Welcome Native Spirit, 1942 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80302 (2024)

21/04/2024

𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐆 𝐇𝐀𝐈𝐑 ♥
Traditionally, long hair was always a symbol of masculinity. All of history's great warriors had long hair, from the Greeks (who wrote odes to their heroes' hair) to the Nordic, from the American Indians (famous for their long shiny hair) to the Japanese. And the longer and beautiful the hair was, the more manly the warrior was considered. Vikings flaunted their braids and samurai wore their long hair as a symbol of their honor (they cut their braid when they lose honor).
When a warrior was captured, his mane was cut to humiliate him, to take away his beauty. That custom resumed in what is today military service. There when new soldiers begin their training the first thing they do is cut their hair to undermine their self-esteem, make them submissive and make them see who's boss.
The Romans were the ones who "invented" short hair so to speak, between the 1st and 5th centuries AD.. In battles they believed this gave them defensive advantages, since their opponents couldn't grab them by the hair. This also helped them to recognize each other in the battlefield.
Short hair on men is a relatively new "invention" that has nothing to do with aesthetics.
But today we often see men being humiliated, sometimes called "gay" for wearing long hair, not knowing that short hair is actually the "anti-masculine" and is a repressive social imposition, while long hair symbolizes freedom

20/04/2024

In the tumultuous symphony of life, 𝗞𝗲𝗮𝗻𝘂 𝗥𝗲𝗲𝘃𝗲𝘀' 𝗷𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘆 is a poignant melody of resilience, compassion, and unwavering kindness. From the tender age of three, fate dealt him a hand marked by abandonment, dyslexia, shattered dreams, and profound losses. Yet, amidst the shadows of adversity, Keanu emerged as a beacon of light, illuminating the lives of those around him with acts of selflessness and empathy.

His story is not one of despair, but of unwavering strength and boundless generosity. Amidst the hustle and bustle of filming "The Lake House," Keanu's heart was tuned to the whispers of need. Upon overhearing the plight of two costume assistants, he didn't hesitate to extend a lifeline, silently depositing the sum needed to save a home from foreclosure. Such gestures of compassion are woven into the very fabric of his being.

In the quiet simplicity of a bakery encounter, Keanu's humility shines brightly. On his birthday, he eschewed lavish celebrations, opting instead for a solitary brioche adorned with a single candle. Yet, his heart overflowed with a desire to share warmth and connection, offering coffee and conversation to passersby, a simple yet profound testament to the essence of human connection.

Even amidst the glitz and glamour of Hollywood, Keanu remains grounded, his wealth not measured in material possessions, but in the lives he touches and the hearts he uplifts. The success of the "Matrix" trilogy brought him not just financial prosperity, but also a deep appreciation for the unsung heroes behind the scenes. With a magnanimous spirit, he bestowed upon them the fruits of his success, recognizing their invaluable contributions with generous gifts and gestures of gratitude.

Beyond the spotlight, Keanu's compassion extends to the forgotten corners of society. In the quiet moments of a morning stroll, he found kinship with a homeless man, offering not just his presence, but his genuine empathy and understanding.

In a world often clouded by self-interest and vanity, Keanu's altruism shines as a guiding light, a reminder that true wealth lies not in possessions, but in the richness of the human spirit. He embodies the essence of goodness, choosing each day to embrace the intangible treasures of kindness, empathy, and compassion. And in doing so, he inspires us all to strive for a world where empathy reigns supreme and acts of kindness echo through the ages.

20/04/2024

February 17th, 1909, Geronimo dies of pneumonia at age 80, while still a captive of war at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The great Apache Resistance leader leaning against a tree.
~ "We are vanishing from the earth, yet I cannot think we are useless or Usen would not have created us. He created all tribes of men and certainly had a righteous purpose in creating each. For each tribe of men Usen created He also made a home. In the land created for any particular tribe He placed whatever would be best for the welfare of that tribe. When Usen created the Apaches He also created their homes in the West. He gave to them such grain, fruits, and game as they needed to eat. To restore their health when disease attacked them He made many different herbs to grow. He taught them where to find these herbs, and how to prepare them for medicine. He gave them a pleasant climate and all they needed for clothing and shelter was at hand. Thus it was in the beginning: the Apaches and their homes each created for the other by Usen himself. When they are taken from these homes they sicken and die.
How long will it be until it is said, there are no Apaches?" ~ Geronimo, 1906.
Geronimo often spoke of his desire for his people's eventual return to their ancestral homelands in Arizona. Tragically, his life ended at Fort Sill, Oklahoma far away from the beloved lands he had been forcefully taken from and imprisoned by the United States Government for defending. ~ Bedonkohe Apache leader Geronimo [Goyaałé], Mescalero-Chiricahua.

