Blackbody

03/11/2023

Equation That Changed The World - 12

(Second Law of Thermodynamics)

This is 12th equation of the series. For your information, we have started this series (in a very different style), based on British mathematician 's '17 equation that changed the world '. For previous 11, you can go through our timeline. (11th eqn was published on Oct 29)

Statement:- The second law of thermodynamics has been expressed in many ways. Starting from , Clasius, , Boltzmann, , . They proposed various forms of the law but it was German scientist who laid the foundation. His statement is, heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time. In 1865, Clausius gave the best-known phrasing of the law - The of the universe tends to a maximum.

But the idea that the second law .....

©️ - Cosmological Astrophysics & our admin Radha Mohan

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11/10/2023

In 1783, introduced the theory which held that heat could neither be created nor be destroyed. Since then this theory had dominated thinking in the science of heat. In 1841, an English man challenged it and discovered that heat could be generated by an electric current, (by mechanical works also). This was one of the most ground-breaking discoveries in the history of science: that heat is a form of energy. Initially, his ideas were rejected but eventually his ideas would become the cornerstone of one of the most fundamental scientific laws ever discovered, the first law of . That great English man is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , one of the greatest scientists in the history of physics - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 11 October)

Joule was homeschooled. One of his teachers was the famous chemist . He received no formal university education in science. In 1841, he discovered what became known as Joule's Law. His experiments showed that could be generated by an electric (look the equation shown in image). In 1843, he presented his results to a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Cambridge, but contemporary anecdotes claim that he was met by a stony silence.

On 20 June 1844, he submitted his results (about heat could be generated by an electric current and by mechanical works) to the most prestigious scientific group of all, the , who refused to publish his work because this was a direct challenge to the caloric theory.

In 1847, Joule once again presented his ideas, (paper On The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat) this time to the British Association at Oxford, which was attended by , , and William Thomson ( ). Stokes was "inclined to be a Joulite" and Faraday was "much struck with it" though he harboured doubts. Thomson was intrigued but sceptical. From here Joule's fortunes began to turn.

In 1850, Joule published a refined measurement of mechanical equivalent of 772.692 foot-pounds force per British thermal unit (4,150 J/Cal), closer to 20th century estimates. Later, he worked with Lord Kelvin to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, which came to be called the Kelvin .

In 1850, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society, in 1852 he was awarded the Royal Medal, and in 1872, he was named President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the same group that had rejected his ideas back in 1843. The SI derived unit of , the joule, is named after him.

©️ - Cosmological Astrophysics & our admin Radha Mohan

[Note - This article, first time we published in 2022]

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03/10/2023

BREAKING NEWS - -

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics to , and ’Huillier “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”

The 2023 Nobel Prize laureates in physics are being recognised for their experiments, which have given humanity new tools for exploring the world of electrons inside atoms and molecules. Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier have demonstrated a way to create extremely short pulses of light that can be used to measure the rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy.

Credit - Nobel Prize

04/07/2023

24/05/2023

The sages had placed the 🌎 at the of the for nearly two thousand years until the arrived on the scene and let it spin like a top around the 🌞 as we know it today. That legend is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , the founder of modern astronomy - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 24 May)

In Copernicus' lifetime, most people believed that Earth held its place at the center of the universe. The sun, the stars, and all of the planets revolved around it. One of the glaring with this model was that the planets, on occasion, would travel across the sky over several nights of observation. Astronomers called this motion. To account for it, the current model, based on the Greek astronomer and mathematician 's view, incorporated a number of circles within circles ( ) inside of a planet's path. Some planets required ........

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19/05/2023

Harold Akilit

28/04/2023

𝗖𝗦𝗨 𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗞𝗘𝗗 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗨𝗚𝗨𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗢

According to EduRank's independent ranking system, CSU has been ranked #11,373 out of 14,131 universities globally, #4,642 out of 5,833 universities in Asia, and #130 out of 229 universities in the Philippines. (https://edurank.org/uni/cagayan-state-university/)

CSU has also secured the #1 spot out of 4 universities in Tuguegarao, highlighting its commitment to academic excellence, innovation, and research (https://edurank.org/geo/tuguegarao-city/)

EduRank.org is an independent metric-based ranking of 14,131 universities from 183 countries. They use a proprietary database with an index of 44,909,300 scientific publications and 1,237,541,960 citations to rank universities across 246 research topics. In the overall rankings they add non-academic prominence and alumni popularity indicators.

