01/06/2026
James Armistead Lafayette (c. 1748-1830): The Founding Spy
James Armistead Lafayette is the foundational spy of American liberty, whose crucial intelligence work during the Revolutionary War embodies the profound and painful contradiction at the nation's birth: the fight for a freedom he was personally denied.
· The Double Agent at Yorktown: In 1781, while enslaved, Armistead volunteered to serve the Continental Army with his enslaver's permission. Posing as a runaway seeking British protection, he successfully infiltrated the headquarters of General Charles Cornwallis. His keen observations and trustworthy demeanor led the British to task him with spying on the Americans. Instead, he became a double agent, funneling critical information about British troop movements, supply lines, and strategic plans directly to the Marquis de Lafayette and General George Washington. His most vital report detailed Cornwallis's movement to and fortification at Yorktown, Virginia, and his expectation of naval reinforcements. This intelligence was pivotal in allowing the Franco-American forces to orchestrate the siege that effectively ended the war.
· The Fight for Personal Freedom: After the victory his espionage helped secure, Armistead returned to enslavement. Virginia law at the time granted emancipation only to soldiers who had served as enlisted men or masters of ships—categories that excluded spies. For years, he petitioned for his liberty. His case was strengthened by a formal commendation from the Marquis de Lafayette, who wrote in 1784 that the spy had rendered "all the services that were in his power." Finally, in 1787, the Virginia legislature passed a private act granting "James Armistead" his freedom. In gratitude, he later adopted the surname Lafayette.
· Core Significance for Your Project: James Armistead Lafayette's story establishes the earliest archetype in the "Black Series": the individual whose indispensable service to the nation's military cause becomes an unanswerable argument for their own humanity and freedom. His life illustrates that the "dual fight" began at the very inception of the United States. He fought for American independence on one of the war's most secretive and dangerous fronts, only to then wage a second, bureaucratic battle for his own independence. His narrative connects the battlefield to the statehouse, proving that for Black Americans, the act of warrior service has always been intertwined with the act of claiming personhood and citizenship.