Yemi Adeyemi

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Yemi Adeyemi

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05/09/2024

This is a fact

04/09/2024

The Profitable Business of Blaming Foreigners

Scapegoating has deep roots in human psychology, religion, and medicine, serving as a mechanism for societies to externalize guilt, fear, and responsibility. Psychologically, scapegoats provide an outlet for collective anxiety, allowing communities to project their own flaws and frustrations onto a singular entity, often a marginalized group or individual. This displacement of blame helps maintain a sense of cohesion and identity within the dominant group, giving them an illusion of control over complex societal issues. Religiously, scapegoats have been used in rituals as symbolic bearers of sin. In ancient practices, like the biblical Day of Atonement, a goat was driven into the wilderness, carrying the community’s sins away—a literal embodiment of expulsion and purification. Medically, scapegoating is akin to diagnosing an external cause for an ailment, thereby simplifying complex health crises into a narrative that feels manageable, even if it is scientifically inaccurate or ethically questionable.

Certain media outlets have capitalized on the psychological comfort that scapegoating provides by framing narratives that exploit fear and xenophobia. In the United States, Fox News has long been criticized for perpetuating such narratives, particularly during the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit. Fox repeatedly promoted baseless allegations that Dominion rigged the 2020 Presidential election, presenting the company—and, by extension, certain political and demographic groups—as scapegoats for electoral defeat. This strategy created a loyal viewership, particularly among audiences primed to distrust institutions and eager for confirmation that their political side was not to blame. By maintaining a steady drumbeat of misinformation, Fox News not only solidified its base but also attracted advertisers keen to target a large, emotionally engaged audience. When challenged in court to provide facts and evidence, texts, emails and internal communications demonstrated that Fox News employees knowingly lied to the public and Fox News had to pay Dominion Voting Systems the largest libel settlement in US history of $787 million.

The Daily Mail in the United Kingdom is another example, with a history of scapegoating that dates back to the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, the paper openly supported the British Union of Fascists, led by Oswald Mosley, and published articles promoting the "Blackshirts," Mosley's paramilitary wing. The Daily Mail cast Jewish immigrants and political dissidents as threats to national stability, crafting a narrative that demonized them as enemies of the state. This created a climate of fear and division, garnering a readership that felt embattled and aligned with the paper’s xenophobic stance. By fostering a sense of urgency and existential threat, the Daily Mail attracted advertisers looking to capitalize on a captive and agitated audience, thereby profiting from the anxiety it had stoked.

In France, media outlets like "Valeurs Actuelles" have been accused of perpetuating similar scapegoating practices. This conservative weekly magazine often targets immigrants, particularly Muslims, blaming them for economic woes, crime rates, and cultural erosion. Such narratives exploit the fears of a population grappling with social change, reinforcing the idea that foreign influences threaten French identity and prosperity. By aligning themselves with these anxieties, outlets like "Valeurs Actuelles" cultivate a dedicated readership whose loyalty is underpinned by a constant sense of embattlement and suspicion. Advertisers, in turn, benefit from the reliable consumer base driven by emotional engagement and perceived existential threats.

In South Africa, media outlets such as "The Citizen" have similarly exploited scapegoating tactics. In a country with deep-seated issues of inequality and crime, these publications often frame foreigners, particularly from other African nations, as scapegoats for socio-economic challenges. The loyal readership is told repeatedly, day after day, and year after year, that anyone else who tells them otherwise is an enemy of the state, and the reason their lives are not giving better. This portrayal feeds into existing xenophobic sentiments, creating a narrative that distracts from systemic problems within the country. By doing so, these outlets foster a loyal readership that finds comfort in simplified explanations for complex issues, making them an attractive market for advertisers looking to tap into fear-driven consumer behavior. South African media outlets are too afraid to name real criminals who the South African police are too afraid to arrest.

The Citizen is owned by Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers Limited. The institutional majority owners of The Citizen include J. Rothschild Capital Management Ltd., holding a significant 41.66% stake as of December 2023, making them the primary shareholder. Additionally, Ninety One SA (Pty) Ltd. holds a smaller share of 4.80% as of March 2024.

Historically, papers have targeted poor minorities with lies, knowing they lack resources to sue, diverting attention from real criminals like South African crime lord Radovan Krejcir. Krejcir, a notorious figure involved in drug trafficking and violent crimes, operated for years with minimal scrutiny, while media scapegoated vulnerable groups, fueling prejudice and fear.

