25/10/2025
CLEOPATRA & THE PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY
Cleopatra the seventh, Thea Philopator was born in 69 BC in Greco-Roman Egypt at a time when indigenous rulership had been usurped and a Greek identity was being imposed over the once great nation of Kemet. It had become a shadow of its former glory due to centuries of invasions and foreign occupation. The birth of Aegyptus was the death of Kemet and marked the last days of the 3000 year old sovereign nation of Kemet. The imposition of Greek rule, reinforced by the Ptolemaic dynasty, had steadily eroded the indigenous cultural and political institutions that once defined Kemet.
The modern name of the country Egypt is An English word which is derived from the Latin word Aegyptus which the Greeks imposed over the land of Khem or Kemet. Aegyptus comes from the Kemetic word Hwt-ka-Ptah (Ha-ka-Ptah), “home of the soul of Ptah. The word Kemet 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 appears first during the middle kingdom and translates to the Black Nation/country. The determinative being 𓊖 which translate to Nation of Country. Not Land or soil as some have suggested. Nowhere in the word for Kemet 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 does the glyph for “soil” or “Land” appear.
“According to Semerano, the Semitic root khem/kham means ‘dark’ or ‘black’, also in the sense of ‘burned black’. In the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia, qamu signified ‘burned’, and the Hebrew cognate of this term is ham. We recognize this root in the Biblical ethnonym “Hamites”, which refers to the descendants of Ham (or Cham), one of the three sons of Noah, namely, the one whose offspring were predestined to populate Africa. In other words, the Hamites were the inhabitants of Africa, the “black” people, the “people with the burned faces.
Ancient Egypt was the land of the “Kemites”, and the study of this fascinating culture ought therefore to be known as “Kemitology”. Instead, we speak of the land of Egypt and Egyptology.”
Jacques R. Pauwels, 2010, Beneath the Dust of Time: A History of the Names of Peoples and Places, Battlebidge Publications, Pg. 22: https://www.academia.edu/3466378/Beneath_the_Dust_of_Time_A_History_of_the_Names_of_Peoples_and_Places
By Cleopatra VII's time, the land of the pharaohs was no longer governed by its native people, but by a foreign elite that sought to merge Greek and Kemetic traditions while maintaining Hellenistic dominance. Although Cleopatra was of Macedonian descent, she understood the weight of Kemet’s past and embraced its heritage, styling herself as a true Kemetian ruler and was the first in her family to learn the native language. Yet, despite her efforts, the tides of history were against her. With the growing power of Rome, Kemet became ensnared in imperial ambitions far beyond its borders.
The Greeks first appear in Egypt during the reign of the Sais Cheitens of the Delta (of Libyan decent), whom Herotodus mentions in is Histories, where he describes how Psamtik I employed Greek mercenaries (Ionian and Carian soldiers) to help him consolidate power and expel rivals. These Greek warriors were initially hired to assist in Psamtik’s rebellion against Assyrian-appointed rulers and later became instrumental in assisting the Assyrians in their invasion of Kemet after Psamtik son Necho I pledged fealty to the Assyrians and turned against the Upper Egyptian natives and priesthood of Amun. After Psamtik was killed in battle agains the Kush*te Kings his son Necho would cave under the pressure of him losing his position and ultimately became a puppet ruler himself fighting on behalf of the Assyrian war machine.
Herodotus recounts that Psamtik I granted the Greeks a settlement at Naucratis, a city in the Nile Delta, which became the first permanent Greek colony in Egypt. Naucratis served as a crucial hub for trade and cultural exchange between the Mediterranean world and Africa marking the beginning of centuries of Greek and Roman hegemony in the region. The presence of Greeks in Egypt expanded under later pharaohs, especially Amasis II (570–526 BCE), who further integrated Greek mercenaries into his army and encouraged Hellenic traders and artisans to settle in Egyptian lands. However, this early Greek involvement was largely economic and military, rather than political dominance. These Greek warriors fought alongside the Assyrians and their local Egyptian allies (like Psamtik I) against the Kush*te-controlled Upper Egypt, which was still under the influence of the 25th Dynasty (Nubian Pharaohs). This conflict would ultimately lead to the infamous “Sack of Thebes”; a momentous event that reverberated throughout the ancient world. It is mentioned in the Book of Nahum chapter 3:8-10:
“Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea? Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy helpers. Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and they cast lots for her honorable men, and all her great men were bound in chains.”
