Journals of Advanced Research & Science

Journals of Advanced Research & Science Journal of Advanced Research and Science (JARS) is an online, double blind peer reviewed monthly journal.

The aim and focus of this journal is to publish high standard quality research article's in various fields of engineering and science, to assist other researcher/academicians/students to an have up to date knowledge on their fileds. Thus, further inspiring them to explore, innovate and excell in their field of interest.

Biosensor may provide better cancer diagnosisLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers have developed a ...
17/03/2019

Biosensor may provide better cancer diagnosis

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers have developed a new biological sensor that could help clinicians better diagnose cancer and epilepsy.
Biological sensors monitor small molecules, ions and protons and are vital as a medical diagnostic. Even the simplest signals, such as intracellular pH level, can provide important information for the medical community.
For example, acidification of tumors because of elevated glucose uptake and lactic acid release is a biomarker of cancer cells. Likewise, acidification of extracellular fluid is one of the key processes during epileptic seizures.
But manmade biosensors have limitations such as biocompatibility and fouling (the accumulation of unwanted materials that impede or interfere with the function of the molecule). Biological systems are adept at protecting and separating vital components of biological machinery with semipermeable membranes that often contain defined pores and gates to restrict transmembrane transport only to specific species.

To create the pH sensor, the lipid membrane needs to incorporate a robust channel that is highly permeable (and, ideally, highly specific) to protons. Noy's team previously showed that narrow 0.8 nanometer CNTPs (about 10 nanometers of carbon nanotube segments that spontaneously insert into a lipid membrane and form transmembrane channels) have extremely high proton permeability that is an order of magnitude higher than proton permeability of bulk water. Extreme water confinement in the 0.8-nm-diameter nanotube pores is responsible for creating conditions that favor fast proton transport. Small pore size and high proton permeability also ensure that CNTPs can effectively block most of the fouling components of biological mixtures and prevent them from reaching the sensor surface.
"For each of these experiments, we have characterized the ability of our sensor to respond to variations in the solution pH values before and after continuous exposure to the different foulant mixtures," Noy said. "When the lipid bilayer incorporated CNTP channels, the pH response was preserved and showed very little signs of degradation."
In the future, the team could engineer the CNTPs to transmit specific ions and small molecules while blocking other biomolecules. This could transform the device into a versatile platform-type sensing technology that could be used in applications ranging from disease diagnosis, genetic screening and drug discovery.

Credits:phys.org

"MRI technology"Millions of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are performed each year to diagnose health conditions...
20/03/2018

"MRI technology"

Millions of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are performed each year to diagnose health conditions and perform biomedical research. The different tissues in our bodies react to magnetic fields in varied ways, allowing images of our anatomy to be generated. But there are limits to the resolution of these images—generally, doctors can see details of organs as small as a half millimeter in size but not much smaller. Based on what the doctors see, they try to infer what is happening to cells in the tissue.

Mikhail Shapiro, assistant professor of chemical engineering, wants to make a connection between MRI images and what happens in tissues at scales as small as a single micrometer—that's about 500 times smaller than what's possible now.
"When you look at a splotchy MRI picture, you may want to know what's happening in a certain dark spot," says Shapiro, who is also a Schlinger Scholar and Heritage Medical Research Institute Investigator. "Right now, it is hard to say what's going on at scales smaller than about half a millimeter."
In a recent study published in the journal Nature Communications, Shapiro and his colleagues introduced a method to correlate magnetic field patterns in tissue, which occur on micrometer scales, with the larger, millimeter-scale features of MRI images. Ultimately, the method would allow doctors to interpret MRI pictures and better diagnose various conditions.
For example, medical researchers can visualize the locations of inflamed tissues in a patient's body by using MRI to take images of immune cells called macrophages that have been labeled with magnetic iron particles. The macrophages take up iron particles injected into a patient's bloodstream and then migrate toward sites of inflammation. Because the MRI signal is affected by the presence of these iron particles, the resulting images reveal locations of unhealthy tissue. However, the exact level of MRI contrast depends on precisely how the cells take up and store the iron particles on the micrometer scale, which cannot be seen directly in the MRI images.
The new technique could provide an understanding of how different iron distributions affect MRI contrast, and this, in turn, would provide a better idea of the scope of inflammation. The research was led by Caltech graduate students Hunter Davis and Pradeep Ramesh.
Credits: Phys.org

