, positively impacting the community.
Danny Trejo's contributions to indigenous culture are significant. With his Mexican heritage, he takes pride in his cultural background and often uses his platform to raise awareness about the issues faced by indigenous and Latino communities. Trejo participates in numerous projects and events that support and honor indigenous culture while promoting the preservation and development of traditional values. He also leverages his fame and influence to advocate for the rights of marginalized communities, contributing to building a fair and respectful society that embraces cultural diversity.
Danny Trejo is not only an icon in the entertainment industry but also an active advocate for indigenous communities and their cultural values, consistently striving to make a positive difference in society.

10/16/2024

Elsie Tom with her beautiful rug ♥️🖤

10/15/2024

Last year's travels

10/15/2024

The Haudenosaunee National Women's Team at the World Lacrosse Championship in Hong Kong! 💙🦅

10/15/2024

Congratulations to Beauty Ashley Callingbull who was crowned Miss Universe Canada on July 28.
Ashley Callingbull-Rabbit (born October 21, 1989) is a Canadian actress, model, tv host and beauty pageant titleholder. She became the first Canadian and Indigenous woman to win the Mrs. Universe 2015 on 29 August 2015. She also was crowned Miss Universe Canada 2024 and now will represent her country at Miss Universe 2024 pageant.
When one of us wins, we all win. Indigenous people are still here & occupying stages we haven’t previously occupied. The Miss Universe stage will be graced by a Cree woman.
✅✅Don't miss this meaningful article, if possible, please share it with everyone ❤
👉 You will see the meaning when wearing this shirt💥👇: 💥👇
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10/15/2024

The marriage proposal. Done at the end of a smoke dance.

10/15/2024

Yes artist Jocelyn Antone! Follow her on IG .design ✨💯❤

10/14/2024

Lily Gladstone, who was raised on the Blackfeet Reservation. She is Siksikaitsitapi and NiMíiPuu heritage, is the first Native American woman to be nominated for best actress for her performance in "Killers of the Flower Moon," a film chronicling the series of real-life murders of Osage Nation members in 1920s Oklahoma. She is also the First Native American to win a Golden

10/14/2024

I am not pretty 😔😢
📌Available in our store: https://lal9.com/products/s2025
"Janee' Kassanavoid (born January 19, 1995) is an Native American track and field athlete who specializes in the hammer throw.
Unless Your Ancestors Look Like This You're Probably An Immigrant
Professional career
Kassanavoid set her personal best of 78.00 m (255 ft 10 in) on April 30, 2022, in Tucson, Arizona. On July 17, 2022, at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in Eugene, Oregon, Kassanavoid won the bronze medal with a distance of 74.86 m. She is Native American—a member of the Comanche Nation—making her the first Native American woman to win a medal at the World Athletics Championships."
📌Available in our store: https://lal9.com/products/s2025