A prophecy in the Book of Isaiah refers to the sack as well:
“Just as my servant Isaiah has gone stripped and barefoot for three years, as a sign and portent against Egypt and Cush, so the king of Assyria will lead away stripped and barefoot the Egyptian captives and Cush*te exiles, young and old, with buttocks bared—to Egypt's shame. Those who trusted in Cush and boasted in Egypt will be dismayed and put to shame.”
As a reward for their military assistance the Sais Chieftains of the Delta allowed the Greeks to be educated in Memphis at the coveted “Per Ankh” temple at Memphis which the Greeks coined as the “Mystery Schools”. The Per Ankh (or "House of Life") in Memphis was where Kemetic priests and scholars passed down the wisdom of the ancient world, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and theology. These teachings, deeply rooted in Kemetian tradition, were often kept secret and reserved for those chosen to gain access to this sacred knowledge. Aegyptus comes from the Kemetic word Hwt-ka-Ptah (Ha-ka-Ptah), meaning “Mansion of the Ka of Ptah,” which was the ancient name for the temple of Ptah in Memphis which is the temple they were allowed to study at. Hence when Greeks came into power they imposed the name Aegyptus over the whole of the nation.
Many of the prominent Greek philosophers and scholars gained their knowledge through extended periods of study in the ancient Kemetic temples where they were exposed to some of the most advanced intellectual and spiritual teachings of the time. These philosophers included Herodotus, the so-called “Father of History”, who spent 23 years in Kemet, immersing himself in Kemetic culture and history. His extensive studies and firsthand experiences in Kemet shaped much of his historical writings.
Other notable Greek figures who studied in Egypt include Thales, Hippocrates, Anaximander, Pythagoras, and Solon. These thinkers were deeply influenced by the wisdom and knowledge preserved in Kemet’s sacred institutions. For instance, Pythagoras, renowned for his theorem in geometry, is known to have studied in Kemet for over 20 years. The Pythagorean Theorem, which bears his name, was already being used by the ancient Kemetians for engineering and construction purposes long before Pythagoras was even born. In fact, the great pyramids of Giza, built over 1,000 years before Pythagoras, incorporated principles of geometry, including the use of right-angle triangles, demonstrating that the Kemetians had mastered these concepts centuries prior.
Hippocrates, often referred to as the "Father of Medicine," also found much of his medical knowledge through Kemetic teachings. However, the true origin of his learning came from Imhotep, the legendary Kemetian polymath, who is considered the first physician in recorded history. Imhotep, who lived long before Hippocrates, is credited with being the real father of medicine and an unparalleled figure in Kemetian science and healing. Imhotep's contributions to medicine, architecture, and writing were so profound that he was later deified and worshiped by the Greeks as Asclepius. In fact, he was worshipped as a god of healing and wisdom, and his influence spread beyond Kemet.
The Greeks, especially during the later period of Hellenistic Egypt, would adapt many of these teachings into their own philosophical systems. The Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after Alexander’s conquest would continue to patronize these institutions, blending Greek and Kemetic learning. Alexandria, the new capital, would become a beacon of intellectual and scholarly pursuit, drawing scholars from across the ancient world. Yet, despite this fusion, the legacy of Kemet’s intellectual tradition—rooted in the mystery schools of Memphis—remained a symbol of ancient wisdom and the decline of the once-great civilization of Kemet.
Under Greek rule, the establishment of the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE marked a pivotal moment in the dissemination of ancient African knowledge to the Mediterranean world and beyond. As the intellectual heart of the Hellenistic world, Alexandria became a melting pot of diverse cultures, philosophies, and scientific traditions. While Greek scholars played a significant role in the library’s creation, its contents were far from exclusively Greek. It drew on the vast reservoir of knowledge accumulated over millennia in Egypt from the wider African continent. Kemet, with its rich traditions in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, engineering, and spiritual philosophy, served as a foundation for much of the library's vast collection. Many texts were brought from temples across the Nile Valley, where sacred knowledge had been meticulously preserved by the priesthood for millennia from the even older practice of oral traditions.