"Researchers develop data bus for quantum computer"The quantum world is fragile; error correction codes are needed to pr...
08/11/2017

"Researchers develop data bus for quantum computer"

The quantum world is fragile; error correction codes are needed to protect the information stored in a quantum object from the deteriorating effects of noise. Quantum physicists in Innsbruck have developed a protocol to pass quantum information between differently encoded building blocks of a future quantum computer, such as processors and memories. Scientists may use this protocol in the future to build a data bus for quantum computers.
Future quantum computers will be able to solve problems where conventional computers fail today. We are still far away from any large-scale implementation, however, because quantum systems are very sensitive to environmental noise. Although systems can be protected from noise in principle, researchers have been able to build only small prototypes of quantum computers experimentally.
One way to reduce the error rate is by encoding quantum information not in one single quantum particle but in several quantum objects. These logical quantum bits or qubits are more robust against noise. In the last few years, theoretical physicists have developed a whole range of error correction codes and optimized them for specific tasks. Physicists Hendrik Poulsen Nautrup and Hans Briegel from the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the University of Innsbruck and Nicolai Friis, now at the Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in Vienna, have found a technique to transfer quantum information between systems that are encoded differently.
Similar to classical computers, future quantum computers might be built with different components. Scientists have already built small-scale quantum processors and memories experimentally, and they have used different protocols to encode logical qubits: For example, for quantum processors they use so-called color codes and for quantum memories surface codes. "For the two systems to interact with each other quantum mechanically, we have to connect them," says PhD student Hendrik Poulsen Nautrup. "We have developed a protocol that allows us to merge quantum systems that are encoded differently." The scientists suggest to locally modify specific elements of the encoded quantum bits. This process is also called lattice surgery, which is used to couple systems such as quantum processors and memories. Once the systems are temporarily "sewed" together, quantum information can be teleported from the processor to the memory and vice versa. "Similar to a data bus in a conventional computer, scientists can use this technique to connect the components of a quantum computer," explains Poulsen Nautrup.
Credit:phys.org

06/10/2017

Brain study reveals how insects make beeline for home

Scientists have discovered how the wiring of bees' brains helps them plot the most direct route back to their hive.
Researchers have shed light on the complex navigation system that insects use to make their way home in a straight line following long, complex journeys.
Bees use their vision to navigate, but until now little was known about what happens inside their brains - which are smaller than a grain of rice - as they perform this task.
The neurons are located in a part of the insect brain called the central complex. Scientists found this region playA team of scientists, including researchers at the University of Edinburgh, unravelled the complex workings of the system by studying the brains of nocturnal rainforest bees.
They monitored nerve function by attaching tiny electrodes to bees' heads as the insects were shown virtual reality simulations of what they see when flying forward or rotating.
s a pivotal role in controlling the navigation system - known as path integration or 'dead reckoning' - which is used by many animals, including bees, ants and humans.

Explore further: Studying bumblebees to learn more about human intelligence and memory

Journal reference: Current Biology

Provided by: University of Edinburgh

05/10/2017

Robotic bugs train insects to be helpers

Tiny mobile robots are learning to work with insects in the hope the creatures' sensitive antennae and ability to squeeze into small spaces can be put to use serving humans.
While the little insects begin ferrying tiny globules of sugar back home, their mechanical companion bustles forward to effortlessly pick up the entire container and carry it back to the nest.
'The idea is to be able to solve (a) problem with a better solution than they (the robots and insects) can produce individually,' said Dr Bertrand Collignon, who is leading the research at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, in Switzerland.
The robots – reprogrammed off-the-shelf Thymio bots managed by simple Raspberry Pi computers – then use sensors to follow the columns of exiting ants. Once the ants have led their robotic counterparts to their discovery, the robots take over, using their superior muscle power to lug it home.
Robots are like pack animals in comparison, carrying an order of magnitude more food than an ant can, and accomplishing in a few minutes what would have taken the ants hours.
As many social insects such as ants and bees can form aggressive colonies that normally do not respond well to outsiders, influencing them from within may offer a new approach.
By integrating artificial systems, such as robots, into more natural ones – such as a warehouse full of chickens – it could lead to new solutions to help control animal behaviour on farms. An example might be preventing deadly mass panic attacks amongst intensively reared animals by using robots that can detect the early signs of an impending stampede and diverting one by behaving in a different way.