10/12/2024

IOWAY LADIES: Oklahoma, date unknown.
The Iowas began as a Woodland culture, but because of their migration to the South and West, they began to adopt elements of the Plains culture, thus culminating in the mixture of the two. The Iowa Nation was probably indigenous to the Great Lakes ares and part of the Winnebago Nation. At some point a portion moved southward, where they separated again. The portion which stayed closest to the Mississippi River became the Iowa; the remainder became the Otoe and Missouria.
The Iowa, or Ioway, lived for the majority of its recorded history in what is now the state of Iowa. The Iowas call themselves the Bah-Kho-Je which means grey snow, probably derived from the fact that during the winter months their dwellings looked grey, as they were covered with fire-smoked snow. The name Iowa is a French term for the tribe and has an unknown connection with ‘marrow.’ Their language is a Chiwere dialect of the Sioux language.
The Iowa Tribe relocated many times during its history; the mouth of the Rock River in present Illinois, the Root River in present Iowa, the Red Pipestone Quarry in southwestern Minnesota, and the Spirit Lake/Lake Okiboji area of what is now Iowa. For many years they maintained a village near Council Bluffs, Iowa, abandoning it because of aggression by the Sioux and a desire to locate closer to the French traders. Thereafter, the Iowa lived primarily near the Des Moines River on the Chariton/Grand River Basin.
With the encroachment of white settlers into western lands, the Iowa Tribe ceded their lands in 1824 and were given two years in which to vacate. Additional lands were ceded in 1836 and 1838, and the Tribe was removed to an area near the Kansas-Nebraska border. The Iowas, once a proud nation whose native lands encompassed an area of the Missouri and Mississippi River Valleys in what is presently Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, now found themselves with a strip of land ten miles wide and twenty miles long. Subsequent treaties would find this land even further reduced.
The dissatisfaction with their conditions and treatment resulted in a number of Iowa tribal members leaving the Kansas-Nebraska reserve in 1878 and moving to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). In 1883 an Iowa reservation was created there, but Iowas who wished to remain on the land in the north were allowed to do so. Today the two are recognized as separate entities. The Northern Iowa are headquartered in White Cloud, Kansas, while the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma has offices in Perkins, Oklahoma.
— IowaNationdotorg
Photo Courtesy ~ LibraryofCongress

10/12/2024

These four Chiefs were Chief Joseph, Sitting Bull, Geronimo and Red Cloud. Each of these forefathers played an important role in shaping their tribe''s customs and history. Because of their influence over the shaping of Native American history, they are often referred to as the real founding fathers.!
Left-Right : Chief Joseph, Sitting Bull, Geronimo, and Red Cloud.

10/12/2024

Legend of the White Buffalo
Sioux (lakota)
The White Buffalo are sacred to many Native Americans. The Lakota (Sioux) Nation has passed down The Legend of the White Buffalo–a story now approximately 2,000 years old–at many council meetings, sacred ceremonies, and through the tribe’s storytellers. There are several variations, but all are meaningful and tell of the same outcome. Have communication with the Creator through prayer with clear intent for Peace, Harmony, and Balance for all life living in the Earth Mother.
Spirituality among Natives Americans and non-Native Americans has been a strong force for those who believe in the power of the Great Spirit or God.
It matters not what you call the Creator. What matters is that you pray to give thanks for your blessings and trust the guidance given to you from the world of Spirit. Many truths about Spirit are told and handed down from one generation to the next.
The legend of the White Buffalo Calf Woman tells how the People had lost the ability to communicate with the Creator. The Creator sent the sacred White Buffalo Calf Woman to teach the People how to pray with the Pipe. With that Pipe, seven sacred ceremonies were given for the people to abide in order to ensure a future with harmony, peace, and balance.
Legend says that long ago, two young men were out hunting when from out of nowhere came a beautiful maiden dressed in white buckskin. One of the hunters looked upon her and recognizing her as a wakan, or sacred being lowered his eyes. The second hunter approached her with lust in his eyes desiring her for his woman. White Buffalo Calf Woman beckoned the lustful warrior to her, and as he approached a cloud of dust arose around them causing them to be hidden from view. When the dust settled, nothing but a pile of bones lay next to her.
As she walked toward the respectful young hunter, she explained to him that she had merely fulfilled the other man’s desire, allowing him, within that brief moment, to live a lifetime, die and decay. White Buffalo Calf Woman instructed the young man to go back to the People and tell them to prepare for her arrival to teach them of the way to pray. The young hunter obeyed.
When White Buffalo Calf woman arrived with the sacred bundle (the prayer pipe) she taught the People of the seven sacred ways to pray. These prayers are through ceremonies that include the Sweat Lodge for purification; the Naming Ceremony for child naming; the Healing Ceremony to restore health to the body, mind and spirit; the adoption ceremony for making of relatives; the marriage ceremony for uniting male and female; the Vision Quest for communing with the Creator for direction and answers to one’s life; and the Sundance Ceremony to pray for the well-being of all the People.
When the teaching of the sacred ways was complete, White Buffalo Calf Woman told the people she would again return for the sacred bundle that she left with them. Before leaving, she told them that within her were the four ages and that she would look back upon the People in each age, returning at the end of the fourth age, to restore harmony and spirituality to a troubled land. She walked a short distance, she looked back towards the people and sat down. When she arose they were amazed to see she had become a black buffalo. Walking a little further, the buffalo laid down, this time arising as a yellow buffalo. The third time the buffalo walked a little further and this time arose as a red buffalo. Walking a little further it rolled on the ground and rose one last time as a white buffalo calf signaling the fulfillment of the White Buffalo Calf prophecy.
The changing of the four colors of the White Buffalo Calf Woman represents the four colors of man–white, yellow, red and black. These colors also represent the four directions, north, east, south, and west. The sacred bundle that was left to the Lakota people is still with the People in a sacred place on the Cheyenne River Indian reservation in South Dakota. It is kept by a man known as the Keeper of the White Buffalo Calf Pipe, Arvol Looking Horse.
The legend of the White Buffalo Calf Woman remains ever promising in this age of spiritual enlightenment and conscious awareness. In today’s world of confusion and war, many of us are looking for signs of peace.
“With the return of the White Buffalo, it is a sign that prayers are being heard, that the sacred pipe is being honored, and that the promises of prophecy are being fulfilled. White Buffalo signals a time of abundance and plenty.”
Though harsh as the world we live in may be throughout recorded history there have been spiritual leaders teaching peace, hope, and balance (synergy) amongst all life. This was taught by great teachers such as Jesus, Buddha, the Dali Lama’s, and Native American leaders.
Chief Crazy Horse, Chief Seattle, and Chief Red Cloud are a few of the visionary leaders who committed their lives to bring peace, and internal happiness to all who they touched. They were tangible signs of goodwill toward all men, women, and children.

