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22/04/2024

Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) is an epidemic of violence against Indigenous women in Canada and the United States, notably those in the FNIM (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) and Native American communities, and a grassroots movement to raise awareness of MMIW through organizing marches; building databases of the missing; holding local community, city council, and tribal council meetings; and conducting domestic violence trainings and other informational sessions for police.

Law enforcement, journalists, and activists in Indigenous communities in both the US and Canada have fought to bring awareness to the connection between s*x trafficking, s*xual harassment, s*xual assault, and the women who go missing and are murdered. From 2001 to 2015, the homicide rate for Indigenous women in Canada was almost six times as high as the homicide rate for other women: In Nunavut, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and in the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan, this over-representation of Indigenous women among homicide victims was even higher. In the US, Native American women are more than twice as likely to experience violence than any other demographic; one in three Indigenous women is s*xually assaulted during her life, and 67% of these assaults involve non-Indigenous perpetrators.

MMIW has been described as a Canadian national crisis and a Canadian genocide. In response to repeated calls from Indigenous groups, activists, and non-governmental organizations, the Government of Canada under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau established a National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls in September 2016. According to the inquiry's backgrounder, "Indigenous women and girls in Canada are disproportionately affected by all forms of violence. Although Indigenous women make up 4 per cent of Canada's female population, 16 per cent of all women murdered in Canada between 1980 and 2012 were Indigenous." The inquiry was completed and presented to the public on June 3, 2019.
Notable MMIW cases in Canada include 19 women killed in the Highway of Tears murders, and some of the 49 women from the Vancouver area murdered by serial killer Robert Pickton.

In the US, the federal Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was reauthorized in 2013, which for the first time gave tribes jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute felony domestic violence offenses involving both Native American offenders as well as non-Native offenders on reservations. In 2019, the House of Representatives, led by the Democratic Party, passed H.R. 1585 (Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019) by a vote of 263–158, which increases tribes' prosecution rights much further. The bill was not taken up by the Senate, which at the time had a Republican majority.

22/04/2024

Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk) (December 1, 1863 – August 19, 1950) was a famous wičháša wakȟáŋ (medicine man and holy man) and heyoka of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux) who lived in the present-day United States, primarily South Dakota. He was a second cousin of the war chief Crazy Horse.
Name Black Elk
Movies Yes We Can
Black Elk Ben Black Elk Oglala by Paul B Steinmetz Pine Ridge
Born December 1, 1863Little Powder River, Wyoming (1863-12)
Resting place Saint Agnes Catholic Cemetery, Manderson, South Dakota
Children Benjamin (?–1973)JohnLucy Looks Twice (?–1978)
Died August 19, 1950, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
Spouse Anna Brings White (m. 1905–1941), Katie War Bonnet (m. 1892–1903)
Books Black Elk Speaks, The gift of the sacred pipe, Les rites secrets des Indiens Sioux
Similar People John Neihardt, Kabir, Homer, Faith Hubley

21/04/2024

𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐃𝐚𝐧 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐞 ❤
Chief Dan George was actually a chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation in British Columbia, Canada from 1951 to 1963. Also an author and poet, George achieved his first acting job at the age of 60, appearing in the Canadian TV show, Caribou Country. But George’s acting career didn’t peak until 1970 when he starred in Little Big Man, a role for which he received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Another great role for George was the part of Lone Watie in The Outlaw Josie Wales (1976), often considered one of the best American Westerns. And George’s performance in this American classic could be considered Oscar-worthy as well. George also appeared on TV shows such as Kung Fu. During George’s writing career, he was credited with fostering understanding between non-native and Native Americans, particularly with the release of his book, My Heart Soars

21/04/2024

Martin Sensmeier (born June 27, 1985) (Tlingit/Koyukon-Athabascan) is an American actor and model. Of Alaska Native and European-American descent, he is known for playing various Native American roles. He starred in the 2016 remake The Magnificent Seven and had a recurring role as "Wanahton" in the HBO television series Westworld (2018). More recently, he has played a physical therapist in the TV series Yellowstone and a Comanche warrior named Sam in the prequel 1883, both directed by Taylor Sheridan.
He is expected to star in the biopic Bright Path: The Jim Thorpe Story, expected to go into production in mid-2021. Sensmeier would be the first indigenous person to play the star athlete, who was Sac and Fox and won two Olympic gold medals in 1912