Explore further: Mergeable nervous systems for robots

Provided by: Horizon: The EU Research & Innovation magazine

04/10/2017

New insights on dark energy

The universe is not only expanding - it is accelerating outward, driven by what is commonly referred to as "dark energy." The term is a poetic analogy to label for dark matter, the mysterious material that dominates the matter in the universe and that really is dark because it does not radiate light (it reveals itself via its gravitational influence on galaxies). Two explanations are commonly advanced to explain dark energy.
For several decades cosmologies have successfully used a relativistic equation with dark matter and dark energy to explain increasingly precise observations about the cosmic microwave background, the cosmological distribution of galaxies, and other large-scale cosmic features.
CfA astronomer Daniel Eisenstein was a member of a large consortium of scientists who suggest that most of the difference between these two methods, which sample different components of the cosmic fabric, could be reconciled if the dark energy were not constant in time. The scientists apply sophisticated statistical techniques to the relevant cosmological datasets and conclude that if the dark energy term varied slightly as the universe expanded (though still subject to other constraints), it could explain the discrepancy.
CfA astronomer Daniel Eisenstein was a member of a large consortium of scientists who suggest that most of the difference between these two methods, which sample different components of the cosmic fabric, could be reconciled if the dark energy were not constant in time. The scientists apply sophisticated statistical techniques to the relevant cosmological datasets and conclude that if the dark energy term varied slightly as the universe expanded (though still subject to other constraints), it could explain the discrepancy.

Explore further: New supernova analysis reframes dark energy debate

More information: Gong-Bo Zhao et al. Dynamical dark energy in light of the latest observations, Nature Astronomy (2017). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-017-0216-z

Journal reference: Nature Astronomy

Provided by: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

03/10/2017

A stinging report: Research shows climate change a major threat to bumble bees

New research from a team of Florida State University scientists and their collaborators is helping to explain the link between a changing global climate and a dramatic decline in bumble bee populations worldwide.
In a study published today in the journal Ecology Letters, researchers examining three subalpine bumble bee species in Colorado's Rocky Mountains found that, for some bumble bees, a changing climate means there just aren't enough good flowers to go around
As the global climate changes gradually over time, delicately poised seasonal cycles begin to shift. In the Rocky Mountains, this means earlier snowmelts and an extended flowering season.
On the surface, these climatic changes may seem like a boon to bumble bees—a longer flowering season might suggest more opportunity for hungry bees to feed.
"When researchers think about flower effects on bees, they typically consider floral abundance to be the most important factor, but we found that the distribution of flowers throughout a season was most important for bumble bees,"
Ogilvie said these most recent findings contribute to a growing body of evidence for the grave ecological consequences of climate change.
"Declining bumble bee populations should be a warning about the expansive detrimental effects of climate change," Ogilvie said. "Bumble bees have annual life cycles, so their populations show responses to change quickly, and many species live in higher altitude and latitude areas where the change in climate is most dramatic. The effects of climate change on bumble bees should give us pause."

Explore further: Bumble bees make a beeline for larger flowers

More information: Ecology Letters (2017). DOI: 10.1111/ele.12854

Journal reference: Ecology Letters

Provided by: Florida State University

02/10/2017

Winner takes all: Success enhances taste for luxury goods, study suggests

Footballers in flashy cars, City workers in Armani suits, reality TV celebrities sipping expensive champagne while sitting in hot tubs: what drives people to purchase luxury goods? New research suggests that it may be a sense of being a 'winner' - but that contrary to expectations, it is not driven by testosterone.
Previous studies have suggested that testosterone plays a key role in human social status seeking, with elevated levels of the hormone being associated with more dominant and aggressive behaviour in men. It has also been suggested that testosterone levels increase in response to an individual winning a competition, and fall in response to losing.
In a study published today in the journal Scientific Reports, Yin Wu, at the time a PhD student at the University of Cambridge, in collaboration with researchers from London Business School, University of Oxford, and University of Vienna, led an investigation into the effects of social status and testosterone levels on conspicuous consumption.
After playing the Tetris game, the researchers asked the participants how much they would be willing to pay for luxury items such as expensive cars, from 10% of its retail price up to 120%. They found that winners tended to be willing to pay more for these items than losers.

