Health Watch

17/10/2023

About s*xual development and behaviour at 12-14 years
S*xual development starts from birth. It includes physical changes like puberty, the attitudes and beliefs children develop about s*x and s*xuality, and their s*xual behaviour.

S*xual behaviour varies depending on teenagers’ development, social relationships, cultural background, and personal and family experiences. But it’s common for teenagers to become more curious about s*x and s*xuality as they develop.

For teenagers aged 12-14 years, s*xual curiosity and experimentation might include:

ma********ng in private for s*xual pleasure
having intimate relationships with same-age peers
showing physical affection towards same-age peers, including kissing, hugging and fondling
consensually taking and sharing photos of themselves in ‘s*xy’ poses while clothed with same-age peers.
Your child might behave in these ways because it feels good. They might also do it because they’re:

feeling curious about s*xual affection
working out social and s*xual relationships
experiencing puberty
exploring their identity.

20/08/2023

J. Marion Sims (1813-1884) has been called the "Father of Gynecology" for his revolutionary approach to treating the diseases of women. He rose from humble origins to become a successful surgeon, teacher, and writer. His innovations included the first successful treatment for vesicovaginal fistula, the first gallbladder surgery, and the introduction of antiseptic principles in all areas of surgical treatment. The "Sims position" and "Sims speculum" are eponymic tributes to his accomplishments. In recent years Sims has, however, become a focus of controversy because of his experimental surgeries on slave women. His powerful personality and messianic attitude led him to minimize moral problems, and to bristle against opposition. Ethical principles of autonomy and beneficence are important criteria for evaluating Sims' research. An exploration of the nature of Sims' work and the atmosphere in which he practiced will illuminate the critical ethical questions surrounding Sims' use of slave women as experimental subjects.

14/11/2022

Conjoined twins

Conjoined twins are two babies who are born physically connected to each other.

Conjoined twins develop when an early embryo only partially separates to form two individuals. Although two babies develop from this embryo, they remain physically connected — most often at the chest, abdomen or pelvis. Conjoined twins may also share one or more internal body organs.
Though many conjoined twins are not alive when born (stillborn) or die shortly after birth, advances in surgery and technology have improved survival rates. Some surviving conjoined twins can be surgically separated. The success of surgery depends on where the twins are joined and how many and which organs are shared. It also depends on the experience and skill of the surgical team.
Symptoms

There are no specific symptoms that indicate a conjoined twin pregnancy. As with other twin pregnancies, the uterus may grow faster than it does with a single baby. And there may be more tiredness, nausea and vomiting early in the pregnancy. Conjoined twins can be diagnosed early in the pregnancy using an ultrasound.

How twins are joined
Conjoined twins are usually classified according to where they're joined. The twins sometimes share organs or other parts of their bodies. Each pair of conjoined twins is unique.

Conjoined twins may be joined at any of these sites:

Chest. Thoracopagus twins are joined face to face at the chest. They often have a shared heart and may also share one liver and upper intestine. This is one of the most common sites of conjoined twins.
Abdomen. Omphalopagus twins are joined near the bellybutton. Many omphalopagus twins share the liver and some part of the upper digest tract. Some twins share the lower part of the small intestine and the longest part of the large intestine . They generally do not share a heart.
Base of spine. Pygopagus twins are commonly joined back to back at the base of the spine and the buttocks. Some pygopagus twins share the lower gastrointestinal tract. A few twins share the ge***al and urinary organs.
Length of spine. Rachipagus , also called rachiopagus , twins are joined back to back along the length of the spine. This type is very rare.
Pelvis. Ischiopagus twins are joined at the pelvis, either face to face or end to end. Many ischiopagus twins share the lower GI tract, as well as the liver and ge***al and urinary tract organs. Each twin may have two legs or, less commonly, the twins share two or three legs.
Trunk. Parapagus twins are joined side to side at the pelvis and part or all of the belly (abdomen) and chest, but with separate heads. The twins can have two, three or four arms and two or three legs.
Head. Craniopagus twins are joined at the back, top or side of the head, but not the face. Craniopagus twins share a portion of the skull. But their brains are usually separate, though they may share some brain tissue.
Head and chest. Cephalopagus twins are joined at the face and upper body. The faces are on opposite sides of a single shared head, and they share a brain. These twins rarely survive.
In rare cases, twins may be conjoined with one twin smaller and less fully formed than the other (asymmetric conjoined twins). In extremely rare cases, one twin may be found partially developed within the other twin.