20/04/2024

Meany interview Chase Alone, son of Big Road.
Oyuhpe.
Wounded Knee
Manderson, S.D. 19 July 1907
Joseph Pourier, Interpreter
Big Road
Chan-ku-Ton ka
40 years old
Ogalala
Before his father's death his name was "Charges Alone." His father was chief of the Wounded Knee band and bore the name of Big Road. Before Big Road the chief was Black Fox.
He never was in a war party but got his name from a deed of his father.
The buffalo were not gone when he was a young man and he took part in buffalo hunts. When 15 holding horses on the prairie a herd of buffalo came. He and his companion chased and with arrows killed two young buffaloes.
On another occasion there was a big party including two of his uncles. They had extra horses and he was taken along to help care for those horses. They started the chase. He went on slow leading two horses. He met an old fellow butchering a buffalo. He got off and got a piece of liver to eat. In the meantime a wounded buffalo cow came that way. He did not see it until it bumped him over and he crawled into the carcass. His uncles came and shot the cow and rescued the boy who was all smeared with blood. The uncles had shot the cow with arrows. When they approached she got up and took after one of the uncles striking the horse and cutting a gash in its thigh.
On another occasion he and four other boys took after a stray buffalo. They shot all their arrows into the buffalo except one lone arrow which he had. He wanted to make a sure shot at close range. He got so close that the buffalo took after him. There was some timber near and he tried to get to the timber but his horse got tangled in vines and threw him off. The buffalo was close behind. He scrambled behind a tree and commenced to climb the tree. The buffalo staid there all day and he was kept in the tree. The other boys went to the village and reported when one of the men came out and killed the buffalo. In the excitement he lost that precious arrow. John Red Dog, his cousin, was the one who killed the buffalo. They went back to cut up the buffalo. A creek had swollen while away and while wading the water came up to his mouth so he dropped the meat and escaped drowning.
He fasted on a hill near his home one day and a night. He laid down facing the west. It seemed as though a man approached. He heard footsteps. When it got close he raised up and saw it was a black spider with yellow spots on its sides. Right behind him there seemed some one whispering. He looked up and saw a couple of magpies.
He laid down again and he heard a woman speaking, saying: "Young man get up. Go and catch it." So he got up and looked towards the place. It was rather dark but he could plainly see a horse tied up near him. Several days afterward there was a fine horse given to him

20/04/2024

Morning share.
We as wicasa built up walls around ourselves over the coarse of our lifetime to protect us from all the hurt and chaos going on around us. But what we didnt know was that those walls also kept IN all the hurt, pain and suffering. We dont know what true love is, we dont know intimacy or even waunsila. We survived so long and have been taught so much choatic coping techniques we only know chaos. Everything we know on how to behave and feel is taunted with some kind of trauma we live with.
How do we heal and break down these walls? We begin by being honest about it and accept the fact that we need help. We are not ok and how we are living isnt ok. How we view the world and all the relationships in it right now isnt ok.
When we can see the survival tactics and how they have distorted our thinking and feeling we can begin the process of breaking down that survival wall brick by brick.
We need to let go of what we learned and learn better ways of dealing with the people, places and things.
This step in itself is a scary process. To do it right, is going to be uncomfortable and cause us to feel very vulnerable. Keep with safe people and places during this time, until the wounds have time to heal. This might not make a whole lot of sense to many but ive seen it in my own life. Ive gone through s**t load of real traumas if anyone know me they know what i went through. I have become a better man not by adding more bricks, but just the opposite, breaking down those walls that clouded or blurred my vision. Now i can see what i need to and where i want to go in life, and steps to get there. My heart had to be healed so my mind could be free. Our people need our men to be healed and stand up for the true things in life.
Lena ciscila epa wacin.