These oral teachings, passed down through generations of sages, griots, and priest-scholars, carried the wisdom of ancient African civilizations, predating even the written scripts of Kemet. Within the walls of the great library, scribes and scholars worked tirelessly to transcribe, translate, and synthesize this wealth of knowledge, ensuring its survival for future generations. The influence of the African interior, from the kingdoms of Ta-Seti and Lands of Ta-Netjer to the spiritual centers of the Sahel and the Niger Delta, enriched the collection with diverse perspectives on cosmology, medicine, governance, and metaphysics.
This interconnected body of knowledge was not merely academic but deeply practical, informing advancements in architecture, agriculture, and statecraft. It reflected a worldview in which science, philosophy, and spirituality were not separate disciplines but parts of a unified whole. The custodians of this knowledge understood that wisdom was not just about accumulation but about application—how it could be used to maintain harmony, sustain life, and guide society toward Ma’at, the principle of truth, balance, and justice. By the time the Library of Alexandria was built scholars from across Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean contributed to the library, and Kemet’s intellectual legacy was made available to Europe for the first time.
This exchange of knowledge was instrumental in shaping many foundations of Western science and philosophy, as Greek scholars learned from Kemetic wisdom, adapting it to their own studies and, in many cases, copying and pasting the work of Kemetic philosophers as their own. Concepts like geometry, medicine, astronomy, and ethics and philosophy were directly influenced by ancient African advancements, yet often went uncredited. The Greeks, while undoubtedly building upon this inherited wisdom, sometimes failed to acknowledge the profound contributions of their African predecessors.
For example, the famous Pythagorean Theorem, attributed to the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, had been in use by Egyptian architects for centuries, long before his birth. Similarly, Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Medicine," was deeply inspired by the medical teachings of Imhotep, the Egyptian polymath and physician, whose innovations in surgery, healing, and philosophy were centuries ahead of his time. Yet, Imhotep’s groundbreaking work was overshadowed by the Greek attribution of these ideas to their own figures, particularly Hippocrates.
The transmission of these ideas was not always a simple exchange, but often one of appropriation and recontextualization, where Greek philosophers and scientists adopted Kemetic knowledge and rebranded it within a new cultural and intellectual framework. The ancient Egyptian system of writing, religious rituals, and ethical principles—preserved in the temples, pyramids, and tombs—offered a foundational base for the intellectual growth of the Hellenistic world. This process laid the groundwork for much of Western thought, but at the same time, it contributed to the erasure of the African origins of these ideas, overshadowing the immense role Kemet played in shaping the intellectual legacy of the Mediterranean and beyond. The true breadth and depth of Kemetic influence on Western civilization remain often overlooked, despite its undeniable impact on fields ranging from mathematics and architecture to medicine and philosophy.
“On one hand, these Kings rewarded the Greeks, by allowing them to learn in Egypt, which was the direct cause for the sudden appearance of “Greek minds.” - Moustafa Gadalla, Exiled Egyptians.
This act has been seen by some as a great treason of the Delta Kings against the nation of Kemet which weakened its footing on the world stage making it vulnerable to future attacks which would eventually lead to its demise. It was not until the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE that Greeks transitioned from mercenaries and traders to outright rulers, ushering in the Ptolemaic Dynasty, which imposed Greek governance over Kemet and forever altered its identity. In 332 the Macedonian general Alexander the Great defeated the Achaemenid Empire and took control of Kemet. The Ptolemies adopted Kemetic customs and incorporated their pre-existing administrative practices. Cleopatra governed from the Delta, as was tradition of all foreign rulers that came before her and she continued the Ptolemaic tradition of ruling as a Pharaoh rather than foreigners as did the persians. But as we will find out, the Ptolemies were never accepted by the native population of Kemet. Contrary to the popular narrative Alexander the Great was never welcomed as a savior.
As previously mentioned the Greeks were educated in Kemet and worshiped historical Kemetic figures as Gods. Amun, worshiped by the Greeks as Ammon, had a statue built in his honor in the city of Thebes, and another in Sparta. At Megalopolis the God was represented with the head of a ram, and the Greeks of Cyrenaica dedicated a chariot with a statue of Ammon at the Temple of Delphi. The Hellenes fused many Kemetic and Greek Gods such as Zeus-Amun and even deified historical Kemetic figures such as Imhotep, the world's first Multi-Genius whom the Greeks worshiped as Ascepius. On the island of Chios Zeus was worshiped as Ae’thiops, which translates to “the Black”.