20/04/2024

In the 1890's, the American ethnographer James Mooney traveled to the land of the Comanches to gain an understanding of the Comanche Pe**te Ceremony. He eventually saw the ritual as a fountain of honesty and of true spiritual inspiration. Mooney soon began to see the medicinal value of the pe**te to tribal people as well.
In the encounter with well-known pe**te men, Mooney realized that the Comanches were one of the early users of pe**te within the teepee ceremony.
As he was welcomed into the Comanche pe**te meeting, he observed the gathering very closely. For the meeting, the famed Comanche Chief Quanah Parker who was the main protector of the ceremony had the elder Red Sun command the all-night meeting of fellowship.
Of the respected old great warrior Red Sun who was also known as Puiwat (Without Eyes), Mooney would later share that Puiwat "was blind and very feeble" yet "when it came to his turn to sing the midnight song, he took the rattle and sang as vigorously as any of the others."
After the meeting was over, the Comanche participants posed for a group picture beside their teepee for James Mooney. They were shown posed in front of Quanah Mountain. In his later report at the Smithsonian, Mooney shared that the pe**te was not to be feared. It allowed him to pursue a commitment to help preserve tribal ways.
Outstanding single picture of the noted Comanche Pe**te leader Red Sun or Puiwat (Without Eyes), ca. 1893. Photograph taken by W. J. Lenney. Courtesy of the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C.

18/04/2024

Photograph of Eva Geronimo, Geronimo and Emily Chihuahua, taken on March 14, 1904, probably in the studio of photographer H. H. Clarke, in Oklahoma City.
Eva Geronimo Godeley was born on September 23, 1889. She was the daughter of Zi-yeh and Geronimo.
In July 1890, Zi-yeh and her 10-month-old daughter Eva were baptized at Mount Vernon Church. When Eva was three years old, on any given Sunday in 1893, the well-dressed Geronimofamily could be seen and the ancient warrior carrying Eva in a stroller baby. Other times, when Geronimo went into a store to buy supplies and Eva was with him, he would buy her everything his daughter asked for.
In 1897, the painter Eldridge Ayer Burbank was sent by the “Chicago Field Museum” to paint a portrait of Geronimo. He also portrayed Eva at the age of nine (in 1898), writing in his notes: "No one could be kinder to a child than Geronimo was to her."
In the late summer of 1905, Eva's puberty ceremony took place.
When Geronimo died, Eva was at the Chilocco Indian Agricultural School (Newkirk, Kay County, Oklahoma) with her half-brother Robert, son of Ih-tedda.
Eva married her fellow Chilocco student, Fred Godeley or Golene. They had a daughter who was born on June 21, 1910, Evaline Golene, but she died after two months, on August 20.
Eva died of tuberculosis, less than a year later, on August 10, 1911.
Emily Chihuahua Tee was born on July 5, 1889. She was the daughter of Ilth-gozey and Chihuahua. She married Paul Teenabikezen, having a daughter, Edna. After Paul's death, Emily married John Hubbard, a Mescalero Apache.
Emily died on March 30, 1909, being buried next to Paul Teenanbikezen in the Northern Apache Cemetery, also called Chief Chihuahua Cemetery, in Lawton (Comanche County, Oklahoma).
Apachería.es

18/04/2024

𝑫𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒅 𝑾𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒎 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒅 𝑬𝒂𝒈𝒍𝒆 (𝑨𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒍 8, 1919 – 𝑱𝒖𝒍𝒚 22, 2016), 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒇 𝑫𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒅 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒅 𝑬𝒂𝒈𝒍𝒆, 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝑳𝒂𝒌𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓, 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒓, 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒏, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒏.
𝑫𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒅 𝑬𝒂𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒊 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒚 𝑪𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒌, 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒚𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒙 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒉 𝑫𝒂𝒌𝒐𝒕𝒂.
𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒅 𝑬𝒂𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑪𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝑨𝒓𝒎𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕. 𝑫𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒅 𝑾𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝑰, 𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆-𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 82𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒊𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒏𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 ("𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝑨𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏") 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒏𝒛𝒊𝒐, 𝒃𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒂 𝑺𝒊𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒓, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫-𝑫𝒂𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒂 𝑷𝒖𝒓𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒘𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅.
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒅 𝑾𝒂𝒓, 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒅 𝑬𝒂𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒓, 𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓, 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊-𝒑𝒓𝒐 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒐 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒚𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒎𝒔. 𝑯𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑳𝒂𝒌𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒍!