10/11/2024

🔥🔥 Wes Studi''s has had one long enjoyable acting career. He was raised in Nofire Hollow Oklahoma, speaking Cherokee only until he started school. At 17 he joined the National Guard and later went to Vietnam. After his discharge, Studi became politically active in American Indian affairs. He participated in Wounded Knee at Pine Ridge Reservation in 1973. Wes is known for his roles as a fierce Native American warrior, such as the Pawnee warrior in Dances with Wolves. In the Last of the Mohicans he plays the Huron named Magua, which was his first major part. Soon after he got the lead role in Geronimo: An American Legend. He was in Skinwalkers, The Lone Ranger, and The Horse Whisperer. He played the Indian out in the desert in The Doors movie, and he was also in Avatar. Studi also plays bass and he and his wife are in a band called Firecat of Discord. Wes Studi also serves as honorary chair of the national endowment campaign, of the Indigenous Language Institute that''s working to save Native Languages. He and his family live in Santa Fe New Mexico, and Wes has been in several other movies, TV shows and movies, and mini series. He also received an Academy Honorary Award, becoming the first Native American and the second North American Indigenous person to be honored by the Academy, the first was Buffy Sainte-Marie.

10/11/2024

Chief Looking Glass (1832-1877)
Native American Chief. Along with Chief Joseph the Younger, he directed the 1877 Nez Percé retreat from eastern Oregon into Montana and onward to Canada. The son of a prominent Nez Percé chief, Looking Glass had bitterly resented white encroachments on his ancestral lands, but opposed going to war with the United States over its plans to force his people onto the small reservation assigned to them at Lapwai, Idaho. When the Nez Percé and the U.S. Army first clashed at Whitebird Canyon on June 17, 1877, Looking Glass was already living on the Lapwai reservation, as he had agreed to do. Nevertheless, General Oliver Howard believed that Looking Glass would soon join the fighting, and he sent a detachment of troops to arrest him. Howard''s plans backfired, however, for Looking Glass eluded arrest and fled the reservation to join Joseph and his fugitive band just as Howard had feared. For both better and worse, the Nez Percé flight bore the mark of Looking Glass''s leadership. A respected battlefield commander, he convinced the band to flee to Montana, despite Joseph''s opposition, and then persuaded them to stop at Big Hole, where he incorrectly believed they would be free from attack. After soldiers under the command of Colonel John Gibbon surprised the Nez Percé there on August 9, inflicting heavy casualties, Looking Glass lost much of his prestige as a military leader. Nearly two months later, when the Nez Percé were finally surrounded by Colonel Nelson A. Miles''s troops in Northern Montana''s Bearpaw mountains, Looking Glass remained stubbornly opposed to surrender. By this time, however, Chief Joseph had concluded that surrender was the only viable option, and on October 5, he rode out to hand over his rifle. That same day, Looking Glass set out to join Sitting Bull''s band in Canada, but before he could make it to the border, he was killed by a Cheyenne scout.