Herodotus, the Greek historian, referred to the continent of Africa as Ethiopia, and acknowledged the mystical land as the cradle of civilization. In those times Greeks referred to regions below the Sahara as Upper Ethiopia and the Sahara was known as Lower Ethiopia. The Atlantic Ocean was called “Oceanus Aethiopicus” Latin for Ethiopian Ocean, and would not become the Atlantic until the 1600’s. The name Ethiopia, is a compound derived from two Greek words, which translates to “burnt face” referring to the dark melanated complexion of the ancient Egyptians and Nubians. The term was also used as a generic term for Black Africans. Why is any of this important? It illustrates the pivotal role Africans played in antiquity and the influence they exerted not only in Kemet but also in the Levant and the Mediterranean world. In antiquity, prior to the colonial era, ancient Ethiopians were renowned throughout the known world for their wisdom and regal qualities.
In “Histories”, which is considered the founding work of history in Western literature and dates to 440 BCE, Herodotus presents some of the most ancient and detailed information about "Aethiopia". He relates that he personally traveled up the Nile to the border of Egypt as far as Elephantine which is modern day Aswan. He describes a capital further south at the Kingdom of Meroe, adding that the only deities worshiped there were Amun, known as Zues to the Greeks and Ausar known as Dionysus. He relates that in the reign of Pharaoh Psamtik the first in 650 BCE, many Egyptian soldiers deserted their country and settled amidst the Ethiopians. War with the Persians resulted in the end of Kush*te power in Northern Kemet and the successful invasion by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. They were succeeded by the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, initially a puppet dynasty installed as vassals of the Assyrians.
This exodus of natives migrating south coincides with the defeat of the great Kush*te Kings as indigenous Kemetians and Ta-Setians fled further south to escape the wrath of the invading Assyrian army and assimilate into the Kingdom of Kush. The exodus of native Egyptians to Ethiopia occurred against a backdrop of military garrisons and political tension. Herodotus describes how Psammetichus, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, had stationed troops to maintain control over the populace. After three years of service without relief, a significant number of Egyptian soldiers decided to desert their posts. This discontent culminated in their decision to flee southward, seeking refuge in Ethiopia. Herodotus notes,
"And there fled to Ethiopia about 180,000 men, who, having fled the Egyptians settled there and multiplied." Herodotus, The Histories, trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt (London: Penguin Books, 1954), Book II, Section 30.
This quote highlights not only the scale of the migration but also the motivations behind it—namely, a desire for freedom and a better life away from oppressive conditions. Herodotus also remarked on the shared cultural practices between Egyptians and Ethiopians as he states,
“I myself guessed it to be so, partly because they are dark-skinned and wooly-haired; though that indeed goes for nothing, seeing that other peoples, too, are such; but my better proof was that the Colchians and Egyptians and Ethiopians are the only nations that have from the first practiced circumcision”.
Herodotus’s accounts illustrate the similarities between native Egyptians and Nubians and their shared cultural heritage. Not to be confused with the Greco-Egyptians who would overrun the Delta in the coming centuries.
The Macedonians were an ancient tribe whose origins began on the alluvial plains around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of mainland Greece. Cleopatra the first who was a princess of the Seleucid Empire in west Asia was of Greek, Persian and Iranian descent. Her mother Laodice the third was Iranian and Persian while her father Antiochis also had mixed Iranian ancestry. Southern Greece, and Italy was a mixing pot of ethnic variation from its birth. According to historian Spencer McDaniel,
“Most people assume that everyone who lived in ancient Greece and Rome were White. This is a notion that has been continually reinforced through modern films and television shows… We can be quite certain that Greeks and Italians have been in contact with dark-skinned peoples of African and Near Eastern ancestry from the very beginning of their history, from a time even before the development of the Greek alphabet…These people almost certainly included famous philosophers, writers, theologians, and even Roman emperors. In fact, people whom we would consider people of color probably made up a significant proportion of the total population of the Roman Empire, if not the majority.”
HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11260506/
Historically the study of ancient Egypt was approached through the lens of colonial expansion and white supremacy. Similar to the racial hierarchies created by modern Egyptian elites in Cairo and Alexandria who were heavily influenced by colonial ideologies. This Eurocentric perspective on ancient African civilizations led to the now debunked "Hamitic Theory" and "Dynastic Theory", both of which were rooted in racist pseduoscicnce and have since been abandoned by all credible academics. Although these long outdated concepts are still prevalent in pop culture and still linger in the minds of many who promote anti-African sentiments. Seemingly “White” depictions of Cleopatra the seventh does not exclude her from having mixed African heritage. She could have had white skin and blonde hair and still have mixed African ancestry. Based on archaeological evidence and cranial measurements that suggest the mother of Cleopatra’s sister was African, we can also theorize it is possible that Cleopatra as well had some African ancestry. However, Cleopatra's mother is a historical mystery. It is postulated that her mother may have been Cleopatra V, Tryphaena.
Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe had African ancestry:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCTzfb5tWDg
But historians have always had a big question mark over this and have more questions than answers. It has been suggested that the Ptolemy’s only married within their family to keep the blood line pure so therefore she could not have had African blood. This however is a fallacy. The Ptolemy’s did indeed marry and have children outside of their own family lineage. The mother of Ptolemy XII was an unknown woman, one of many who lived in the harem. Greeks bearing children by native Africans and even courtesans was a common occurrence over their 300 year reign. Intermixing with local Africans was not an anomaly, It was a cultural norm. According to Susan Walker, Deputy Keeper in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum, early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek. As Victor J. Katz notes
"Research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the ‘Greco-Roman’ era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".
Now that we have a little bit of background information of the relationship between Greece and Kemet, before it became Egypt let’s get back to Cleopatra. Was she Greek, Egyptian, or African? When referring to the Fayum Portraits of Greco-Roman Egypt, it is clear that many of the portraits depict people of mixed ancestry. We have already established that from their very inception the Macedonias were of mixed ancestry. And Southern Greece had admixture from the near east and Africa. Given the fact that the already mixed Macedonians lived in Africa for three centuries and adopted ancient African culture, it would be naive to think they did not intermix with native Africans. It is not all all a stretch of imagination that they intermarried and intermixed with native Africans producing offspring of mixed heritage. This is apparent even in the phenotype of many modern Egyptians today in Cairo and Alexandria who have African features such as dark complexions and coarse hair. But is there any further evidence that Cleopatra may have been of mixed African and European origin? In fact there is.
The tomb of Cleopatra the seventh's sister was unearthed in 1973. Her name was Arsinoë the fourth and lived between 68 and 63 BC in Alexandria. According to certain sources Arsionoe was killed while seeking refuge in the Temple of Artemis in the year 41 BC. The same year Cleopatra and her lover Marcus Antonius arrived in Ephesus. Arsinoë is said to have opposed Cleopatra's rule which led to her untimely death. Interestingly enough according to Hilke Thuer of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, upon examination it was found that Arsinoë was of mixed heritage both Greek and African. Although DNA tests came back inconclusive due to deterioration, the cranial measurements of the mother of Arsinoë revealed the skull of an African woman. This discovery lends credence to the assertion of the BBC News who stated,
"Cleopatra's mother 'was African', Cleopatra, the last Egyptian Pharaoh, renowned for her beauty, was part African, says a BBC team which believes it has found her sister's tomb. Queen Cleopatra was a descendant of Ptolemy, the Macedonian general who ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great. But remains of the queen's sister Princess Arsinoe, found in Ephesus, Turkey, indicate that her mother had an "African" skeleton. Experts have described the results as "a real sensation." The discovery was made by Hilke Thuer of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.”
But is there any other evidence to suggest mixed African Ancestry? Under Greco-Roman rule, Egypt hosted several Greek settlements, mostly concentrated in Alexandria, but also in a few other cities, where Greek settlers lived alongside native Egyptians. Faiyum's earliest Greek inhabitants were soldier-veterans and elite military officials who were settled by the Ptolemaic kings on colonized lands. Native Egyptians also lived in the region of Faiyum.