Causes

Identical twins (monozygotic twins) occur when a single fertilized egg splits and develops into two individuals. Eight to 12 days after conception, the embryonic layers that split to form monozygotic twins begin to develop into specific organs and structures.

It's believed that when the embryo splits later than this — usually between 13 and 15 days after conception — separation stops before the process is complete. The resulting twins are conjoined.

Complications
Pregnancy with conjoined twins is complex and greatly increases the risk of serious complications. Conjoined babies require surgical delivery by cesarean section (C-section).

As with twins, conjoined babies are likely to be born prematurely, and one or both could be stillborn or die shortly after birth. Severe health issues for twins can occur immediately, such as trouble breathing or heart problems. Later in life, health issues such as scoliosis, cerebral palsy or learning disabilities may occur.

Possible complications depend on where the twins are joined, which organs or other parts of the body they share, and the expertise and experience of the health care team. When conjoined twins are expected, the family and the health care team need to discuss in detail the possible complications and how to prepare for them.

09/10/2022

25/09/2022

Nyctophobia (Fear of the Dark)

Nyctophobia is an extreme fear of the dark. This phobia is very common among children but can affect people of all ages. People with this specific anxiety disorder may have trouble sleeping, have panic attacks and may avoid leaving the house after dark. Providers treat nyctophobia with therapy if a fear of the dark is disturbing daily life.

What is nyctophobia?
Nyctophobia is an extreme fear of the dark. The name comes from the Greek word for night. Children and adults with nyctophobia may fear being alone in the dark. They may have anxiety in dark places, and they may have trouble sleeping in a darkened room.

People with nyctophobia may also have trouble sleeping (insomnia), which can lead to fatigue during the day and even trouble keeping a job. Several types of therapy can help children and adults with this disorder.

Who is at risk of nyctophobia?
Nyctophobia is much more common in children than adults, but people of all ages can be afraid of the dark. Children and adults who had a traumatic or troubling experience in the dark are more likely to develop this type of phobia, especially if the event happened in the dark. Memories of that scary experience can return whenever the lights go out or even when you think about being in the dark. This means nyctophobia can develop as part of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Nyctophobia can also develop after watching a scary movie or hearing an upsetting story. You (or your child) may replay these frightening images in your head. And if it’s too dark to see around you, you may worry that the fear-provoking objects are real.

You have an increased risk of developing any type of specific phobic disorder if you have:

Depression.
Substance use disorder.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
History of mental illness.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Other phobias or a history of phobias in your family.
Panic attacks or panic disorder.

What causes nyctophobia?
Some researchers believe that fear of the dark probably dates back to our ancestors. Many, many years ago, when our ancestors lived and slept out in the open, the dark was very dangerous. Predators roamed at night, and our ancestors had to stay aware in order to survive.

But nyctophobia isn’t just about being afraid of the dark. Kids and adults with this phobia actually have a fear of what they can’t see. In the dark, many children are afraid of ghosts, monsters or robbers. They may worry about noises they hear when the lights are out, especially if they can’t tell what caused them. They fear what’s in the dark as much as they fear the darkness itself.

A traumatic experience (even one that happened during the day) can lead to nyctophobia. The memory of a scary event can return when it’s dark, causing an extreme reaction.

What are the triggers of nyctophobia?
Nearly everyone feels uneasy or uncomfortable in the dark from time to time. But a specific phobia is more than just an occasional fear. Phobias get in the way of everyday life. Children and adults with nyctophobia often have severe anxiety when:

Entering a dark place (like a movie theater).
Getting ready for bed.
Seeing the sun go down.
Thinking about being in the dark.
Trying to sleep at night.
Turning out the lights.
Watching a movie or TV show with nighttime scenes.

What are the symptoms of nyctophobia?
People with an extreme fear of the dark experience intense fear or anxiety when they’re in the dark or think about darkness. Children may avoid going to bed or refuse to turn the lights out at bedtime. Signs of nyctophobia include:

Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and dry mouth.
Dizziness and headaches.
Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).
Feelings of dread, catastrophic (terrifying) thoughts and panic attacks.
Increased heart rate, non-cardiac chest pain or heart palpitations.
Intense emotions, crying and screaming in the dark.
Nausea and vomiting when thinking about the dark or nighttime.
Shortness of breath (dyspnea), difficulty breathing or fast breathing.

DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS
How do healthcare providers diagnose nyctophobia?
To diagnose this phobia, your provider will ask about your symptoms (or your child’s symptoms), including when they began and when they occur. Tell your provider about any scary or traumatic experiences you’ve had, even if they occurred during daylight.

Your provider will want to know if nyctophobia is affecting your sleep and daily activities. They'll also ask about any other phobias you have or if you have a family history of phobias.

Your provider may refer you to a mental health professional who specializes in phobias. A mental health professional is an expert who is specially trained to diagnose phobias. They also help with other anxiety disorders.

20/09/2022

What Causes a Period?
A period happens because of changes in hormones in the body. Hormones are chemical messengers. The ovaries release the female hormones estrogen and progesterone . These hormones cause the lining of the uterus (or womb) to build up. The built-up lining is ready for a fertilized egg to attach to and start developing. If there is no fertilized egg, the lining breaks down and bleeds. Then the same process happens all over again.
It usually takes about a month for the lining to build up, then break down. That is why most girls and women get their periods around once a month.

19/09/2022

What Is PMS?
PMS (premenstrual syndrome) is when a girl has emotional and physical symptoms that happen before or during her period. These symptoms can include moodiness, sadness, anxiety, bloating, and acne. The symptoms go away after the first few days of a period.

19/09/2022

When Do Most Girls Get Their Period?
Most girls get their first period when they're around 12. But getting it any time between age 10 and 15 is OK. Every girl's body has its own schedule.

There isn't one right age for a girl to get her period. But there are some clues that it will start soon:

Most of the time, a girl gets her period about 2 years after her breasts start to develop.
Another sign is vaginal discharge fluid (sort of like mucus) that a girl might see or feel on her underwear. This discharge usually begins about 6 months to a year before a girl gets her first period.

15/09/2022

MENSTRUAL CYCLE-
HORMONES ARE WREAKING HAVOC
There are lots of stereotypes about how women act during their period. Some women admit to getting mad at the sound of their partner’s breathing. Still, others say that they want to eat everything in sight and hide in their bed until the bleeding and concurrent pain and irritability stop. All of these emotions may feel totally overwhelming to you. You want to help but aren’t sure how to approach her.

Let’s get one thing straight first: It’s not her fault. Her hormones are constantly fluctuating throughout each month and can lead to some pretty intense feelings. Just like we covered what happens physically during each phase of menstruation, we’re going to cover the hormonal changes and how they may affect her emotional well-being.

Here’s what each phase really means:

The Menstrual Phase. Every woman is different, especially during the menstrual phase. For some, the start of her period may bring relief from the cramps and cravings. Others may feel more tired than normal and experience painful cramps. It’s a really individual thing.

The Follicular Phase. During the follicular phase, a hormone called estradiol begins to rise. This hormone is known to lessen feelings of stress caused by cortisol and adrenaline. Her estrogen is also on the rise, which can make her feel cool, calm, and collected. Your girlfriend is likely to feel the best during this time of the month.

The Ovulation Phase. There’s a very scientific explanation for what happens during the ovulation phase, but we’ll keep it short and sweet: That estradiol that started rising during her follicular phase makes her insulin more effective. In turn, this signals to the body that it needs to release more testosterone. The result? She’s likely to have a higher libido than any other time of the month. Lucky you! Just make sure to take extra precautions during this phase if a baby isn’t in your near future plans—ovulation is the time when women are the most fertile.

The Luteal Phase. Here’s where the trouble really begins. Her body is creating more progesterone, which can make her feel moody. Add this to the extra cortisol that tends to be present during this time and her stress levels may be higher than usual. Studies have shown that, during the luteal phase, women tend to crave comfort foods and are more likely to indulge.

An important thing to remember is that period symptoms aren’t always related to hormonal changes. In fact, many of them are related to a woman’s lifestyle. Drinking alcohol, eating a lot of sugar, and not working out can all contribute to feeling less-than-amazing during her period. Don’t criticize her if she’s doing these things, though. Instead, ask if she wants to take a walk, offer tea instead of wine, or whip her up a healthy dinner that will help ease her period pains.

