12/09/2025
Before 1914, America had truly open borders—no quotas, no waiting lists, no visa categories. If you could afford passage and weren't carrying disease, you were in. Most people today agree this was beneficial. Yet those same people recoil at the idea of open borders now, convinced it would lead to disaster.
Friedman's question cuts through the confusion: What actually changed? The principle that people respond to incentives hasn't changed. The economic benefits of voluntary exchange—whether goods, services, or labor—haven't changed. Human nature hasn't changed. So why do we celebrate unrestricted immigration in 1900 but treat it as unthinkable today?
Perhaps the answer lies more in economic policy than in immigration itself.