It is estimated that as much as 30 percent of the population of Faiyum was Greek during the Ptolemaic period, with the rest being native Egyptians. By the Roman period, much of the "Greek" population of Faiyum was made-up of either Hellenized Egyptians or people of mixed Egyptian-Greek ancestry. The Delta was a transcontinental highway connecting three continents. These people were of mixed heritage. Same as actress Adelle James who played the role of Cleopatra in the Netflix special.
Kemet under the rule of the Ptolemaic Dynasty was nothing less than foreign occupation. Native Africans were faced with second class citizenship and in the Greek provinces of Lower Kemet, in the Delta indigenous Africans were forced to pay higher taxes than their Greek counterparts. Greek rulers ginned up much propaganda in attempts to be accepted as true Pharaoh's but the indigenous Kemetyu never fully accepted their rule. The Ptomolies remained fundamentally a foreign dynasty.
Starting from 246 BC there are several native uprisings. During the most successful of these, all of Upper Egypt revolted against Alexandria for almost twenty years under the leadership of two native rulers, named Horwennefer and Ankhwennefer. They led Upper Egypt in secession from the rule of Ptolemy the fourth, Philopator in 205 BC. In 196 BC, the Greeks launched a counter-offensive and retook Lykopolis, modern day Asyut, in the Delta. Afterwards, Ptolemy was officially crowned Pharaoh in Memphis. Ankhwennefer retreated to the border of Kush, and called upon the Kush*te kings for help against the invaders.
These particular rebellions were known as “The Great Revolt of the Egyptians”, and was one of the earliest documented guerilla wars. The Kemite and Kush*te coalition continued to resist the Greek usurpers up until 186 BC, when Ankhwennefer's Egyptian-Nubian army was decisively defeated. Ankhwennefer's son was killed in the fighting, and he was captured. Ankhwennefer was imprisoned, but some historians say he was spared by Ptolemy the Tenth after Egyptian priests intervened on his behalf. Many southern rebels were granted amnesty. In the following months, the Ptolemaic army wiped out the remaining rebels in the Delta. Due to Ptolemy the Tenth's attempts to erase these rebellions from history, little is known about these historical events as most of the records were destroyed.
“The Rosetta stone, dated 196 BC, is contemporary with the great revolt. It is an honorary decree, in the Greek tradition, dressed up by the Egyptian priests for king Ptolemy the 10th after his victory of another native revolt, in the Delta. The text shows that in the early second century BC the Ptolemies had not only lost control in the South, but even in part of the Delta, close to Alexandria…Again this is a forgotten war: the Rosetta stone duly celebrates the royal victory in the North, but does not even mention that at this very moment the whole South was in the hands of other rebels.”
Although the Ptolomies adopted Kemetic culture and depicted themselves as native rulers, the indigenous Kemetyu revolted and rejected their rulership. Since Kemet like many other African civilizations was a matrilineal society they even attempted to bear children by indigenous African nobility. Still Greek rule ended up being the final invasion of a long line of invasions that would extinguish the final light of the once great civilization of Kemet. Until we have a Netflix documentary about Queen Amanirenas, who defeated the Roman Empire at their height or one of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye who ruled over a peaceful and prosperous nation, the true history of Nile Valley civilization will remain obscured from the masses.
In conclusion, regardless of Cleopatra's racial make-up she did not represent the culture of ancient Kemet and did not uphold the principles of Maat which the nation was built upon. So, was Cleopatra an African Queen protecting her country as Jada Pinkets documentary would have us believe? Or was she an accomplice to a foreign occupation which lasted three centuries; and ultimately led to the downfall of the greatest civilization in antiquity. This matter is up for debate, similar to historians' different interpretations of the reign of Akhenaten during the Amarna period. But one thing's for sure; There's definitely many more stories to be uncovered and more historical lies and hypocrisies to be revealed.
Artwork created by: Nidia Senegal
WATCH NOW 🚨🚨🚨
The Cleopatra Controversy | Why are yt people & Egyptian elites so unhinged?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgLWq2RSL3I&t=2s
Sources:
Were the Ancient Greeks and Romans White? https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2020/09/30/were-the-ancient-greeks-and-romans-white/
Credit : KnowThyself