In all these cases, the business of scapegoating is lucrative. It simplifies narratives in ways that resonate emotionally, reinforcing biases and fostering loyalty. As a result, media outlets profit from the deep-seated fears and grievances of their readers, creating a self-perpetuating cycle where misinformation thrives, and social divisions deepen. The success of these outlets demonstrates how fear and misinformation can be commodified, drawing in a dedicated audience whose loyalty is built on the exclusion and vilification of the “other,” ensuring a steady stream of both readers and revenue.

01/09/2024

The Kalahari Desert, spanning Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, is a semi-arid region known for its red sand dunes 🏜️, diverse wildlife 🦓, and sparse vegetation 🌿. Despite its name, it is not a true desert but a vast sandy savanna. The name "Kalahari" comes from the Tswana word "Kgala," meaning "the great thirst." 💧

28/08/2024

Thanks for being a top engager and making it on to my weekly engagement list! 🎉

Ajijola Oluwaseyi Najim, Rodney Cash Jr., James Howard, Julius Santana, Abdou Nyang

26/08/2024

How many of these footballers can you name?

22/08/2024

The Benin Empire, which thrived from around the 1st millennium AD until its fall to British forces in 1897, was a highly centralized and sophisticated society located in what is now southern Nigeria. Numerous sources, including oral traditions, early European travel accounts, and more recent archaeological and historical studies, offer rich insights into its political, social, and cultural fabric. Here, we explore 30 aspects of the Benin Empire based on these sources.

Political Structure and Governance

1. Head of State: The Oba (king) was the head of state in the Benin Empire. The Oba held immense power, acting as both the political and spiritual leader. His authority was considered divine, and he was believed to be the direct descendant of Oranmiyan, a legendary ruler. The Oba had the final say in all matters of governance, including justice, foreign policy, and religious practices.

The Benin Kingdom, one of Africa's most significant precolonial states, had two distinct dynasties. The first dynasty, known as the Ogiso dynasty, dates back to the first millennium CE, beginning (some estimates put it) around 40 BCE with Ogiso Igodo. The Ogiso kings ruled for over a millennium, with the last Ogiso, Owodo, reigning until around 1100 CE. This period saw the kingdom develop into a powerful and centralized state, with the Ogisos wielding absolute power over the political and spiritual affairs of their people.

After the fall of the Ogiso dynasty, a second dynasty was established by Eweka I around 1200 AD, marking the beginning of the Oba dynasty, which continues to this day. Eweka I was the son of Oranmiyan, a prince of the Yoruba kingdom of Ile-Ife, who was invited to rule by the Edo people after the collapse of the Ogiso era. The Oba dynasty further expanded the kingdom's influence, particularly under powerful rulers like Ewuare the Great in the 15th century, and established the structures that would make Benin famous for its art, military, and complex governance systems.

2. Succession: Succession to the throne was patrilineal, typically passed from father to son. However, the process could involve complex palace politics and sometimes competition among royal family members, with the eldest surviving son usually favored.

3. Law Creation and Justice: New laws were decreed by the Oba, often in consultation with his council of chiefs, known as the Uzama. The Uzama played a crucial role in advising the Oba and sometimes acted as kingmakers.

Social Structure

4. Social Hierarchy: Society was divided into a strict hierarchy, with the royal family at the top, followed by various ranks of chiefs, including the Uzama, palace officials, warriors, and commoners. There were also specialized guilds for artisans, traders, and other professions. The administration of the royal court was meticulously organized with various hierarchies and specialized roles:

Uzama N’Ihinron: This council of high-ranking chiefs served as advisors to the Oba. It included titles such as the Iyase (Prime Minister), the Esogban, and the Ero, who were crucial in governance, policy-making, and succession.

Eghaevbo N’Ore: These palace chiefs managed different aspects of court life and state affairs. They included the Iwebo, responsible for the Oba’s regalia and ceremonies; the Iweguae, who managed palace affairs; and the Ibiwe, who looked after the royal household.

Town Chiefs: Leaders of various guilds and communities within Benin City and its environs, these chiefs maintained law and order and collected tributes for the Oba.

5. Polygyny: Polygyny was widely practiced, particularly among the elite and royal families. The Oba himself had numerous wives, and the number of wives a man had often indicated his wealth and status.