19/04/2024

Native American actress and model Brandon Merrill was born in Colorado and raised on a ranch in Wyoming.
After she was featured in a "W" magazine article about the Cheyenne Rodeo (part of the Cheyenne Frontier Days) this five foot ten beauty caught the eye of DNA Models and did some print work for "Vogue" and the Abercrombie & Fitch catalog.
Brandon also worked for Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, and the Limited before landing a role in the Owen Wilson, Jackie Chan movie Shanghai Noon (2000) where she played Jackie's Indian wife

19/04/2024

"Crowfoot stood and watched as the white man spread many one dollar bills on the ground.
“This is what the white man trades with; this is his buffalo robe. Just as you trade skins, we trade with these pieces of paper.”
When the white chief had laid all his money on the ground and shown how much he would give if the Indians would sign a treaty, Crowfoot took a handful of clay, made a ball out of it and put it on the fire.
It did not crack.
Then he said to the white man, Now put your money on the fire and see if it will last as long as the clay.
The white man said, No….my money will burn because it is made of paper.
With an amused gleam in his eyes the old chief said, Oh, your money is not as good as our land, is it?
The wind will blow it away; the fire will burn it; water will rot it. But nothing will destroy our land.
You don’t make a very good trade.
Then with a smile, Crowfoot picked up a handful of sand from the river bank, handed it to the white man and said, You count the grains of sand in that while I count the money you give for the land.
The white man said, I would not live long enough to count this, but you can count the money in a few minutes.
Very well, said the wise Crowfoot, our land is more valuable than your money. It will last forever.
It will not perish as long as the sun shines and the water flows, and through all the years it will give life to men and animals, and therefore we cannot sell the land.
It was put there by the Great Spirit and we cannot sell it because it does not really belong to us.
You can count your money and burn it with a nod of a buffalo’s head, but only the Great Spirit can count the grains of sand and the blades of grass on these plains.
As a present we will give you anything you can take with you, but we cannot give you the land.”
Chief Crowfoot: Blackfoot Confederacy

18/04/2024

GERONIMO.......On this day, February 17th, 1909 Geronimo dies of pneumonia at age 80, while still a captive of war at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.~ This rare cabinet card Image shows the great Apache Resistance leader leaning against a tree. photographed by William E. Irwin, Chickasha, Indian Territory with inscription in period script on the cards reverse, "Jeronamo (sic), from the Apache tribe, now in captivity at Ft. Sill.”~ "We are vanishing from the earth, yet I cannot think we are useless or Usen would not have created us. He created all tribes of men and certainly had a righteous purpose in creating each. For each tribe of men Usen created He also made a home. In the land created for any particular tribe He placed whatever would be best for the welfare of that tribe. When Usen created the Apaches He also created their homes in the West. He gave to them such grain, fruits, and game as they needed to eat. To restore their health when disease attacked them He made many different herbs to grow. He taught them where to find these herbs, and how to prepare them for medicine. He gave them a pleasant climate and all they needed for clothing and shelter was at hand. Thus it was in the beginning: the Apaches and their homes each created for the other by Usen himself. When they are taken from these homes they sicken and die.How long will it be until it is said, there are no Apaches?" ~ Geronimo, 1906.Geronimo often spoke of his desire for his people's eventual return to their ancestral homelands in Arizona. Tragically, his life ended at Fort Sill, Oklahoma far away from the beloved lands he had been forcefully taken from and imprisoned by the United States Government for defending. ~ Bedonkohe Apache leader Geronimo [Goyaałé], Mescalero-Chiricahua.

