01/04/2026
A great read from Dr Julian Grenier which shines a light on intention and context vs modality when it comes to toddlers and technology that was posted on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/early-years-research-evidence-5-quick-reads-dr-julian-grenier-cbe-q1lie/?trackingId=4uiIkARX6m3AzBxj9g038Q%3D%3D
For those who don't have linked in, we have copied and pasted a segment that we think is most relevant
"The papers cover the impact of TV-viewing and using electronic devices (including those with touch screens). The authors consider all these digital technologies as cultural tools, shaping how children experience and make sense of the world, including their early language and literacy. I've summarized the findings below, but this is a rich and detailed paper that's well worth reading in full.
Watching TV affects language development in children under three more through programme quality, age-appropriateness, and parent interaction than screen time alone. Low parent-child interaction is linked to delays whilst moderate, high-quality viewing supports vocabulary growth. Excessive or unsupervised TV watching correlates with poorer outcomes. This especially affects children from economically disadvantaged families.
Video calls provide young children with opportunities to maintain family connections and can support joint visual attention and language learning. Research shows that frequent, high-quality video chats can foster intergenerational bonds and promote bilingual development. When mediated well by adults, video calls can help children learn new words as effectively as face-to-face interactions.
Musical play apps and tech-based music activities are often enjoyed by children and parents together. They foster social interaction, creativity, and operational skills. ‘Rich musical interactions and experiences were found to facilitate early language outcomes and enhance early communication skills among premature infants, who are considered at risk of language delays, thus acting as a protective factor for them.’
Child media use and literacy Digital technologies can support emergent literacy skills such as early writing, symbolic representation, and story comprehension. Tablets can encourage sustained mark-making. E-books can aid word learning when well-designed and paired with traditional reading. Positive outcomes depend on active adult mediation through 'Joint Media Engagement'. ‘Evidence suggests that longer screen exposure in low-SES families may increase risks of language delays, whereas co-viewing and interactive engagement can act as protective factors, and computer or mobile use may support language development through higher-quality adult-child interactions’
The authors comment that 'research highlights that home environments for infants and toddlers are increasingly technology-rich, integrating both traditional and digital media.'
They add that 'significant digital divides persist across socio-economic, geographic, and global contexts. While many parents value technology for its educational benefits and co-use devices to support literacy, surveys reveal that in some homes, digital media use far outweighs print reading, with many toddlers rarely read to and lacking books.’
Public concerns
The authors acknowledge the public concerns about the impact of screentime on children's development. They also discuss 'the risks of children engaging with social media applications and their exposure to algorithm-based content. In the research literature, there is a significant body of largely quantitative work evidencing upwards trends in very young children’s TV- and video-viewing on both large-screen, static and small-screen mobile devices, and associations have been made between increased child ‘screentime’ and delayed language development.'
Additionally, they query whether current ways of researching children's use of tech acknowledge the connected nature of 21st century life. Do current ways of thinking place too much emphasis on the idea of the individual person and their agency, and not enough emphasis on the role of nonhuman agents like tech devices and apps?
In keeping with the often-positive tone of the review, the authors note that 'scholars argue for reconceptualizing the Home Literacy Environment (HLE) as a digitally networked space, where intergenerational practices and multimodal communication—including text, emojis, and bilingual interactions—shape children’s early literacy experiences and social relationships.'