This recognition is a testament to the university's continued efforts towards academic excellence and its significant contributions to the academic community and beyond.

https://edurank.org/geo/tuguegarao-city/

18/04/2023

Despite his advanced age and declining health, Einstein remained active in the field of physics up until his final moments.

On the day of his passing, Einstein was working on a new paper that aimed to unify the laws of physics into a single, elegant theory. This had been the focus of much of his research during the later years of his life, and he was deeply invested in the project.

Einstein's death was a great loss to the scientific community and to the world as a whole. His legacy lives on, however, in the countless scientists and researchers who continue to build on his work and explore the mysteries of the universe.

18/04/2023

While reading a popular book on physical science, in which the author imagined riding alongside that was traveling inside a telegraph wire, a 16 years old boy asked himself the question that would dominate his thinking for the next few years: "What would a light beam look like if you could run alongside it?" Further, with his and , he shaped the way we see and interact with the universe. That boy is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , the man who revolutionized our understanding of space, time, gravity and the universe - -

(Scientist of the Day - 18 April)

Einstein is considered as world's most famous scientist. His name has become almost synonymous with the word . Today, Einstein is best known for his theory of , but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of . In fact, there are many ways he changed the world. Let's take a glance about his famous works:-

1. In 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year), Einstein published four papers -
a) the theory of the photoelectric effect.....

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14/04/2023

As a child, a Dutch boy loved to experiment with windmills and other machines and to watch the ripples produced by throwing a stone into water. The great French scientist was later impressed by his skills in geometry, as was , who christened him "the new Archimedes". Mersenne, the famous French polymath, wrote to his father that his child had the potential to “even surpass ”. That Dutch boy is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's the birthday of , one of the greatest scientists of all time - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 14 April)

An exceptionally talented mathematician and physicist, Huygens was the first to idealize a physical problem by a set of parameters then analyse it mathematically and the first to fully mathematize a mechanistic explanation of an unobservable physical phenomenon. For these reasons, he has been called the first theoretical physicist and one of the founders of modern mathematical physics.

He founded the theory of and ....

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24/03/2023

Today we introduce you such a man, who was among the first physicists in Europe who fully understood 's electromagnetic theory and further, expanded it - He calculated inductivity of a coil with a quadratic cross-section, where he corrected Maxwell's miscalculation. That great man is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's the birthday of , the man who made contributions to conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer - -

(Scientist of the Day - 24 March)

Stefan was an excellent student at the elementary school. After having graduated top of his class in high school, he chose to study mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna.

He published nearly 80 scientific articles, mostly in the Bulletins of the Vienna Academy of Sciences but he is best known for originating Stefan's in 1879, a physical law stating that the total radiation from a is proportional to the fourth power of its thermodynamic temperature. This law was one of the first important steps ......

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14/03/2023

Black holes, which were predicted by maths (solution of Einstein's field equations) before they were discovered in nature, are singularities - points where the familiar laws of physics cease to apply. They are surrounded, however, by surfaces known as . Anything crossing the event horizon is swallowed for ever. If you are a student of physics then you definitely know, this is a problem because the second law of (the strictest of nature’s constraints) says that , a form of disorder, must always increase. But if high-entropy systems could be sucked into nothingness by black holes, that would not be the case. Then an English man came to the scene and solved this problem by showing that black holes themselves had entropy, and that the more they swallowed, the greater it got. This in turn implied that black holes had a , and thus must give off . That English man is our "scientist of the day" today (Second Article of the Day).

It's death anniversary of , the man who walked beyond and explained the - -

(Scientist of the Day - 14 March)

Did you know?? Stephen Hawking was born January 8, 1942, on the 300th anniversary of 's death and died today, March 14th, on the anniversary of 's birth. (After all, Time is relative)

Hawking's scientific works included .....

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