18/04/2024

Splendid picture of the beautiful young Comanche Margaret Pohaey Fischer, ca. 1890-1916. Margaret was the daughter of Comanche German captive Rudolph Asewaynah Fischer and Annie Kahchacha Fischer. Margaret was born in1895. The description reads "Studio photograph of Margaret Fischer wearing a buckskin dress." Photograph courtesy of the Oklahoma Historical Society Photograph Collection, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
The admired elder Rhoda Asenap was the wife of Herman Asenap. She was the daughter of the well-known warrior Pahdopony and his wife Mamanetah. Rhoda's parents were a part of Comanche Chief Quanah Parker's Kwahada band.
With respect to their material culture, Rhoda shared that the decorative beadwork pieces were used on belts as well as for women's and men's clothing. She mentioned the designs of the pieces were medicine patterns. For instance, the motif could be of dragonflies. She also asserted that the beadwork was sewn on in little rows of five beads.
As moccasins consisted of the sole, the top, and the tongue, Rhoda declared that the beads were attached and sewn onto the moccasins in an angular or zigzag order.

17/04/2024

A Scarce Cabinet Photo of Ellie Irving, “Sioux Princess”, and Her Son. Ellie Irving was the wife of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West cowboy and Lakota translator Bronco Bill Irving. Ellie and her son, Bennie, were favorites of the cast and crew of the Wild West. This portrait was probably taken in New York in 1886 or early 1887 as the show was preparing to embark for England.

17/04/2024

The photograph displays a Kiowa woman with her baby. What the child is in cradleboard. This was a type of baby carrier Kiowa women would use to hold their children. Such photographs are a record of a world that no longer exists. The Kiowa migrated from southwestern Montana to the Great Plains and much of their lifestyle centered around equestrian bison hunting. American Indians were during the 19th century seeing their way of life eroded by US expansion west. The Kiowa were one of the last Plains tribes to surrender to the invading US Calvary. Although they were being forced onto reservations, this did not stop the preservation of their history. The Kiowa recorded their history though pictographic art. The photographs taken during this period also add to historical preservation. History is not just about famous individuals and statesmen, but the general public like this woman and her child. Sadly, the child would be living in a world much harsher to Kiowa culture than during his mother’s generation. American Indian history for a longtime was either ignored, distorted, or considered unimportant to the study of the history of the United States of America. Racism and the myth of the American west that had been perpetuated in popular culture had warped the image of the American Indian. Only with the rise in ethnic studies and a new approach to examination of US history enabled a change in perceptions.

16/04/2024

Mothers will speak Lakota to their unborn babies. Talk to them about love, bravery, and wolakota. Our language is sacred and nurturing. This will ensure a future filled with love and compassion, an understanding of Lakota values, language and song.

When they are born, an unci (grandmother) will clean their mouths out with sage, say prayers, and offer words of comfort, thus passing all her knowledge and wisdom on. Blessing them for their future.

Pregnant mothers never drink or do drugs, never get mad, holler or cuss. Being pregnant in Lakota is to "iglusake." To make oneself strong! A beautiful and sacred ceremony.
Wopila to all our mothers that carry our future.

Photo- Stella FastThunder/King, son Charlie King. 1899

16/04/2024

𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐮𝐥 𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐛𝐞 𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐞
𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙆𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖, a member of the Cowlitz tribe long before the Cowlitz had federal recognition as a Indian tribe in the State of Washington. Mary was 107 in this portrait taken by Josef Scaylea in the year of 1957. Mary lived past the age of 117. She was the longest living Native American in the State of Washington. She was known for her daily ten mile walks to go visit her friends and relatives. Mary spoke no English and was called upon by Washington state government and historians to provide information about what she had witnessed in the 1800's as she had been born about 1850. Mary's family always accompanied her and interpreted for her as she would report.
Mary Kiona was Joe's all time greatest subject of his 37 years as chief photographer at The Seattle times News Paper. Mary liked Joe enough to invite him to family gatherings and allow him to take photos of her as her friend.
Via Learning Circle

15/04/2024

She was born on October 12, 1919, on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in Promise, South Dakota. She is a member of the Two Kettle Band Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe and, and is known in Lakota as Wignuke Waste Win (Pretty Rainbow Woman). Marcella LeBeau, now 101 years old, has accomplished enough in her life to fill three centuries of living.