10/11/2024

During the American Civil War, Virginia resident William Terrill Bradby was one of an estimated 20,000 Native Americans who served with Union military forces in the fight against the Confederacy. A large part of Bradby’s own contributions to the Union cause involved maritime transportation.
A member of the Pamunkey Tribe, Bradby was born in Virginia in 1833. After the Civil War broke out in 1861, Bradby remained loyal to the Union even though Virginia joined the Confederacy. Bradby’s unwavering decision to side with the North resulted in his church expelling him from its congregation. Even more significantly, his military service on behalf of the Union often placed him at high risk and in harm’s way.
Bradby’s initial activities with the Union forces included serving as a land guide and scout for the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign in southeastern Virginia in 1862. The following year, however, Bradby exchanged those land-based assignments for “water duty” when he joined the Union Navy.
Throughout the remainder of the war, Bradby served on a variety of military ships and boats and even piloted several of those vessels. For a good part of 1863-64, for example, he was a pilot second class for vessels that were part of a Union flotilla on the James River in Virginia. While serving on the steamship USS Shokokon on that river, Bradby was shot in the leg by a Confederate shell. This injury turned out to be only a flesh wound, but it brought about rheumatism that would plague Bradby for the remainder of his days. Other vessels on which Bradby served were the gunboats USS Onondaga and USS Huron; the tugboat USS Epsilon; the steamship USS Daylight; and the torpedo boat USS Spuyten Duyvil.
There were several other Native Americans from Virginia who likewise served the Union as guides and pilots during the war. They included Bradby’s brother Sterling as well as Thornton Allmond, John Langston, William Sampson, and Powhatan Weisiger. William Terrill Bradby’s own military record, however, is one of the most detailed and best documented of that group.
After the Civil War ended, Bradby returned to where he had lived prior to the conflict: the Pamunkey reservation on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. Bradby remained there for the rest of his life, becoming one the most respected members of the community. He died sometime around 1905.

10/11/2024

𝗦𝗮𝗰𝗮𝗴𝗮𝘄𝗲𝗮, 𝗮 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗴𝗶𝗿𝗹 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆
You have heard of Sacagawea, she played a major role in the discoveries of Lewis and Clark. Her journey in life was a tough and convoluted one. Sacagawea was the daughter of the chief of the Shoshone people. She was captured by an enemy tribe when she was just a girl and married off to a French Canadian trapper.
She was also the one who came into Lewis and Clark''s expedition to be an interpreter. She gave birth to a son in 1805, whom she named Jean Baptiste Charbonneau. She passed away in 1812 after giving birth to a daughter.

10/11/2024

Today is a blessing, tomorrow is not promised.
Be good to each other today.
When the end comes all the things you thought were important wont mean anything and everything you neglected will mean everything.
Take care of peoples spirits. Be kind today.
Someone lost a loved one and needs you. Someone has given up and needs you.
Someone is reaching out for your help.
Be that someone today that feeds peoples spirits with love, compassion, kindness and understanding.
Offer medicines to each other so we can all grow together.

This world is what we make it, choose to make it a beautiful place.

