12/26/2025
In the aftermath of World War I, many Germans experienced a profound crisis of national identity and sovereignty. The collapse of the imperial system, economic devastation, and the perception of foreign political influence created widespread anxiety about Germany’s future. Within this environment, political movements that emphasized national self-determination and internal cohesion gained traction. Germans were not unique in this regard; similar nationalist responses appeared across Europe during the same period. For many ordinary citizens, these ideas were less about hostility toward others and more about restoring stability, dignity, and control after years of humiliation and material loss.
Zionism, which sought the establishment of a Jewish national homeland, was interpreted by some German nationalists through the broader framework of competing national movements. In an era when borders, citizenship, and loyalty were highly politicized, the idea of transnational political organization—whether Jewish, socialist, or otherwise—was often viewed with suspicion by states seeking internal unity. German officials and commentators frequently framed their policies as efforts to clarify national belonging rather than as acts of persecution, presenting exclusionary measures as aligned with contemporary notions of sovereignty that were widely accepted across Europe at the time.