15/04/2024

Olivia Poole was raised on the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota. She was inspired by the traditional practice of using a bouncing cradleboard to soothe babies. In 1957, she patented her invention of the baby jumper, under the name Jolly Jumper, making her one of the first Indigenous women in Canada to patent and profit from an invention.
Susan Olivia Davis Poole
born: April 18,1889, Devils Lake, North Dakota
died: October 10,1975 in Ganges, BC.

14/04/2024

"We Indians know about silence. We are not afraid of it. In fact, for us, silence is more powerful than words. Our elders were trained in the ways of silence, and they handed over this knowledge to us. Observe, listen, and then act, they would tell us. That was the manner of living.
With you, it is just the opposite. You learn by talking. You reward the children that talk the most at school. In your parties, you all try to talk at the same time. In your work, you are always having meetings in which everybody interrupts everybody and all talk five, ten or a hundred times. And you call that ‘solving a problem’. When you are in a room and there is silence, you get nervous. You must fill the space with sounds. So you talk compulsorily, even before you know what you are going to say.
White people love to discuss. They don’t even allow the other person to finish a sentence. They always interrupt. For us Indians, this looks like bad manners or even stupidity. If you start talking, I’m not going to interrupt you. I will listen. Maybe I’ll stop listening if I don’t like what you are saying, but I won’t interrupt you.
When you finish speaking, I’ll make up my mind about what you said, but I will not tell you I don’t agree unless it is important. Otherwise, I’ll just keep quiet and I’ll go away. You have told me all I need to know. There is no more to be said. But this is not enough for the majority of white people.
People should regard their words as seeds. They should sow them, and then allow them to grow in silence. Our elders taught us that the earth is always talking to us, but we should keep silent in order to hear her.
There are many voices besides ours. Many voices…”
-Ella Deloria

14/04/2024

𝙍𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝘿𝙚𝙬𝙚𝙮 𝘽𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙙 – 𝙇𝙖𝙨𝙩 𝙎𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙫𝙤𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙇𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝘽𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙣
𝘕𝘢𝘮𝘦: 𝘞𝘢𝘴𝒖́ 𝘔𝒂́𝘻𝘢 (𝘐𝘳𝘰𝘯 𝘏𝘢𝘪𝘭)
𝘉𝘪𝘳𝘵𝘩𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘦/𝘗𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘦: 𝘤𝘢. 1858 – 𝘊𝘩𝘦𝘺𝘦𝘯𝘯𝘦 𝘙𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯
𝘋𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘩 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘦/𝘗𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘦: 1955 – 𝘚𝘰𝘶𝘵𝘩 𝘋𝘢𝘬𝘰𝘵𝘢
𝘉𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸𝘯 𝘧𝘰𝘳: 𝘢 𝘔𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘫𝘰𝘶 𝘓𝘢𝘬𝘰𝘵𝘢 𝘸𝘩𝘰 𝘧𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘉𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘓𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘉𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘯 𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘵𝘦𝘦𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘳. 𝘈𝘧𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘎𝘦𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘈𝘳𝘮𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘊𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳’𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘧𝘦𝘢𝘵, 𝘞𝘢𝘴𝘶 𝘔𝘢𝘻𝘢 𝘧𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘥 𝘚𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘉𝘶𝘭𝘭 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘦𝘹𝘪𝘭𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘊𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘣𝘢𝘤𝘬 𝘵𝘰 𝘚𝘰𝘶𝘵𝘩 𝘋𝘢𝘬𝘰𝘵𝘢 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘩𝘦𝘺𝘦𝘯𝘯𝘦 𝘙𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.
𝘐𝘳𝘰𝘯 𝘏𝘢𝘪𝘭 𝘫𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘎𝘩𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘋𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘮𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘚𝘱𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘌𝘭𝘬'𝘴 𝘣𝘢𝘯𝘥. 𝘏𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘧𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘺 𝘭𝘦𝘧𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘩𝘦𝘺𝘦𝘯𝘯𝘦 𝘙𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘯 𝘋𝘦𝘤𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘦𝘳 23, 1890 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘚𝘱𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘌𝘭𝘬 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘹𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘺 300 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘔𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘫𝘰𝘶 𝘢𝘯𝘥 38 𝘏𝘶𝘯𝘬𝘱𝘢𝘱𝘢 𝘓𝘢𝘬𝘰𝘵𝘢 𝘰𝘯 𝘢 𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘬 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘗𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘙𝘪𝘥𝘨𝘦 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘷𝘰𝘪𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘚𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘉𝘶𝘭𝘭'𝘴 𝘮𝘶𝘳𝘥𝘦𝘳 𝘢𝘵 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘙𝘰𝘤𝘬 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. 𝘏𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘞𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘒𝘯𝘦𝘦 𝘔𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘤𝘳𝘦, 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘩𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘧𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘺, 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘮𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳, 𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳, 𝘸𝘪𝘧𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘭𝘥 𝘸𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘬𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘥.
𝘐𝘳𝘰𝘯 𝘏𝘢𝘪𝘭 𝘵𝘰𝘰𝘬 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘦 𝘋𝘦𝘸𝘦𝘺 𝘉𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘙𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘯 𝘊𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘮. 𝘏𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘮𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘦𝘳 𝘰𝘧 𝘉𝘶𝘧𝘧𝘢𝘭𝘰 𝘉𝘪𝘭𝘭'𝘴 𝘞𝘪𝘭𝘥 𝘞𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘚𝘩𝘰𝘸 𝘧𝘰𝘳 15 𝘺𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘴. 𝘞𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 1955 𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘵𝘺-𝘴𝘪𝘹, 𝘋𝘦𝘸𝘦𝘺 𝘉𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘴𝘵 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸𝘯 𝘓𝘢𝘬𝘰𝘵𝘢 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘷𝘰𝘳 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘉𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘓𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘉𝘪𝘨 𝘏𝘰𝘳𝘯, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘴𝘵 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸𝘯 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘷𝘰𝘳 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘓𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘉𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘯 𝘉𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦.

