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All about mechanics, Bonifacio A. Torres Road, Dasmariñas (2024)

25/12/2024

Here are the common symptoms of a faulty knock sensor:

# Engine Performance Issues
1. *Engine Knock or Pinging*: A persistent knocking, pinging or rattling noise from the engine, especially under acceleration.
2. *Reduced Engine Power*: Noticeable decrease in power and responsiveness due to re****ed ignition timing.
3. *Rough Idling*: Erratic idling caused by improper ignition timing adjustments.

# Warning Signs
1. *Check Engine Light*: Illumination of the check engine light, indicating potential knock sensor issues.
2. *Increased Fuel Consumption*: Inefficient fuel burn leading to lower gas mileage.

# Advanced Symptoms
1. *Engine Vibration*: Excessive engine vibration due to improper combustion.
2. *Engine Stalling*: Frequent stalling or hesitation, especially during acceleration.
3. *Decreased Acceleration*: Sluggish acceleration and reduced engine responsiveness.

# Severe Consequences
1. *Piston Damage*: Constant shockwaves damaging or cracking pistons.
2. *Engine Wall Damage*: Knocking wearing down cylinder walls.
3. *Engine Failure*: Catastrophic engine failure if left unaddressed.

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a qualified mechanic for diagnosis and replacement of the knock sensor if necessary.

25/12/2024

Injector disassembly!

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25/12/2024

Crank Position Sensor (CPS)

Acceleration Problems

As the engine speeds up, there needs to be adjustments to spark timing and fuel injection. Without accurate input from the crankshaft sensor, the ECU can't make these adjustments as well as it should. This can result in slow or uneven acceleration.

Reduced Gas Mileage

Without accurate timing information fuel injection won't occur as efficiently as it should. That means the engine will need to use more gas and your morning commute will use up more fuel than usual.

Engine Misfires

Lack of proper spark timing can cause a different problem: one or more of the cylinders may misfire. That is to say combustion may be disrupted. You will feel, and maybe hear, this as a brief stutter in the engine.

Rough Idling

You might feel that the engine runs rough or vibrates at idle, say, when you're sitting at a red light. This is similar to the above in that it stems from poor spark timing.

Stalling

As seen with rough idling, sometimes crankshaft sensor problems are worse at low engine speeds. Sometimes the engine might even stall out entirely at low speed if the fuel injectors aren't giving it the fuel it needs.

Difficult Starting or No Starting

It might be hard to get your engine started without the fuel it needs or without proper timing. If the crankshaft sensor has failed completely, and isn't sending a signal to the ECU at all, then the computer won't send any fuel to the injectors. This will leave you unable to start the car.

Check Engine Light

A failing or failed crankshaft position sensor may cause the check engine light on your dashboard to come on. A diagnostic scan tool will show a code between P0335 and P0338. The check engine light doesn't always come on, though, so you could be experiencing any of the above symptoms for some time before you see the warning light.