Explore further: Men's testosterone levels predict competitiveness

More information: Yin Wu et al, The role of social status and testosterone in human conspicuous consumption, Scientific Reports (2017). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12260-3

Journal reference: Scientific Reports

Provided by: University of Cambridge

28/09/2017

Study sheds new light on how Earth and Mars were created

Analysing a mixture of earth samples and meteorites, scientists from the University of Bristol have shed new light on the sequence of events that led to the creation of the planets Earth and Mars.
Massive planetary bodies impacting at several kilometres per second generate substantial heat which, in turn, produces magma oceans and temporary atmospheres of vaporised rock.
Dr Remco Hin from the University of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences, led the research which is published today in Nature.
He said: "We have provided evidence that such a sequence of events occurred in the formation of the Earth and Mars, using high precision measurements of their magnesium isotope compositions.
The main findings are three-fold:
• Earth, Mars and asteroid Vesta have distinct magnesium isotope ratios from any plausible nebula starting materials
• The isotopically heavy magnesium isotope compositions of planets identify substantial (~40 per cent) mass loss following repeated episodes of vaporisation during their accretion
• This slipshod construction process results in other chemical changes during growth that generate the unique chemical characteristics of Earth.

Explore further: Why are there different 'flavors' of iron around the Solar System?

More information: 'Magnesium isotope evidence that accretional vapour loss shapes planetary compositions' by R. Hin, C. Coath, P. Carter, F. Nimmo et al in Nature. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23899
Related Nature paper: dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23645

Journal reference: Nature

Provided by: University of Bristol

27/09/2017

Researchers change wavelengths of entangled photons to those used in telecommunications

The potential for photon entanglement in quantum computing and communications has been known for decades. One of the issues impeding its immediate application is the fact that many photon entanglement platforms do not operate within the range used by most forms of telecommunication.
"We have demonstrated the emission of polarization-entangled photons from a quantum dot at 1550 nanometers for the first time ever," said Simone Luca Portalupi, one of the work's authors and a senior scientist at the Institute of Semiconductor Optics and Functional Interfaces at the University of Stuttgart
Researchers and industry leaders have found that the C-band—a specific range of infrared wavelengths—has become an electromagnetic sweet spot in telecommunications.
The researchers were impressed by the quality of the signal, Olbrich said. Other efforts to shift the emission wavelength of polarization-entangled photons of quantum dots toward the C-band tended to increase the exciton fine-structure splitting (FSS), a quantity that should be close to zero for entanglement generation.

Explore further: Toward unbreakable encrypted messages

More information: "Polarization-entangled photons from an InGaAs-based quantum dot emitting in the telecom C-band," Applied Physics Letters (2017). DOI: 10.1063/1.4994145

Journal reference: Applied Physics Letters

Provided by: American Institute of Physics

26/09/2017

Physicists publish new findings on electron emission

Even more than 100 years after Einstein's explanation of photoemission the process of electron emission from a solid material upon illumination with light still poses challenging surprises. In the report now published in the journal Science ultrashort pulses of light were employed to start a race between electrons emitted from different initial states in a solid material. Timing this race reveals an unexpected result: The fastest electrons arrive in last place.
The motion of an emitted electron is strongly affected by interactions inside the atom from which the electron is emitted.
Experimentally resolving the tiny delays in the photoemission process required timing the emission event, i.e. the moment when the electron leaves the material, with an unprecedented resolution of 10-17 seconds.
The reported advances in understanding photoemission from solids became feasible based on recently developed attosecond laser techniques. Control of light with attosecond resolution opens fascinating views on electron dynamics on the atomic scale. Whereas femtosecond spectroscopy served to study and control atomic motion, attosecond spectroscopy now directly addresses the fundamentals of the interaction of light with matter.

Explore further: Measuring time without a clock

More information: "Angular momentum–induced delays in solid-state photoemission enhanced by intra-atomic interactions" Science (2017). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aam9598

Journal reference: Science

Provided by: Bielefeld University

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