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01/08/2023

Scientists say limiting temperature rise to 1.5C is crucial to avoid the most dangerous impacts of climate change - although these increase with every extra increment of warming.

The 1.5C warming limit was partly designed to avoid crossing so-called "tipping points".

These are thresholds beyond which changes could accelerate and become irreversible in different parts of the Earth's climate system, such as the collapse of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

But it's not clear precisely where these thresholds sit. Some may have already been crossed; some may be further away than first thought.

26/07/2023

The telescope has other objectives, too, one of which is to show us the detail of how stars are created and how they spawn planets. And it's for this reason that Rho Ophiuchi is a fascinating target for the most powerful observatory in space.

"There's so much going on in this spectacular picture, as young stars splash vibrant colours across the clouds of gas and dust from which they're being born," commented Prof Mark McCaughrean, Esa's senior advisor for science & exploration.

20/07/2023

It's exactly one year since the super observatory was handed over to astronomers to begin using.

And to celebrate, the US space agency Nasa has just released a spectacular image of one of the most photographed parts of the sky.

It's the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, which is the nearest star-forming region in space to us, being just 400 light-years away.

14/07/2023

In 2026, the recovery mission will be launched. The Americans will land an "ascent vehicle" (essentially a rocket) on Mars together with the European fetch rover. The latter will trundle off to find and gather up the canisters, delivering them back to the rocket.
Within roughly 150 days, the space agencies want the canisters lifted off Mars by the ascent vehicle. It will rendezvous with a European orbiter that will take charge of the samples and carry them to Earth. A descent capsule will bring down the precious cargo somewhere over the US.

11/07/2023

Dr David Parker, the director of human spaceflight and robotics at the European Space Agency, agreed: "The Americans called their Mars rovers Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity. We've tended in the past to name our missions after famous scientists.

"But, yes, perhaps this time we go with a name connected with the search for life - biology, genetics, DNA, whatever. Who knows? We just want a great name."

05/07/2023

A third Scottish satellite builder, Alba Orbital, is waiting to put an even smaller probe up there.

So far all of Scotland's satellites have had to be sent abroad to await launch a passengers on big rockets carrying big payloads. That wait can sometimes stretch years.

A launch site here would cut transport and insurance costs drastically. Good news for a Scottish space industry that already turns over £1bn a year.

30/06/2023

Most are based on the Cubesat format, each about the size of an big bottle of supermarket cola. They can pack as much as three litres of advanced electronics.

The UK's first Cubesat was built in Glasgow by the Clyde Space company. Then the US company Spire chose the city as their European base. Now there are more Glasgow built satellites in orbit than from any other city in Europe.

27/06/2023

The concern is that this material is becoming so abundant it could pose a collision hazard to operational missions that provide important services, such as telecommunications and environmental monitoring.

RemoveDebris was designed to test relatively simple - and therefore low-cost - methods of clean-up.

Other missions will try alternatives, including robotic arms that reach out and grab junk. But this kind of approach is very complex and therefore much more expensive to implement.

21/06/2023

"In the Solar System we have no idea whether [icy moons] have life underneath the surface or not. And it's very, very difficult even when we live next door to those objects to make any assessment of what's going on beneath the surface of the ice... Imagine doing that from light-years away," says Dr Kipping.

Despite the challenges, Prof Giovanna Tinetti, an exoplanet researcher at University College London, believes that it's best to keep an open mind.

09/06/2023

This is good news for the budding time traveller, because it suggests there is nothing to stop us from swapping where we are now for some other place and time.

But, importantly, it also implies that the past, present and the future are already written, so that if we were to travel back in time, we wouldn't be able to alter it. To take an oft-quoted example, we shouldn't be able to kill someone's grandparent so that their descendant will cease to exist in the future.

06/06/2023

Towards the end of the decade, Nasa intends for the transfers to be carried out at a new space station above the Moon called Gateway.

SpaceX was awarded its contract in 2021. It wants to use a variant of its huge, next-generation Starship rocket system, which debuted four weeks ago.

The maiden flight was terminated after four minutes when the vehicle spun out of control. But SpaceX is already talking about a second outing this summer.

30/05/2023

The relevance here to Mars and the Perseverance rover is that Jezero Crater looks from satellite imagery to have held a large lake deep in its past. And at the edge of the crater are carbonate rocks that could represent the sediments laid down at the shoreline.

Might Jezero have had microbes growing stromatolites in the crater's calm, nutrient-rich, shallow waters?

The timeline would not be dissimilar to Earth, just a little earlier. Scientists think the lake existed about 3.7 billion years ago.

26/05/2023

Dr Keyron Hickman-Lewis, from London's Natural History Museum (NHM), and colleagues, looked in detail at one particular set of stromatolites. They're the oldest yet discovered, part of the Dresser Formation in the Pilbara region of the Outback and are dated to 3.48 billion years ago.

They don't contain little fossils of microbes, or even any organic (carbon-rich) compounds that might be indicative of past life. But the NHM-led team thinks it has managed to establish signatures that mark out the rocks' biological origin.

22/05/2023

Nasa is planning a series of ever more complex outings for the capsule and its launch rocket - as part of its Artemis programme.

This first flight, Artemis-1, has been all about testing systems in the absence of astronauts. They will get their opportunity on the next mission, Artemis-2.

Artemis-3 is most eagerly anticipated - an attempt to land people back on the lunar surface for the first time in more than 50 years. It could take place in late 2025 or in 2026.