24/12/2024

Power Brake System: A Closer Look
The power brake system is a crucial component of modern vehicles, significantly reducing the effort required to apply the brakes. This system utilizes engine vacuum to assist the driver in stopping the vehicle.
How it Works
* Vacuum Source: The engine's vacuum source, typically the intake manifold, provides a constant vacuum to the brake booster chamber.
* Brake Booster Chamber: This chamber maintains a constant vacuum, creating a pressure differential.
* Poppet Valve: When the brake pedal is depressed, it opens the poppet valve, allowing atmospheric air to enter the pressure chamber.
* Pressure Chamber: The influx of atmospheric air creates a pressure differential between the pressure chamber and the vacuum chamber.
* Diaphragm: The diaphragm, sealed tightly, separates the two chambers. The pressure differential forces the diaphragm to move, amplifying the force applied to the brake pedal.
* Master Cylinder: The amplified force from the diaphragm is transmitted to the master cylinder, which houses two pistons: primary and secondary.
* Hydraulic Pushrod: The primary piston pushes the hydraulic pushrod, which, in turn, activates the secondary piston.
* Brake Circuits: The secondary piston applies pressure to the brake fluid in the primary and secondary brake circuits, leading to the activation of the brake pads and ultimately stopping the vehicle.
Key Components
* Brake Fluid Reservoir: Stores brake fluid.
* Master Cylinder: Contains pistons that transmit pressure to the brake fluid.
* Brake Booster Chamber: Maintains a constant vacuum.
* Poppet Valve: Controls the flow of air into the pressure chamber.
* Diaphragm: Separates the pressure and vacuum chambers.
* Hydraulic Pushrod: Transmits force from the primary piston to the secondary piston.
* Brake Pedal: The driver's input to initiate braking.
Benefits of Power Brake Systems
* Reduced Braking Effort: Significantly less force is required to apply the brakes, making it easier for drivers of all ages and abilities.
* Improved Braking Response: The system provides quicker and more responsive braking, enhancing vehicle safety.
* Enhanced Braking Performance: The power assist ensures consistent and reliable braking performance, even in adverse conditions.
Maintenance Tips
* Regular Fluid Checks: Ensure the brake fluid level is adequate and the fluid is clean.
* Periodic Inspections: Have the brake system inspected by a qualified technician to identify and address any potential issues.
* Prompt Repairs: Address any brake system problems promptly to avoid further complications.
In Conclusion
The power brake system is a vital safety feature that enhances braking performance and reduces driver effort. By understanding its components and maintenance requirements, you can ensure the optimal functioning of your vehicle's braking system.

24/12/2024

Merry Christmas everyone 🎄

24/12/2024

📌 What is a Rocker Arm? Parts, Working, Advantages, and Common Symptoms Explained:

A rocker arm is a mechanical component in an internal combustion engine, responsible for transmitting the motion from the camshaft or pushrod to the engine's intake and exhaust valves. It plays a critical role in regulating the air-fuel mixture and exhaust gas flow in and out of the combustion chamber.

Parts of a Rocker Arm:

1. Pivot Point/ Fulcrum: Acts as the axis for the rocker arm's movement.
2. Arm Body: The main structure that transmits the motion.
3. Valve Tip End: Makes contact with the valve stem to open/close the valve.
4. Pushrod/Cam Contact: Receives the motion from the camshaft or pushrod.
5. Adjustment Screw: Allows fine-tuning of valve clearance.

Working of Rocker Arm:

The rocker's arm pivots on its fulcrum when the camshaft or pushrod exerts a force on one end. This motion is transferred to the opposite end, which presses on the valve stem, opening or closing the valve. This operation ensures proper timing for air-fuel intake and exhaust, optimizing engine performance.

Advantages of Rocker Arm:

1, Simple Mechanism: Efficient and reliable design.
2. Low Maintenance: Durable under normal conditions.
3. Optimized Valve Operation: Ensures precise valve timing.
4. Cost-Effective: Affordable and easy to replace.

Symptoms of a Faulty Rocker Arm:

1. Tapping Noise: A loose or damaged rocker arm may cause a ticking sound.
2. Engine Misfire: Improper valve operation can disrupt combustion.
Power Loss: Reduced engine efficiency.
3. Increased Fuel Consumption: Faulty valves lead to poor combustion.

24/12/2024

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23/12/2024

Mechanic tips ❗

23/12/2024

📌 Types of Axles: Learn About Front Axle, Rear Axle, and Stub Axle:

An axle serves as a central shaft for rotating wheels or gears in wheeled vehicles. It can be either fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or attached to the car, with the wheels rotating around it.

They are pivotal in transmitting power, torque, and rotational motion from the engine or motor to the wheels, enabling them to rotate and propel the vehicle forward.

1. Front Axle:

The front axle in a vehicle serves a crucial role, supporting the front part's weight, facilitating steering, and absorbing shocks caused by varying road surfaces.