6. Lineage: The society was patrilineal, meaning inheritance and lineage were traced through the male line. This influenced land ownership, succession, and social standing.

Religion and Beliefs

7. Religious Beliefs: The Benin Empire practiced a polytheistic religion with a strong emphasis on ancestor worship. The supreme god was Olorun, but various deities and spirits, including the earth goddess Olokun and the god of war Ogun, were also venerated.

8. Ancestor Worship: Ancestors were revered and believed to influence the living. The Oba, in particular, was seen as an intermediary between the gods and the people, and elaborate rituals were performed to honor deceased Obas and ancestors.

9. Religious Leadership: The Oba was also the chief priest, but there were many other priests and priestesses who managed religious rituals. There was a strong ethical code tied to religious practices, emphasizing respect for the gods, ancestors, and the authority of the Oba.

Culture and Tradition

10. Rites of Passage: Rites of passage were important in Benin society. Boys underwent initiation into manhood through ceremonies that involved learning the customs, skills, and responsibilities expected of them. Similarly, girls were initiated into womanhood, preparing them for marriage and motherhood.

11. Oral Tradition: Oral tradition was crucial for preserving history, culture, and laws. Griots (oral historians) and elders played key roles in passing down stories, genealogies, and important events.

Economy and Education

12. Taxation: The Oba collected taxes from various provinces and client states within the empire. These taxes were paid in goods, services, or labor, and were crucial for maintaining the royal court, military, and infrastructure.

13. Diplomacy and Trade: Within West Africa, the elite engaged in diplomacy through alliances, treaties, and marriages. This practice continued after European contact. Benin first came into contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century. Initial relations were positive, with Portuguese representatives visiting the Oba and Benin becoming a trade hub. The royal court engaged in diplomatic and trade relations, exchanging goods like pepper, ivory, cloth, and slaves for European fi****ms, metal products, textiles, and other items. These interactions brought new influences and wealth to the kingdom, further enhancing the power and prestige of the Oba and his court. The kingdom captured Lagos (Eko in Yoruba), from the descendants of its Ile Ife founders. However, during the reign of Oba Esigie in 1530, Benin imposed a 250-year embargo on the export of slaves, refusing to participate in the transatlantic slave trade. This embargo highlights Benin’s stance against slavery long before European influence intensified. It wasn't until the 18th century, under Oba Akenzua I, that the slave trade resumed.

14. Education: Education was informal, primarily based on apprenticeships and oral instruction. Young men and women were trained in the skills relevant to their social class or profession, including art, warfare, and domestic duties.

15. Healthcare: Traditional medicine, which included herbal remedies, spiritual healing, and rituals, was the primary form of healthcare. Specialists like herbalists and diviners provided medical care and advice.

Art and the 1897 Punitive Expedition

16. Art and Craftsmanship: Benin was renowned for its bronze sculptures, ivory carvings, and coral beadwork. These items were not only artistic but also served as symbols of status and power.

17. The 1897 Punitive Expedition - Theft of cultural assets: The 1897 British punitive expedition looted thousands of Benin artworks, including bronze plaques and sculptures, from the Benin Kingdom. This theft sparked ongoing controversy over the morality of possessing cultural assets taken during colonial conquests. Advocates for restitution argue these items belong in their cultural context and are symbols of national identity, while opponents claim “might is right”, they’re preserved and accessible in Western museums. This debate highlights broader issues of cultural heritage, ownership, and historical justice.

Military and Land

18. Military System: The Benin military was well-organized and included professional warriors. They used swords, spears, bows, and early fi****ms obtained through trade with Europeans. The military was both expansionist and defensive, protecting the empire’s interests and expanding its territory.

19. Land Tenure: Land was communally owned but managed by the Oba and his chiefs. Land could be allocated to individuals or families, but ultimate ownership rested with the community, represented by the Oba.

20. Food Production: The economy was based on agriculture, with yams, maize, and palm oil being the primary products. Fishing and hunting supplemented agriculture, and trade was also a key economic activity.

Cultural Expression

21. Music: Music was an integral part of Benin culture, featuring drums, flutes, and stringed instruments. Music accompanied religious rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations.

22. Performing Arts: Dance and masquerades were central to Benin’s performing arts, often linked to religious and social events. Elaborate costumes and masks were used to embody spirits and deities.