13/04/2024

Ola Mildred Rexroat (August 28, 1917 – June 28, 2017) was the only Native American woman to serve in the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).[1][2]
Rexroat was born in Argonia, Kansas, to a Euro-American father and an Oglala mother. The family moved to South Dakota when she was young, and she spent at least part of her youth on the Pine Ridge Reservation.[3] She attended public school in Wynona, Oklahoma, for a time, and graduated from the St. Mary's Episcopal Indian School in Springfield, South Dakota, in 1932.[4] Rexroat initially enrolled in a teachers college in Chadron, Nebraska, but left before completing her degree to work for what is now the Bureau of Indian Affairs for a year.[5] She earned a bachelor's degree in art from the University of New Mexico in 1939.[4] After college, she again worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Gallup, New Mexico for a year.[5]
Rexroat next worked for engineers building airfields, where she decided to learn how to fly. In order to do so, she would need her own airplane or to join the WASPs. Selecting the latter, she moved to Washington, D.C., with her mother and sisters, and was also employed at the Army War College.[5] Rexroat then went for WASP training in Sweetwater, Texas, and was assigned the dangerous job of towing targets for aerial gunnery students at Eagle Pass Army Airfield after her graduation.[6] She also helped transport cargo and personnel. When the WASPs were disbanded in December 1944, she joined the Air Force, where she served for ten years as an air traffic controller at Kirkland Air Force Base in New Mexico during the Korean War.[2][6][7] She continued to work as an air traffic controller for the Federal Aviation Administration for 33 years after her time in the Air Force Reserves was complete.[5]
In 2007 she was inducted into the South Dakota Aviation Hall of Fame.[8]
Rexroat died in June 2017 at the age of 99.[9] Immediately before her death she was the last surviving WASP in South Dakota and one of 275 living WASPs out of the original 1,074.[10] Several months after her death, the airfield operations building at Ellsworth Air Force Base was named after her.

13/04/2024

The Inuit people can't be imagined without their signature parkas, fashioned from fur and hide of the local wildlife. One of the many reasons why early European voyages into the Arctic circle failed is because they were underprepared for the extreme weather conditions of the north. They wore wool clothing, which kept them hot on the inside, but made them sweat a lot, which made their clothing freeze in the extreme temperatures. The Inuit never faced this problem, as they have been making their parkas from caribou deer or seal hide from as early as 22,000 BC (Siberia). The production of these parkas took weeks, and the tradition of making them was passed down from mother to daughter, taking years to master. Depending on the geographical location of the tribes, the design of the parkas varied according to the types of animals available. Beadwork, fringes and pendants frequently decorated the clothing. Roald Amundsen was the first explorer who outfitted his crew with Inuit clothing, which enabled him to successfully circumvent the North-West Passage in 1906. In the 20th century the use of traditional Inuit clothing declined, but it has seen a recent resurgence, as the Inuit strive to preserve their culture.