Types of Front Axles:

a) Live Front Axle: Live front axles have an additional role beyond supporting the vehicle's weight and facilitating steering.

b) Dead Front Axle: Dead front axles, as the name suggests, do not rotate and serve the primary function of carrying the weight of the vehicle from the springs to the front wheels.

2. Rear Axle:

The rear axle in an automobile is positioned between the differential and the drive wheels, transferring power from the differential to the drive wheels.

Types of Rear Axles:

a) Semi-Floating Axle: The semi-floating axle has a bearing located on the axle and inside the axle housing, tasked with supporting all the listed loads.

b) Full-Floating Axle: The fully floating axle employs two deep groove balls or tapered roller bearings positioned between the axle housing and the wheel hub.

c) Three-Quarter Floating Axle: The three-quarter floating axle features a bearing positioned between the hub and the axle housing. This bearing transfers the vehicle's weight to the axle housing while absorbing lateral thrust and drive torque.

3. Stub Axles:

The stub axles play a crucial role in the front axle assembly, as they support and connect the front wheels to the front axle.

Types of Stub Axles:

a) Elliot: The Elliot stub axle is connected to the front axle by fitting it into the yoke end with a kingpin and cotter, effectively joining the two components together.

b) Reverse Elliot: In contrast to the Elliot stub axle, the Reverse Elliot type has a layout opposite to the standard Elliot axle configuration.

c) Lamoine: The Lamoine stub axle employs a different approach, featuring an L-shaped spindle instead of a yoke hinge for connection.

d) Reversed Lamoine: The Reversed Lamoine stub axle is the opposite of the regular Lamoine axle in terms of its layout and design.

22/12/2024

📌 Car Radiators Explained: Parts, Working, Benefits, and Warning Signs!

A radiator is a crucial component of a car's cooling system, designed to regulate the engine's temperature. It dissipates excess heat generated during engine operation, ensuring optimal performance and preventing overheating.

Parts of a Radiator:

1. Core: A network of tubes and fins that facilitate heat exchange between coolant and air.
2. Tanks: Located on either side of the core, they hold the coolant before and after it circulates through the core.
3. Inlet and Outlet Pipes: Channels through which the coolant enters and exits the radiator.
4. Cooling Fins: Thin metal fins around the tubes to maximize heat dissipation.
5. Radiator Cap: Maintains pressure in the system, preventing the coolant from boiling.
6. Thermostat: Regulates coolant flow based on engine temperature.
7. Fan: Draws air through the radiator, especially at low speeds or when stationary.

Working of Radiator:

Coolant absorbs heat from the engine and flows to the radiator through hoses. As it passes through the radiator core, heat is transferred to the fins and dissipated into the surrounding air with the help of the cooling fan. The cooled fluid then recirculates back to the engine.

Advantages:

1. Prevents Overheating: Maintains optimal engine temperature.
2. Enhances Performance: Avoids thermal stress, improving efficiency.
3. Increases Engine Lifespan: Reduces wear caused by excessive heat.

Symptoms of a Failing Radiator:

1. Overheating: Persistent high engine temperature.
2. Coolant Leaks: Visible puddles under the vehicle.
3. Rust or Corrosion: Affects radiator efficiency.
4. Low Coolant Levels: Requires frequent refills.
5. Blocked Fins: Reduced airflow and cooling efficiency.

22/12/2024

📌 Following are the Different Types of Tires used in Cars:

1. Summer Tire: Summer tires are designed for use in warmer weather, and are not suitable for winter driving conditions

2. Winter Tire: Winter tires are designed to provide traction and grip in winter conditions, such as snow, ice, and cold temperatures.

3. All-Season Tire: All-season tires mean drivers can use the same set of tires all year round, with no seasonal changes required.

4. All-Terrain Tire: All-terrain tires, or A/T tires, are designed for use on and off-road, in various weather conditions, and on different types of terrain.