Lena ciscila epinktelo.

Anpetu lutaktelo ca blihiciyapo....

10/10/2024

In the Inaugural parade of President Theodore Roosevelt in March of 1905, six great tribal chiefs and leaders in their finest regalia rode on horseback down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C. The well-known leaders rode with tremendous dignity in the parade.
The noted Comanche Chief Quanah Parker with the other fellow tribal dignitaries were welcomed with applause from the crowds along the parade route. As the tribal leaders on horseback approached the presidential viewing box, President Roosevelt, his family, and guests got up to their feet to witness such an impressive sight.
By choosing to participate in the parade, the men presented an immense sense of visual identity and of their each unique culture. They courageously displayed a readiness to adapt to those changes and challenges placed upon their tribes in the latter 1800''s and early 1900''s.
At the time, U.S. government policy at established Indian Schools was to cause an abandonment of all forms of native culture. Emphasis was placed on the acceptance of the English language and to dress in the clothing of white culture. Native students who had arrived at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania soon began the method to shape them into an unfamiliar image. It was thought that tribal people would assimilate into the greater American society and would just fade away and disappear over time.

Magnificent picture of six famed native leaders in their tribal attire entitled "Last Gathering of the Chiefs". inaugural parade of Theodore Roosevelt, circa 1905. From left to right, Little Plume (Piegan), Buckskin Charley (Ute), Geronimo (Chiricahua Apache), Quanah Parker (Comanche), Hollow Horn Bear (Brule Lakota), and American Horse (Oglala Lakota). Photograph by Edward S. Curtis. Courtesy of the Library of Congress

10/10/2024

In his travels of the latter 1800''s, the Dutch anthropologist Herman Frederik Carel ten Kate came to study the lifeways of various tribal nations in America.
Upon his arrival in 1883 at Fort Sill, the noted interpreter Horace P. Jones at the army post helped guide Herman''s interaction with Comanche people on their established reservation.
In one of his many observations, he applauded the finely sculpted features of their faces and their strong physical appearances. In his own description, Herman shared that the Comanche defined the real "Red Man". Moreover, he saw that the Comanches were a lively group possessing humor and cheerfulness. Their free way of living had enriched them with an obvious spirit of keen awareness.
In addition, Herman noted that the hair of a Comanche was ebony black and the hair was parted in the middle. The part went past the back of the head on down to the back of the neck. He saw that a scalp lock, a light braid, was attached. The scalp lock represented a distinguishing characteristic of an intrepid warrior.
At the height of Comanche power on the Southern Great Plains, their territory stretched from the cross timbers in the east to the eastern plains of New Mexico. It also ran from the Arkansas River Valley to the Balcones Escarpment. War journeys took them into the deepest parts of Mexico.
From his visit to the reservation, Herman Ten Kate had spoken with the prominent old Comanche Chief Mow-way. Some four decades earlier, he and his warriors traveled far south into Mexico. From that journey, Mow-way had seen "little men, covered with hair with long hair, tails, living on trees."

A very impressive portrait of the noted Kotsoteka (Buffalo-Eater) Comanche Principal Chief Mow-way wearing a bear claw, neck scarf, and a metal ornament, circa 1867-75. By the photographer William Stinson Soule. Courtesy of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Additional information from "Ethnographic Notes on the Comanches", 1885, Herman Ten Kate.