18/05/2023

The €1.6bn (£1.4bn; $1.7bn) mission was supposed to launch on Thursday on an Ariane-5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana, at 09:15 local time (13:15 BST).

The Ariane doesn't have the energy to send Juice directly to Jupiter, certainly not within a useful timeframe.

Instead, it will dispatch the spacecraft on a path around the inner Solar System. A series of fly-bys of Venus and Earth will then gravitationally sling the mission out to its intended destination.

16/05/2023

Esa says it will try to launch the rocket again on Friday.

The eight-year journey from Earth to reach Jupiter's major moons is one of the organisation's most ambitious missions ever.

There's good evidence that these the moons' icy worlds - Callisto, Europa and Ganymede - hold oceans of liquid water at depth.

11/05/2023

Now scientists are building new narratives to explain the planet's landscape.

This includes an idea that proposes the existence of "toffee planets". This theory incorporates knowledge accumulated through studying exoplanets.

The new ideas have been discussed here at the 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) in The Woodlands, Texas.

08/05/2023

Scientists from the Japanese Space Agency (Jaxa) mission and from Nasa's Osiris-Rex spacecraft, which is exploring a different asteroid called Bennu, have been presenting their latest findings at the 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) in The Woodlands, Texas.

The Hayabusa-2 team has also published its results over three papers in Science journal.

Meanwhile, the team behind the Osiris-Rex mission has made the first close-up observations of particle plumes erupting from an asteroid's surface. These findings are published in a suite of papers in the Nature journals.

05/05/2023

Dr Françoise Roques, from the observatory, who is on the scientific board of the encyclopedia, told BBC News: "The great news is that we shift from a starry sky to a planetary sky, as there are more planets than stars.

"And also that the planetary systems have great diversity of structure, with planets orbiting zero, one, two... stars, or other planets."

The Nasa Exoplanet Archive is 74 planets away from the milestone. But there are 443 planet candidates detected by Nasa's Tess space telescope (launched in 2018) awaiting confirmation.

03/05/2023

The mystery of methane on Mars just got a whole lot more complicated.

The gas, which on Earth is produced in large part by living things, has previously been detected on the Red Planet by remote observation, and on the ground by Nasa's Curiosity rover.

28/04/2023

In the past, Inmarsat has tended to purchase a set of big spacecraft on a generational basis every seven years or so. The flexible nature of the new "production scale" OneSats means more frequent, smaller orders will likely be made, to take advantage of the latest technological developments that keep the network as a whole as modern as it can be.

"These new satellites individually are much lower cost than our previous satellites," said Inmarsat CEO Rupert Pearce.

26/04/2023

Known as Sagittarius A*, or Sgr A* - this colossus is more than four million times the mass of our Sun. This assessment needs further work but the conclusion seems inescapable, the researchers say.

"The flare must have been a bit like a lighthouse beam," explained team leader Prof Bland-Hawthorn, who is also at the University of Sydney. "Imagine darkness, and then someone switches on a lighthouse beacon for a brief period of time."

The research, which used the Hubble Space Telescope, will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.

21/04/2023

This image taken by the Hubble telescope shows a spiral galaxy called NGC 772, which lies 130 million light-years away. NGC 772 has much in common with our own Milky Way galaxy. For instance, both the Milky Way and NGC 772 have small satellite galaxies, which closely orbit their parent galaxies.

However, the two are also different in a few key ways. For example, NGC 772 lacks a central feature called a bar, which is built of gas and stars and is thought to help funnel material through the core of a galaxy - perhaps fuelling star formation.

20/04/2023

PhD student Hannah Sargeant said: "We have to account for every milligram."

Minute samples of moon rock collected during the NASA Apollo 11 mission are held in the Department of Physical Sciences at the Open University (OU) in Milton Keynes.

Experiments, in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA) and Russian scientists, could take place on the Moon's south polar region in five years' time, scientists hope.

17/04/2023

The project is known as the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, or Juice for short.

Juice is not seeking to detect life - it will not be sending back pictures of alien fish. But it could help determine whether conditions in the moons' hidden oceans have at least a chance of supporting simple microbial organisms.

This isn't a crazy idea, says Prof Carole Mundell, the director of science at Esa.

"In every extreme environment on Earth, whether that's high acidity, high radioactivity, low temperature, high temperature - we find microbial life in some form," she told BBC News.

14/04/2023

Well, now they've reassessed some of the image data that was acquired in the years running up to that historic snapshot.

And it gives us some fresh perspectives on the object known as M87*, which has the monster mass of 6.5 billion Suns.

One insight is recognising the black hole's brightness flickers over time.

This is probably the result of M87* shredding and consuming nearby matter caught in the ferocious pull of its gravity.

12/04/2023

The image has been encoded with colour to help describe what's going on. Blues represent higher energy X-rays (1-2.3 kiloelectron volts, keV); greens are mid-range (0.6-1 keV); and reds are lower energy (0.3-0.6 keV).

Much of the galaxy's plane is dominated by highly energetic sources. In part, that's because copious amounts of gas and dust have absorbed and filtered out the lower energy radiation. Sources include stars with strong, magnetically active and extremely hot atmospheres.

The greens and yellows that draw a kind of mushroom feature covering a great swathe of the map represent hot gas inside and just outside our galaxy. This material imprints information about the formation and evolution of the Milky Way.

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