5. Track Tire: Track tires are a type of tire designed for use on tracks, either for bicycles or racing cars.

6. Trail Tire: Trail tires are designed for vehicles that need traction in mild off-road environments, such as SUVs, crossovers, and small pickups.

7. Ribbed Tire: Ribbed tires, also known as rib pattern tires, have a tread pattern with raised sections called ribs that run in parallel to the direction of travel.

8. Sport Tire: Sport tires are specialized tires designed for high-performance vehicles and drivers who want to get the most out of their car.

9. Performance Tire: Performance tires, also known as sport tires, are designed to improve a vehicle's handling, stability, and grip, especially at higher speeds and during complex maneuvers.

22/12/2024

📖Oversquare vs. Undersquare Engines: Torque, Power, and Dynamics

When it comes to engine design, one critical factor often overlooked by casual enthusiasts is the relationship between bore and stroke. This relationship defines whether an engine is oversquare (bore larger than stroke), undersquare (stroke larger than bore), or square (bore and stroke are equal). Each configuration offers unique benefits and trade-offs that influence torque, power, and overall engine behavior.

⚙️In this article, we’ll dive into the science and engineering behind these designs, explore their real-world applications, and understand how they shape engine dynamics.

⚙️What Are Oversquare and Undersquare Engines?

✍️Oversquare Engines

Bore (cylinder width) is larger than the stroke (distance the piston travels).
Optimized for high RPM and greater power output.
Common in performance vehicles prioritizing speed and high-end power.

✍️Undersquare Engines

Stroke is longer than the bore.
Produce more torque at lower RPM.
Typically found in applications requiring responsiveness and pulling power, such as trucks and cruisers.

✍️Square Engines

Bore and stroke are equal.
Offer a balance between torque and power, making them versatile for various applications.
Torque and Power: A Dynamic Relationship
At the heart of any engine is its ability to produce torque and power, two closely related but distinct concepts.

Torque is the twisting force generated by the engine. It’s influenced by the stroke length (leverage) and combustion force (bore size).
Power is a product of torque and RPM. While torque dominates at low speeds, power determines high-speed performance.
Key Insight: Longer strokes inherently increase torque, while larger bores depend on efficient combustion dynamics to translate torque into power.

Air Dynamics: Balancing Quantity and Velocity
Engines breathe air, and the way they manage air dynamics significantly impacts performance.

Air Quantity: Determines how much fuel can be burned, influencing overall power output. Larger bores excel here.
Air Velocity: Improves air-fuel mixing, essential for low RPM responsiveness. Smaller bores are better at maintaining high air speeds.
Trade-offs:

Larger bores allow for greater air intake, favoring high RPM power.
Smaller bores enhance air velocity, improving torque at lower speeds.
Additional factors, such as intake design, valve geometry, and throttle control, also play pivotal roles in optimizing air dynamics.

⚙️Real-World Comparisons
Honda K20 (Square Engine)
Bore and stroke: 86 mm each.
Power: 200 HP @ 7,400 RPM.
Torque: 196 Nm @ 5,900 RPM.
Honda K24 (Undersquare Engine)
Bore: 87 mm, Stroke: 99 mm.
Power: 197 HP @ 6,800 RPM.
Torque: 225 Nm @ 4,500 RPM.
Takeaway: The longer stroke of the K24 increases low-end torque but doesn’t significantly change peak power since the bore and valve sizes remain the same.

⚙️GM LS2 (Oversquare Muscle Car Engine)
Bore: 101.6 mm, Stroke: 92 mm.
Power: 400 HP @ 6,000 RPM.
Torque: 542 Nm @ 4,400 RPM.
The LS2 balances high power and torque by optimizing air velocity with small intake ports and a two-valve design.