15/09/2022

THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

The first thing we are going to cover is what happens in each phase of the menstrual cycle. This is a process that repeats each and every month, so being aware of what’s happening (and when) can give you invaluable clues on how to be a great support system for girls

The Menstrual Phase. The menstrual phase is the time when she has her period. It can last anywhere from 1 to 7 days, depending on her body. Some women have even longer periods, though it’s not nearly as common. What happens during this phase is that her uterus begins to shed its lining—this is where her period blood comes from. Though it may seem like she’s bleeding a lot, most women only release between 2 and 3 tablespoons of blood each period. Having cramps is a normal, albeit unpleasant, symptom during this phase. They are caused by her uterus contracting in order to shed the lining.

The Follicular Phase. The follicular phase starts at the same time that her period starts, but lasts up to 13 days. During this time, girl’s pituitary glands secrete a hormone that signals to the ovaries that her egg cells need to grow. One of these egg cells will mature and, during this time, the uterus will begin to develop a new lining.

The Ovulation Phase. During ovulation, girl’s pituitary gland releases a hormone that causes the o***y to release the mature egg cell into her fallopian tubes. This phases only lasts a couple of days, at most.

The Luteal Phase. The egg hangs out in her fallopian tube during the luteal phase—but only for about 24 hours. It’s waiting to see if your s***m is going to fertilize it. If you aren’t having protected s*x and she does get pregnant, the egg will begin the process of implantation. In other words, you’re going to be a dad. However, if the egg isn’t fertilized, it will be absorbed into her uterine lining and she’ll get her period. The entire process starts all over again.

It can be a bit confusing but these are just the basics. Don’t stress about trying to remember all of these things. It’s more of a foundation for what we’re going on

14/09/2022

Menstrual migraine

About four in 10 women will get a migraine (a painful, severe headache) in their lifetime. About half of those women report that their migraine happens around their periods.

Researchers are not sure what causes migraine. Many factors can trigger migraine, including stress, anxiety, and bright or flashing lights. Also, hormones that control the menstrual cycle may affect headache-related chemicals in the brain.

13/09/2022

Painful S*x in Women (Dyspareunia)
In*******se pain, or dyspareunia, can cause problems in a couple's s*xual relationship. In addition to the physically painful s*x, there is also the possibility of negative emotional effects. So the problem should be addressed as soon as it arises.
Causes Painful S*x in Women

In many cases, a woman can experience painful s*x if there is not sufficient vaginal lubrication. When this occurs, the pain can be resolved if the female becomes more relaxed, if the amount of foreplay is increased, or if the couple uses a s*xual lubricant.

11/09/2022

Irregular periods
Your periods are considered irregular if your menstrual cycle is shorter or longer than average. This means that the time from the first day of your last period up to the start of your next period is less than 24 days or more than 38 days.

Your periods can also be irregular if your cycle length varies by more than 20 days from month to month. An example would be your cycle jumping from a normal 25-day cycle to a 46-day cycle the next month and then back to a 25-day cycle the following month.

Irregular periods are normal for teenage girls and perimenopausal women. Teen girls’ periods may be irregular for the first few years before becoming more regular. During the transition to menopause, called perimenopause, menstrual cycles may become more irregular over time.

Causes of irregular periods include:

Eating disorders. Irregular or missed periods can be signs of eating disorders, most often anorexia nervosa. But any eating disorder, including bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, can cause irregular periods.

Thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism (hy-pur-THY-roi-diz-uhm). Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, causes your thyroid to make more thyroid hormone than your body needs. Hyperthyroidism can also cause fewer and lighter menstrual periods than normal.

High amounts of prolactin in the blood. This condition is called hyperprolactinemia (hy-pur-pro-LAK-te-nee-me-uh). Prolactin is the hormone that causes breasts to grow during puberty and makes breastmilk after childbirth. It also helps control the menstrual cycle.

Certain medicines, such as those for epilepsy or anxiety

Polycystic o***y syndrome (PCOS), a condition that usually causes multiple ovarian cysts, hormonal imbalance, and irregular periods. About 1 in 10 women with irregular menstrual cycles has PCOS.

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). POI happens when your ovaries stop working normally before age 40. It can happen as early as the teenage years. POI is not the same as premature menopause. Unlike women who go through premature menopause, women with POI may still have periods, though they are most often irregular. Women with POI may also still get pregnant.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Irregular periods can be a sign of PID, an infection of the reproductive organs. PID is most often caused by a s*xually transmitted infection (STI).