23. Writing and Record-Keeping: Although there was no indigenous written script, the Benin Empire kept records through oral tradition, symbolic carvings, and European documentation from their interactions with the Portuguese and later the British.

Modern Analysis and Changes

24. DNA and Linguistic Analysis: Recent genetic studies of modern descendants reveal a mix of African ancestry, reflecting the diverse ethnic interactions within and beyond the empire. Linguistic studies show the Edo language, spoken by the Benin people, belongs to the Niger-Congo family, with influences from neighboring languages.

25. Archaeology: Excavations in Benin City have uncovered remnants of the empire’s sophisticated urban planning, including the massive earthworks known as the Benin Walls, and artifacts such as bronzes and pottery.

26. Colonial Impact: The British conquest in 1897 led to the looting and destruction of Benin City. The Oba was exiled, and the empire's political structure was dismantled. Many cultural artifacts were taken to Europe, permanently altering the cultural landscape.

27. Post-Colonial Legacy: Despite colonial disruptions, the Benin monarchy was restored in the early 20th century, though with reduced powers. The legacy of the empire continues to influence the cultural identity of the Edo people today.

28. Permanent Changes: Colonialism introduced Western-style governance, Christianity, and economic changes that have left a lasting impact on Benin society. The Edo people lost their sovereignty, and power to have armies and levy taxes was transferred to the colonial government, later succeeded by Nigerian government.

29. Temporary Changes: Some aspects of traditional culture and governance, such as the role of the Oba, have been revived post-independence, although they exist within a modern, national context. The Oba plays a limited role within the state and federal system of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, to the extent dictated by Nigerian laws.

30. Cultural Resilience: Despite external pressures, the Benin Empire’s cultural and artistic traditions have persisted and continue to be celebrated by descendants of the empire and scholars worldwide.

These 30 aspects provide a comprehensive overview of the Benin Empire, illustrating its complexity, cultural richness, and the enduring legacy that continues to influence the region today.

21/08/2024

Nigeria’s first university, the University of Ibadan, was established in 1948. It originated from a college founded in 1948 as a satellite of the University of London, aimed at providing higher education to Nigerians. Initially called the University College, Ibadan, it offered degrees through the University of London. In 1962, it gained autonomy and became a fully independent university, adopting the name University of Ibadan. It has since evolved into a leading institution of higher learning in Africa, renowned for its contributions to education, research, and national development.

If you are looking for a job, Trove High School, Ibadan is hiring teachers and enrolling students.

21/08/2024

Origins of Education

The history of education is deeply intertwined with the evolution of human civilization, stretching back tens of thousands of years. The story of how education systems developed is not just a tale of isolated advances but a narrative woven through diverse cultures and continents, with Africa playing a pivotal role from the earliest days of human ingenuity.

Around 70,000 years ago, in what is now known as the Blombos Caves in South Africa, early humans began engaging in activities that can be seen as the precursors to formal education. The discovery of ochre processing workshops and engraved ochre pieces suggests that these early humans were involved in sophisticated symbolic thinking and teaching. These activities likely involved an implied apprenticeship system, where knowledge was passed down through generations in a hands-on, communal setting. This early form of education was not written but was nevertheless crucial in the transmission of skills, cultural practices, and survival strategies.

Vocational training, a system of education focused on practical skills and trades, directly traces back to Africa through ancient practices such as those seen in the Blombos Caves, where early humans engaged in tool-making apprenticeships. This hands-on learning was integral to survival and craftsmanship. As these practices spread globally, they evolved into formal vocational education systems across continents, reflecting Africa's foundational role in shaping skill-based training that has persisted through generations and diverse cultures.

As humanity progressed, so did the sophistication of its educational systems. Ancient Egypt, a cradle of civilization, was home to some of the earliest formal education institutions. The Temple of Sais, situated in the western Nile Delta, was a significant religious and educational hub dedicated to the goddess Neith, dating back as early as the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE). The Temple of Sais was one of the earliest centers of learning, known for its focus on medicine, philosophy and science, and claimed to have knowledge extending back over 9,000 years before Plato’s time. Temples like those at Karnak and Luxor, from around 1390 BCE and 1279 BCE respectively, were not only religious centers but also hubs of learning, where priests and scholars studied subjects ranging from mathematics and astronomy to medicine and architecture. These institutions exemplify how African societies were among the first to recognize the importance of structured education in shaping both individuals and communities. Foreign societies including Aristotle in his book Politics recognised the antiquity and quality of African centers of learning. For this reason, Ancient Egypt attracted famous international students from the Mediterranean, including Thales, Pythagoras and Solon.