⚙️BMW S65 V8 (Extreme Oversquare Performance Engine)
Bore: 92 mm, Stroke: 75.2 mm.
Power: 420 HP @ 8,300 RPM.
Torque: 400 Nm @ 3,900 RPM.
This engine sacrifices low-end torque for high RPM power, leveraging advanced valve timing and a lightweight rotating assembly.

Engineering Trade-offs and Insights
Rod Ratio
The ratio of the connecting rod length to the stroke affects air velocity and wear:

⚙️Lower ratios improve low RPM air velocity but increase wear and strain at high RPM.
Oversquare engines often require a balance to maintain stability.
Thermal Efficiency
Undersquare engines have a slight edge in thermal efficiency due to reduced heat loss from combustion, thanks to their smaller combustion surface areas.

⚙️Wear and Durability
Oversquare engines can suffer from piston destabilization at high bore diameters.
Undersquare engines experience greater cylinder wall wear due to steeper rod angles.
Applications in Motorcycles
Motorcycles offer clear examples of how bore and stroke ratios influence engine behavior:

⚙️Harley-Davidson Engines (Undersquare): Deliver high torque at low RPM, ideal for cruising, but limited by high piston speeds and low redlines.
Sportbike Engines (Oversquare): Prioritize high RPM power with advanced valve dynamics, enabling rapid acceleration and high-speed performance.
The Bigger Picture: Bore and Stroke in Context
While bore and stroke ratios are crucial, they’re only part of the equation. Engine performance is also shaped by:

⚙️Intake geometry
Valve design
Rod ratio
Intended application
The best engine design depends on the desired balance between low-end torque, high-end power, and the specific demands of the vehicle or application.

⚙️Conclusion:
No One-Size-Fits-All
Oversquare engines excel in high-speed scenarios, offering compact designs and power potential. Undersquare engines dominate at low RPM, with high torque and better thermal efficiency. Ultimately, the best design comes down to striking the right balance for the intended use. Whether it’s a sports car, muscle car, or motorcycle, the interplay between bore and stroke is one of the many fascinating aspects of engine design..

22/12/2024

Here are some common symptoms of a bad wheel bearing:

1. Noise:
Roaring or growling sound: This is the most common symptom. The noise usually increases with speed and may change pitch depending on the vehicle's speed.
Humming or whining sound: This can also indicate a bad wheel bearing, especially at higher speeds.
Rumbling or grinding sound: This usually indicates more severe damage to the bearing.

2. Vibration:
You might feel vibrations through the steering wheel, pedals, or the entire vehicle, especially at certain speeds.

3. Steering Issues:
The steering wheel may feel shaky or pull to one side.

4. Uneven Tire Wear:
Bad wheel bearings can cause uneven tire wear, such as cupping or feathering.

5. Increased Fuel Consumption:
In some cases, a bad wheel bearing can increase fuel consumption due to increased rolling resistance.

6. Handling Problems:
The vehicle may feel less stable or responsive in corners.

7. Play in the Wheel:
You might be able to feel some play or movement in the wheel when you try to shake it.

***Note:
It's important to have a mechanic inspect the vehicle if you suspect a bad wheel bearing. Driving with a bad wheel bearing can cause further damage to the wheel, axle, and other components.
In some cases, it may be difficult to pinpoint the exact source of the noise, as other components like the tires or CV joints can also produce similar sounds.

If you have any other questions, feel free to ask!

21/12/2024

Honda accord ❗❗❗

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21/12/2024

⚙️Below are the Common Symptoms of the Crankshaft:

A faulty crankshaft can lead to significant engine performance issues. Common symptoms include:

✍️1. Check Engine Light On:

A malfunctioning crankshaft sensor can trigger the check engine light. This indicates the engine control module has detected issues with the crankshaft's position or speed readings.

✍️2. Reduced Gas Mileage:

A faulty crankshaft can lead to inefficient fuel combustion, causing the engine to work harder and consume more fuel than usual, resulting in decreased fuel efficiency.

