07/25/2024
The eminent Lewis Lapham, editor at Harpers and Lapham Quarterly's has passed away at age 89. Here is his foreword for our book "Mark Twain in Berlin".
Across the Atlantic
by Lewis Lapham
It was Mark Twain’s gift for travel writing that first established his illuminating presence on the American literary stage. The ranking followed from the publication in 1869 of “The Innocents Abroad,” Twain’s account of his voyage aboard the steamship, Quaker City, bound for Europe in company with a delegation of American tourists intent upon upgrading their acquaintance with the historic past. Twain duly noted the points of interest while at the same time remarking upon the sense and sensibility of his fellow travelers as they browsed among masterpieces in Italy and France, collected intimations of immortality, and scattered stock phrases of exclamatory rapture. The book owed its success both to the author’s abundant humor and to the formidable powers of observation he had acquired as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River to which he later attributed his angle of approach to the spectacle of the human comedy:
“There is one faculty that the pilot must incessantly cultivate until he has brought it to absolute perfection...That faculty is memory. He cannot stop with merely thinking a thing is so and so, he must know it...one cannot easily realize what a tremendous thing it is to know every trivial detail of 1200 miles of river and know it with absolute exactness. If you will take the longest street in New York, and travel up and down it, conning its features patiently until you know every door and lamp-post and big and little sign by heart, and know them so accurately that you could instantly name the one you are abreast of when you are set down at random in that street in the middle of an inky black night, you will then have a tolerable notion of the amount and the exactness of a pilot’s knowledge who carries the Mississippi River in his head.”
The exactness of Twain’s perception was further refined by the sightlines of the mid-19th century American frontier, grounded in the experience that Bernard DeVoto, the historian who served as Twain’s literary executor, recognized as that of a young man accustomed to scenes of human squalor and depravity, had “observed night riding and lynching and the flogging of slaves,” was familiar with “commonplaces of lust and corruption,” who as an apprentice printer had been “little better than a tramp,” had joined the surge westward to the Nevada silver mines and the California gold camps, had there to converse “with murderers and harlots, observe a sizeable number of men die” in their boots in his immediate vicinity. A mise-en-scène in which the man who didn’t see clearly didn’t live long enough to hear the punch line and get the joke.
The seventy-five years of Twain’s life (1835–1910) ran in parallel with America’s transformation from an agrarian democracy into an industrial oligarchy. No other writer of his generation saw the country from so many vantage points or became as familiar with so many of its oddly assorted inhabitants. The turn of his mind was democratic. He held his fellow citizens in thoughtful regard not because they were rich or beautiful or famous but because they were his fellow citizens.
He found them plying trades in Massachusetts, building roads in Illinois, selling patent medicines in Iowa, given to believing that across the next stretch of mountains or around the next bend in the river they would safely come home to the end of the rainbow and the pot of gold.
Twain understood America’s moral code to be political, the protection of the other fellow’s liberty in exchange for the protecting of one’s own, the object being to provide all present with the broadest range of expression and the widest room for maneuver. The same generosity of spirit lies at or near the root of all his writing, in his travel notes and satires as in his novels and his letters. He was a man at play with the freedom of his mind, both as an author and as a popular performer on the American lecture stage. For forty years he toured the country to deliver comic monologues for dance hall girls in Carson City, to literary swells in Boston (among them Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes) at banquets attended by presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt. He came to please, to produce laughter in commercial quantity and with it, “the great thing, the saving thing” that makes bearable the acquaintance of grief he knew he could ascribe to most everyone in the theater, the drawing room, or the saloon.
The blessing of Twain’s humor was as gratefully received by audiences abroad as it was by those at home. He traveled forty-nine times across the Atlantic, once across the Indian Ocean and the Pacific—as a dutiful tourist admiring the rubble in the Colosseum and the sculpture in the Louvre; as itinerant sage entertaining crowds in Australia and Ceylon; as attentive bystander in London in 1897 for the pageant that was Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee, in Vienna in 1896 for a parading of the plumes of the Hapsburg Empire, “bodies of men-at-arms in the darling velvets of the Middle Ages . . . beautiful costumes not to be seen in this world now outside the opera and the picture-books.”
During the last four years of his life, Twain composed his autobiography in the form of a deposition given to a series of stenographers while lying garrulously abed, propped up “against great snowy, white pillows” in a townhouse on lower Fifth Avenue in New York. He employs the approach that in 1859 had shaped his navigations of the Mississippi River, the flow and stream of time caught up in the net of his comprehensive and comprehending memory. The scenes of foreign pomp and circumstance serve Twain as occasions to prefer the simplicity of things American. He does not favor the “showy episodes” of his life, choosing instead the “common experiences” that “bring the past face to face with the present,” and as miscellaneous exhibits he introduces into the record, previously published anecdotes and sketches, newspaper clippings, philosophical digressions, theatrical asides, every trivial detail that he knows with the absolute exactness of a Mississippi River steamboat pilot.
The result is the story of a life that is the portrait of an age, something seen in Calcutta in 1896 reminding him of something said in San Francisco in 1894, his first impression of Florence in 1892 sending him back to Missouri in 1849.
Twain brings the same gregarious and affectionate intelligence to his encounter with Kaiser Wilhelm’s city of Berlin. Andreas Austilat has made of the stories, notes, and observations a joy to read and a wonder to behold.