As education systems evolved, they spread across continents, each adapting to the cultural, religious, and philosophical contexts of their regions. In ancient Mesopotamia, the edubbas or “tablet houses,” which date back to around 2000 BCE, trained scribes in the art of cuneiform writing, mathematics, and administration, laying the foundation for the bureaucratic and scholarly traditions that would influence the entire Middle East and beyond. Similarly, in India, institutions like Takshashila (established around 600 BCE) and Nalanda (established around 427 CE) became renowned centers for learning, attracting students from as far as China and Persia, blending local and foreign knowledge into comprehensive educational curricula.

China, too, developed a distinct educational tradition rooted in Confucian philosophy. The Imperial Academy (Taixue), established in 124 BCE, and Confucian Temple Schools emphasized moral development, social harmony, and respect for authority, principles that would guide Chinese education for centuries. These schools produced scholars who were not only well-versed in the classics but also capable administrators, reinforcing the idea that education was essential for both personal virtue and societal stability.

In the Islamic world, the establishment of universities like Al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco in 859 CE and Al-Azhar in Egypt in 970 CE underscored the value placed on knowledge and intellectual inquiry. These institutions became centers for the study of Islamic law, theology, and philosophy, contributing significantly to the preservation and expansion of knowledge during the Middle Ages. Scholars such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna), born in 980 CE, and Al-Ghazali, born in 1058 CE, who integrated Greek philosophy with Islamic thought, emerged from this tradition, leaving an indelible mark on global education.

Educational institutions generally spread east before moving northwest. For example, Mesopotamian and Egyptian educational traditions influenced regions to the east, such as Anatolia and the Indian subcontinent, before impacting Greece and Western Europe. Indian centers like Takshashila and Nalanda attracted students from across Asia, including China. These eastern influences, along with interactions between scholars, eventually reached the Mediterranean and European regions, shaping educational developments in the West.

In Europe, the rise of universities in the Middle Ages, such as the University of Bologna (founded in 1088 CE) and the University of Oxford (founded around 1096 CE), marked a significant turning point in the history of education. Bologna and Oxford built on curricula of classical subjects from ancient Greece, expanded through Roman law and administration, incorporating knowledge from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Islamic scholars in law, science, and philosophy. These institutions became the prototype for modern universities, where the pursuit of knowledge was formalized and expanded beyond religious instruction to include law, medicine, and the humanities. The Renaissance (14th-17th centuries) and Enlightenment (17th-19th centuries) periods further propelled educational development, with thinkers like John Locke (1632-1704) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) advocating for education as a means of developing rational, moral citizens capable of contributing to a democratic society.

Meanwhile, in the Americas, the Aztec and Inca empires developed their own sophisticated educational systems. The Calmecac and Yachaywasi schools, flourishing from the 15th century, educated the elite in leadership, religion, and warfare, ensuring that the ruling classes were prepared to govern and defend their societies. These institutions highlight the universality of education as a tool for societal continuity and governance.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, African educational influence continued to evolve. Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) championed education as a tool for social equality and dismantling apartheid. Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) of Ghana promoted education for liberation and national development, inspiring African nations to develop educational systems emphasizing indigenous knowledge. Malala Yousafzai (born 1997) advocates for girls' education as a fundamental right, and W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963) emphasized education for African American progress. African thinkers like Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) argued for education reflecting African perspectives, fostering cultural pride and challenging colonial narratives.

Today, global education reflects diverse cultural contributions, with African influences remaining a significant, though often unseen, thread. From the apprenticeship workshops of the Blombos Caves to the global educational movements of today, the development of education has been a journey of continuous growth and adaptation. Africa's early contributions set the stage for the global exchange of knowledge that has shaped the world as we know it. As we look towards the future, the diverse traditions of education from around the world will continue to inform and inspire new generations, ensuring that the pursuit of knowledge remains a central pillar of human progress.

Trove High School

20/08/2024

5 countries in Africa. Good effort by the girl on the right.

To apply to Job opportunities at Trove High School, Ibadan, Nigeria, email trovehighschoolmgt@gmail.com. Video tour in c...

19/08/2024

To apply to Job opportunities at Trove High School, Ibadan, Nigeria, email [email protected]. Video tour in comments.