✍️3. Engine Stalling:

The crankshaft sensor provides vital timing information for engine operation. If it fails, the engine may lose synchronization, leading to unexpected stalling while driving.

✍️4. Engine Vibration:

A damaged or imbalanced crankshaft disrupts the smooth rotation of the engine, causing noticeable vibrations, especially at idle or low RPMs.

✍️5. Engine Misfire:

Faulty crankshaft position data can cause improper ignition timing or fuel injection, resulting in engine misfires that affect performance.

✍️6. Poor Acceleration:

If the crankshaft sensor fails to send accurate signals, the engine may struggle to respond to acceleration demands, leading to sluggish performance.

✍️7. Low Oil Pressure:

A faulty crankshaft can interfere with the engine’s oil flow, reducing oil pressure and potentially causing further engine damage if left unchecked.

21/12/2024

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20/12/2024

📌 Here are the Most Common Parts of an Exhaust System:

Vital for fuel economy, the environment, and your safety, your vehicle’s exhaust system carries away harmful gases that are created during the combustion process.

The exhaust system not only keeps dangerous gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons from entering the cabin but it also "cleans up" the gases before they are released into the environment.

1. Exhaust Manifold: Typically made of cast iron or fabricated tubing, they sometimes incorporate the catalyst and connect to the engine at the exhaust ports with fl**ge connectors. They’re designed to collect exhaust gases from each cylinder and then funnel them into a common outlet.

2. Flex Pipe: Allows normal engine movement to prevent damage to the exhaust system.

3. Catalytic Converters: Converts harmful engine emissions to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

4. Oxygen (O2) Sensors: Detect the level of O2 in the exhaust stream. This information is utilized by the PCM for fuel control and to monitor converter efficiency.

5. Isolators/Gaskets/Clamps: Required accessories for proper sealing and durability.

6. Resonator Assemblies/Pipe Accessories: Resonator assemblies combine pipe routing and tuning technologies for quality flow and acoustics.

7. MUFFLERS/MUFFLER ASSEMBLIES: The muffler quiets the sound of a vehicle's engine as emissions pass out of the exhaust system.

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20/12/2024

📌 Power Steering System Explained: Parts, Working, Benefits, and Warning Signs!

A power steering system is a vehicle mechanism that reduces the effort required by the driver to turn the steering wheel. It enhances the maneuverability and control of the vehicle, especially at low speeds or during parking. Power steering can be hydraulic, electric, or a combination of both (electro-hydraulic).

Parts of a Power Steering System:

1. Steering Wheel & Column: Transmits the driver’s input to the steering gear.
2. Steering Gear: Converts rotary motion into linear motion to turn the wheels.
3. Hydraulic Pump (for hydraulic systems): Provides pressurized fluid.
4. Electric Motor (for electric systems): Assists the steering effort.
5. Power Steering Fluid: Transmits hydraulic pressure.
6. Control Valves: Regulate fluid flow or motor operation.
7. Steering Rack and Pinion: Links the steering wheel to the wheels.
8. Reservoir (hydraulic systems): Stores power steering fluid.

Working Principle:

In hydraulic systems, when the driver turns the steering wheel, the control valve directs pressurized fluid to assist in turning the wheels. In electric power steering (EPS), an electric motor, guided by sensors, provides the necessary torque. Hybrid systems combine both mechanisms.

Advantages:

1. Effort Reduction: Requires minimal effort to steer.
2. Improved Safety: Enhances vehicle control in emergencies.
3. Comfort: Smooth and precise steering.
4. Fuel Efficiency (EPS): Eliminates the hydraulic pump load.

Symptoms of Power Steering Problems:

1. Hard Steering: Increased effort to turn the wheel.
2. Noisy Operation: Whining or squealing sounds.
3. Fluid Leaks: Evident under the car or near the reservoir.
4. Vibrations: Steering wheel shakes during operation.
5. Delayed Response: Sluggish steering reaction.

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