10/10/2024

Oglala Chief Long Wolf (Shunkmanitu Hanska) and family
Oglala Chief Long Wolf (Shunkmanitu Hanska) had been historically forgotten for about a hundred years, before in 1997 his name was mentioned in several newspaper articles. He died in 1892 as a member of “Buffalo Bill´s” Wild West show in London, England and had been buried there, but in the 1990s his descendants managed to get his remains re-buried at his home on the Pine Ridge reservation.
Long Wolf´s name first was recorded in 1870, when he was part of the delegation led by Red Cloud to Washington, probably a member of the Bad Face contingent.
In his earlier days he must have been in many battles, because it was later noted that his body was scarred by many wounds he received. Hence while he later was with William Cody´s Wild West show he was called “Lame Warrior” : “He was an Indian chief called Shug-a-man-a ´o-Haska or Long Wolf, nicknamed by the tribe of Ogalallas, Lame Warrior.“ (according to Dr. Maitland Coffin, 1892)
The Birmingham Daily Post stated in 1892: “Long Wolf is an “old-time warrior”, with a great record, which served him in good stead as a conciliator of the rebels.”
Some sources state that he was in the Battle at the Little Bighorn as well.
He started as a performer in the Buffalo Bill troupe as early as 1886 and continued to work for Cody until his death in 1892. At least in 1886 he took his family along, his wife Wants, his daughter Lizzie and two younger children.
Although he worked for white men, he continued to keep his traditions as a Lakota Indian. There is a short note, possibly by New York photographer D.H. Anderson or a fellow member of the Wild West show, on Long Wolf in 1886:
“When indians were sent back to reservation at end of season civilian clothes were given to all indians. This chief took the clothes but would not wear them or allow any of his family to wear them. He rolled all the clothes up in a blanket and went home as a real indian. Chief Long Wolf had very little to say to any of the Indians and could not speak English. This was in fall of 1886.”
(hand-written on back of a photo card by David H. Anderson, photographer of New York)
He already was acknowledged as a chief among the Wild West performers in 1886, alongside American Horse and Rocky Bear. Although later Lakotas like No Neck and Rocky Bear were more often cited as leaders of the show Indians, there are other sources that say that Long Wolf was the leading man of the Lakotas with Cody.
When he was not on tour with the show, he was a prominent man on the Pine Ridge reservation, being mentioned as a leading member in the Indian Police service.
According to Sam Maddra´s excellent book “Hostiles?: The Lakota Ghost Dance and Buffalo Bill´s Wild West” (Oklahoma Press) he had been admitted to the West London Hospital on 5 June 1892. He died there six days later, 59 years of age, on June 11th. While some sources say he caught a serious fever or of pneumonia , Maddra´s cites he died “due partly to old age, and partly to trouble caused by his numerous old wounds received in battle”.
He was buried in West Brompton Cemetery on June 13, 1892.

10/10/2024

The Quechan (or Yuma) (Quechan: Kwatsáan ''those who descended'') are an aboriginal American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California just north of the Mexican border. Despite their name, they are not related to the Quechua people of the Andes. Members are enrolled into the Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation. The federally recognized Quechan tribe''s main office is located in Winterhaven, California. Its operations and the majority of its reservation land are located in California, United States.
The historic Yuman-speaking people in this region were skilled warriors and active traders, maintaining exchange networks with the Pima in southern Arizona, New Mexico, and with peoples of the Pacific coast.
The first significant contact of the Quechan with Europeans was with the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza and his party in the winter of 1774. Relations were friendly. On Anza''s return from his second trip to Alta California in 1776, the chief of the tribe and three of his men journeyed to Mexico City to petition the Viceroy of New Spain for the establishment of a mission. The chief Palma and his three companions were baptized in Mexico City on February 13, 1777. Palma was given the Spanish baptismal name Salvador Carlos Antonio.
Spanish settlement among the Quechan did not go smoothly; the tribe rebelled from July 17–19, 1781 and killed four priests and thirty soldiers. They also attacked and damaged the Spanish mission settlements of San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer and Puerto de Purísima Concepción, killing many. The following year, the Spanish retaliated with military action against the tribe.
After the United States annexed the territories after winning the Mexican–American War, it engaged in the Yuma War from 1850 to 1853 in response to a conflict between the Quechan and Jaeger''s Ferry and the Glanton Gang, after the Quechan had established a rival ferry service on the Colorado River. During which, the historic Fort Yuma was built across the Colorado River from the present day Yuma, Arizona.
Pic: Quechan men in western Arizona - circa 1875

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