Address: TROVE HIGH SCHOOL, 17 Chief David Oluwadare street,Off Oyo Express Road, Ojo-Opode, Akinyele L.G.A., Ibadan Oyo State.

Parents: [email protected]
Job applicants: [email protected]

Website: www.trovehigh.com

Telephone:
+234 811 993 4681
+234 704 578 9195
+234 706 462 1291

19/08/2024

The question: “How is Africa different to other continents?”

Between 500 million years ago and 10,000 years ago, Africa's natural environment underwent unique transformations that set it apart from other continents. During the Paleozoic Era (541-252 million years ago), Africa was part of the supercontinent Gondwana, which eventually fragmented, giving rise to Africa's distinct geology and ecosystems. Unlike other continents that experienced extensive glaciations, Africa’s equatorial position provided stable, warm climates, resulting in vast deserts, savannas, and tropical rainforests. The continent's biodiversity was shaped by its isolation during the Mesozoic Era (252-66 million years ago) and limited exposure to glaciation during the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million-11,700 years ago), unlike Europe and North America. Africa’s large arid zones, such as the Sahara, expanded significantly during the last ice age, contrasting with the extensive, unforgiving ice sheets in the northern continents.

In terms of human history, Africa cannot be judged by the same standards as other continents. The history of human activity in Africa predates the earliest estimates for the beginnings of language, art, writing, clothing, agriculture, and other cultural advancements. Ancient scholars recognized Africa's primacy in human history. Diodorus Siculus, a 1st-century BCE historian, remarked on this in *The Library of History*, stating: “The historians relate that the Ethiopians were the first humans, and they say that there is clear evidence for this claim. Nearly all sources agree that the Ethiopians did not arrive from elsewhere, but being born from the land they are justly called autochthonous. They add that it is obvious to all that the people who live under the midday sun are probably the first that the earth brought forth. This is because the sun’s heat dried up the earth as it was still wet from the genesis of everything and produced life.”

If the markers of civilization were redefined to include the earliest evidence of language, art, religion, astronomy, time-keeping, mathematics, mining, clothing, trading, sailing, jewelry making, cooking, bed making, tool-making, and more than 50 other cultural practices, the emergence of civilization in Africa would be recognized as tens of thousands of years earlier than in any other continent. Therefore, when considering Africa’s history and contributions to civilization, it's essential to recognize that the continent's development—by many measures—far predates similar advancements in other parts of the world. This unique legacy places Africa at the forefront of human history, redefining our understanding of civilization's origins.

Lastly, all humans originally had brown-skinned ancestors, as supported by extensive scientific research. This fundamentally challenges any claims of racial superiority based on skin color. Evolutionary, geographical, and environmental factors have shaped the diversity of human skin tones over millennia. As our ancestors migrated from Africa and adapted to varying levels of UV radiation across different regions, their skin pigmentation evolved accordingly. However, the concept of distinct racial groups is scientifically outdated; genetic research reveals that human variation is continuous and not confined to arbitrary, socially constructed racial categories. By redefining the markers of civilization, recognizing Africa's foundational role in human history, and understanding the true origins of our species, we gain a deeper appreciation of our shared humanity and the intricate interplay of factors that have shaped us all. This nuanced perspective affirms that skin color is a reflection of human adaptation and diversity, not a basis for division.

References:

1. Jablonski, N. G. (2004). The evolution of human skin and skin color. *Annual Review of Anthropology, 33,* 585-623.

2. Jablonski, N. G., & Chaplin, G. (2000). The evolution of human skin coloration. *Journal of Human Evolution, 39(1),* 57-106.

3. Norton, H. L. (2006). Evolutionary aspects of human skin pigmentation. *American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 131(S43),* 93-107.

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Origin of the word “Yoruba”

The Yorùbá people are a Niger-Congo ethnic group of southwestern and north-central Nigeria, as well as southern and central Benin. Together, these regions are known as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute about 44 million people in total. Majority of this population is from Nigeria, where the Yorùbá make up 21% of the country’s population, according to the CIA World Factbook, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. Most Yoruba people speak the Yoruba language, which is tonal, and is the Niger-Congo language with the largest number of native speakers.

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African Roman emperors

Did you know that the Rome empire once had two African emperors and three other African emperors of African ancestry? Septimius Severus was painted brown in his family portrait.