12/04/2024

☄𝐖𝐞𝐬𝐥𝐞𝐲 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢 is a Native American actor and film producer of Cherokee descent. He has appeared in many award-winning and critically acclaimed films, especially in roles depicting Native Americans. Some of the films he has been a part of include Dances with Wolves, The Last of the Mohicans, Geronimo: An American Legend, The New World, and Street Fighter. He is also known for his roles in Hostiles, Heat, Mystery Men, Avatar, A Million Ways to Die in the West, and the television series Penny Dreadful. He was awarded an Honorary Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2019, becoming the first Native American and the second indigenous person from North America to be honored by the Academy. The New York Times ranked him at number 19 on its list of "The 25 Greatest Actors of the 21st Century (So Far)" and praised the beauty and power of his performances as a Native American on screen.

12/04/2024

Red Hawk. Oyuhpe
Born 1854. First war-party in 1865 under Crazy Horse, against troops. Led an unsuccessful war-party at twenty-two against Shoshoni. First coup when twelve horse-raiding Blackfeet were discovered in a creek bottom and annihilated. Led another party against Shoshoni, but failed to find them; encountered and surrounded a white-horse troop. From a hill overlooking the fight Red Hawk saw soldiers dismount and charge. The Lakota fled, leaving him alone. A soldier came close and fired, but missed. Red Hawk did likewise, but while the soldier was reloading his carbine he fired again with his wi******er and heard a thump and "O-h-h-h!" A Cheyenne boy on horseback rushed in and struck the soldier, counting coup. Engaged in twenty battles, many with troops, among them the Custer fight of 1876; others with Pawnee, Apsaroke, Shoshoni, Cheyenne, and even with Sioux scouts.
Red Hawk fasted twice. The second time, after two days and a night, he saw a vision. As he slept, something from the the west came galloping and panting. It circled about him, then went away. A voice said, "Look! I told you there would be many horses!" He looked, and saw a man holding green grass in his hand. Again the voice said, "There will be many horses about this season"; then he saw the speaker was a rose-hip, half red, half green. Then the creature went away and became a yellow-headed blackbird. It alighted on one of the offering poles, which bent as if under great weight. The bird became a man again, and said, "Look at this!" Red Hawk saw a village, into which the man threw two long-haired human heads. Said the voice,"I came to tell you something, and I have now told you. You have done right." Then the creature, becoming a bird, rose and disappeared in the south. Red Hawk slept, and heard a voice saying, "look at your village!" He saw four woman going around the village with their hair on the top of their heads, and their legs aflame. Following them was a naked man, mourning and singing the death-song. Again he slept, and felt a hand on his head, shaking him, and as he awoke a voice said,"Arise, behold the face of your grandfather!" He looked to the eastward and saw the sun peeping above a ridge. The voice continued,"Listen! He is coming, anxious to eat." So he took his pipe and held the stem toward the rising sun. This time he knew he was not asleep, or dreaming: He knew he was on a hill three miles from the village. A few days later came news that of five who had gone against the enemy, four had been killed; one returned alive, and followed the four mourning wives around the camp singing the death-song. Still later they killed a Cheyenne and an Apsaroke scout, and the two heads were brought into camp.
-American Tribes. Dietmar Schulte-Möhring
He is buried at Grass Creek Cemetery.

11/04/2024

The Wakan community was located on the Pine Ridge Reservation at the mouth of Wounded Knee Creek where it empties into the White River.

