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ESC guidelines 2024AF
25/12/2024

ESC guidelines 2024
AF

ESC guidelines for types of MI
22/12/2024

ESC guidelines for types of MI

ESC guidelines CCS
14/12/2024

ESC guidelines CCS

ESC guidelines
16/11/2024

ESC guidelines

Drugs in PregnancyBraunwald
05/03/2024

Drugs in Pregnancy
Braunwald

21/02/2024

09/02/2024

Biventricular Stress Induced Cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) )

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is generally a short-term (temporary) type of heart condition. It can be triggered by an intense emotional or physical stress. It causes sudden chest pain or shortness of breath. The symptoms of TCM can look like a heart attack.

08/02/2024

What is the abnormalitiy in mitral valve ?

08/02/2024

Male (60yrs) with an LV smoking pattern and apical thrombus

Ischemic heart disease with severe LV failure & mild MR

Aortic valves
10/01/2024

Aortic valves

10/01/2024

A 72-year-old man is referred for a cardiology evaluation after his primary care physician noted presenceof a loud ejection murmur. There is no history ofangina, syncope, or exertional dyspnea. Clinicalexamination shows presence of a loud ejection murmur (3/6) over the aortic area, radiating to the neckvessels. There are no ejection clicks. The secondheart sound is single. There are no other murmursor gallops. Lung examination is unremarkable.Transthoracic echocardiogram shows normal leftventricular (LV) size with an ejection fraction (EF) of65%. The left ventricular outflow tract time-velocityintegral (LVOT TVI) is 15 cm with a velocity of0.8 m/sec. The peak aortic velocity is 4.8 m/sec,and the aortic valve TVI is 100 cm. The LVOTarea is 4 cm2.
Your interpretation of the echocardiogram is:

A. Severe aortic stenosis because valve area is
,1 cm2.
B. Severe aortic stenosis because the LVOT/
aortic velocity ratio is ,0.3.
C. Severe aortic stenosis because peak aortic velocity is .3.5 m/sec.
D. The severity of the aortic stenosis cannot be
determined from the data presented.

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