Stress. Studies show high levels of chronic (long-term) stress can lead to irregular periods.

Uncontrolled diabetes. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can cause irregular periods, but getting your diabetes under control can help your periods become more regular.

Obesity. The extra fat in the body makes the hormone estrogen. The extra estrogen changes the normal menstrual cycle and can cause missed, irregular, or heavy periods.

08/09/2022

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08/09/2022

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28/08/2022

Autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system attacks your body.

The immune system usually guards against bacteria and viruses. When it senses these foreign invaders, it sends out an army of fighter cells to attack them.

Usually, the immune system can tell the difference between foreign cells and your own cells.

There are more than 80 autoimmune diseases. most common ones are..

1. Type 1 diabetics
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
3. Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis
4. Multiple sclerosis
5. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
6. Inflammatory bowel disease
7. Addison’s disease
8. Graves’ disease
9. Sjögren’s syndrome
10. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
11. Myasthenia gravis
12. Autoimmune vasculitis
13. Pernicious anemia
14. Celiac disease

Autoimmune disease symptoms
The early symptoms of many autoimmune diseases are very similar, such as:

fatigue
achy muscles
swelling and redness
Low grade fever
trouble concentrating
numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
hair loss
skin rashes

കടപ്പാട് : lifeline

22/08/2022

What happens if PCOS is left untreated?

If left untreated, PCOS can worsen the other symptoms thus leading to poor health and increased health risks caused by high blood pressure and cholesterol (which in turn affect cardiovascular health), diabetes, sleep apnea etc.

22/08/2022

What is the success rate of pregnancy with PCOS?

While many women struggle to get pregnant with PCOS, most women are able to do so with some lifestyle changes like losing weight, avoiding smoking and alcohol and consulting doctors for other changes and medication.

22/08/2022

Can PCOS cause birth defects?

While studies do not offer a conclusive result on whether PCOS causes birth defects, the other symptoms and side effects of PCOS can negatively impact your or your child’s health during childbirth. Thus it’s best to know more about PCOS and follow all the doctor’s suggestions on the same.

22/08/2022

How does PCOS affect early pregnancy?

PCOS causes many diseases in women like diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol etc. which in turn can affect the unborn child. Women with PCOS are also at a higher risk of miscarriage but with the proper knowledge, precautions and doctor’s guidance it is possible to have safe pregnancy and delivery even with PCOS.

22/08/2022

What happens to PCOS during pregnancy?

PCOS is not a fully treatable disease and thus doesn’t fully go away. However, with some lifestyle changes and medications, one can manage the symptoms well. During pregnancy, it’s best to keep a close eye on your health due to health risks of PCOS and pregnancy. Follow the doctor’s advice and stay healthy to minimize the effects of PCOS on pregnancy.

22/08/2022

How to manage PCOS

While PCOS cannot be fully cured, the symptoms can be treated to make them more manageable and even aid in getting pregnant. In order to understand how to manage PCOS, it’s important to understand the causes of the same.

PCOS is caused by excessive male hormone or androgen, which can also be triggered by excess insulin production, the hormone responsible for maintaining blood sugar levels. Many women with PCOS are insulin resistant, meaning that their body produces more of it, thus worsening the condition. PCOS can also be hereditary and aggravates with increased weight gain. Some ways to manage PCOS are as below:

● Eating a healthy and balanced diet

● Losing weight

● Cutting down on or avoiding smoking and alcohol

● Hormonal medications (like birth control pills) that help regulate hormone levels

● Laparoscopic ovarian drilling - a simple surgical procedure that uses heat or laser to destroy the tissues that produce the male hormones like testosterones

22/08/2022

Common symptoms of PCOS

PCOS is very common in recent days and affects many women. While these symptoms can be treated, some women do not even face any of the symptoms, thus it may go undiagnosed. The symptoms of PCOS can get worse if one is overweight or obese. Here are some symptoms of PCOS that you can notice:

● Irregular periods or no periods at all

● Excessive pain during periods accompanied with heavy flow

● Excess male hormones or androgen that can cause hirsutism i.e. growth of hair on the face, back, chest or butt

● Oily skin and breakouts like acne

● Thinning of hair or hair loss resulting in male pattern baldness

● Excessive weight gain



● Difficulty in conceiving

● Pain in the pelvic area

● Anxiety and depression