The people who made up this community appear to have originally been mostly Minneconjou who may have intermarried with the northern Oglala (Oyukpe). Both He Dog and Black Moccasin considered the Wakan to be a part of the Oyukpe. The band appears to have existed before settling on Pine Ridge, as evidenced by the grouping of names in the Red Hawk art ledger. If the events of several members of the community are indicative of the whole group, they suggest that the Wakan were with the non-treaty bands during the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 (several mention being at the Little Bighorn) and then surrendered at the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail Agencies in the spring of 1877. They fled to Canada with the mass exodus during the winter of 1877-78 and were among the surrenders at Fort Keogh about 1880. They were probably part of the transfers to Standing Rock in 1881 though only a few of the families can yet be identified in the Sitting Bull Surrender Census.

The members of this community first appear in the records at Pine Ridge in 1885. During the Ghost Dance troubles, the band does not appear to have been involved with the dance; in fact, several members served in the Indian scouts and Indian police during this period. Crazy Thunder persuaded one of the Ghost Dance bands to come in, based on his previous relationships with the non-treaty bands.

Day School No. 12 was established here in 1892, initially in “log buildings with low lying dirt roofs, poorly lighted and worse ventilated, and wholly unfit for school purposes,” one inspector noted. A new school was built about 1893. The Episcopalians established St. Mark’s church just to the north of the school and in 1901, the Jesuits started St. Peter’s Mission just south. Based on the names in the nearby cemeteries, part of the families within the Wakan were Catholic (Crazy Thunder, Swallow, Tibbitts, and Yellow Bear) while others were Episcopalian (No Braid, Loves War, Big Turnip, White Butterfly, Twiss). The Steele family are represented in both.

Two lists of the Wakan tiyospaye families are known. The first is from the 1890 Pine Ridge Agency census, which enumerates 21 families with 85 individuals. The second is a 1936 list of 31 families and 163 people, with an accompanying map showing the locations of their homes and the outline of the tiyospaye extent. The Wakan community is also marked on a map of all tiyospaye at Pine Ridge, perhaps created in the 1920s or early 1930s. The BLM allotment lists starting in 1910 also provide insight as to who lived in the area.

While the details are still being worked out, it appears that by 1890, the Wakan band consisted of several extended families including No Braid (c1828-1911) and his four sons. The wife of Francis Runs Against (c1853-1934) is believed to have been a daughter of No Braid. Other families included Austin Red Hawk (c1856-1928), Crazy Thunder (c1855-1927), Lone Elk (for whom the school was later named), Feather on Head (c1831-1905) and several of his grown children, and Loves War. The families of Flying Hawk, Kicking Bear and Black Fox may have joined this group in the early 1890s. By 1936, additional marriages brought new families into the community. For example, Richard Afraid of Hawk married a daughter of Lone Elk and they chose to live here. Big Turnip also married into this group.

I am still trying to tie this tiyospaye further back into the mid-19th century and am hoping that oral histories from these families will help this summer when I visit Pine Ridge again. I have seen the name of the Sans Arc headman Standing Holy Cow mentioned as a possible connection, but still searching. Any additional information would be very helpful. Thanks!

1890 List (heads of household):
Runs Against --
Red Hawk Jr.
Cane Shield
Breast
Cut Foot
Crazy Thunder
Lone Elk
Good Talk
Bear Scares
Henry Jones
Feather on Head
Charles Plume
Shield
Kills Brave
Loves War
No Braid
Spaola
Crow
Ghost
Hand
Hip

1936 list (heads of household):
Joe Crazy Thunder
James Yellow Bear
Pemican
Leo Biannas
Richard Afraid of Hawk
Lawrence Galligo
Felix Flying Hawk
David Flying Hawk
Willie Mexican
Asay Steele
David Steele
Harry Steele
Andrew Stone
Ollie Ecoffey
John Black Fox
Peter Charging Thunder
Same Loves War
Thomas Twiss
James No Braid
Charles Twiss
James Mesteth
William Swallow
Louis Pablo
William Tibbitts
Anton Stirk
Emiel Tibbitts
Ben Ladeaux
Joseph Crazy Horse
Moses Runs Against
Frank Ghost
Henry Crow

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