17/04/2024

White Buffalo, Cheyenne was born in 1862 &
died in June 1929.
He was described in newspaper articles in 1902 as being of striking appearance, as his hair had turned completely white when he was very young. His photo from his Carlisle days, dressed in a suit with a short haircut in the white man's style, shows that to be true. In 1888, when he was 26, he married a full-blood Northern Cheyenne widow. Medicine Woman, who was 30 at the time. She had also been born in Montana as had her parents. On the 1905 Indian Census for their reservation, they had four children listed: Emma White Buffalo, son Receiving Roots, Paul White Buffalo and Pratt White Buffalo - named for the Carlisle School founder. On the 1910 U. S. Federal Census, they are listed with only three of seven surviving children: John White Buffalo, James White Buffalo and Fred White Buffalo. According to the 1910 census, the mother of Medicine Woman also lived with them as well, 76 at the time, widowed and named Siege Woman. Medicine Woman is listed on this census as illiterate, as is her mother. His son, John White Buffalo enlisted for service in World War I. As full blood Cheyenne, both White Buffalo and Medicine Woman received land allotments on the reservation in 1891 in Lincoln Township in present-day Blaine County, Oklahoma. These are listed on several of the Indian Census lists as allotments number 966 and 967. White Buffalo lived to be 67 years old, and passed away on June 23, 1929, per the 1930 Indian census for the reservation. According to his obituary in the Watonga Republican newspaper dated June 27, 1929, he is buried at the Indian Mission Church on the reservation and was survived by his wife and sons.
White Buffalo, Cheyenne
Photo by Frank A. Rinehart, 1898.

17/04/2024

The Apache are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Mimbreño, Ndendahe (Bedonkohe or Mogollon and Nednhi or Carrizaleño and Janero), Salinero, Plains (Kataka or Semat or "Kiowa-Apache") and Western Apache (Aravaipa, Pinaleño, Coyotero, Tonto). Distant cousins of the Apache are the Navajo, with whom they share the Southern Athabaskan languages. There are Apache communities in Oklahoma and Texas, and reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. Apache people have moved throughout the United States and elsewhere, including urban centers. The Apache Nations are politically autonomous, speak several different languages, and have distinct cultures.
Historically, the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains, sheltered and watered valleys, deep canyons, deserts, and the southern Great Plains, including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona, Northern Mexico (Sonora and Chihuahua) and New Mexico, West Texas, and Southern Colorado. These areas are collectively known as Apacheria.
The Apache tribes fought the invading Spanish and Mexican peoples for centuries. The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. In 19th-century confrontations during the American-Indian wars, the U.S. Army found the Apache to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists

17/04/2024

This is a picture of Standing Holy, who is listed as Sitting Bull's daughter. It brings to mind the traditional Oceti Ŝakowiŋ style of parenting. The first time that Sitting Bull traveled and observed non-Native people spanking their children, he was shocked.
There was never a need to continually scold a child, belittle them, or strike them. They cuddled their children from birth to about seven because they believed crying wasn't good for children.
Often, if a child did not stop crying, some grandmothers would cry along with them to help them get over whatever had made them sad.
At an early age, they begin to take on the responsibility of their clothing and bedding. Our people traveled with the buffalo and had to be mobile. By the age of 10, most of our children knew how to take care of the materials needed for travel.
Love, teaching, structure, and community raised our children.
Colonization tells us that physical discipline helps shape our children and turn our boys into men. Yet, without ever being spanked, we produced the greatest warriors that ever walked this land.
Our lifeways and ceremonies through the different stages of life were more valuable than anything colonization offered.

17/04/2024

Keanu Reeves was abandoned by his father at 3 years old and grew up with 3 different stepfathers. He is dyslexic. His dream of becoming a hockey player was shattered by a serious accident. His daughter died at birth. His wife died in a car accident. His best friend, River Phoenix, died of an overdose. His sister has leukemia. And with everything that has happened, Keanu Reeves never misses an opportunity to help people in need. When he was filming the movie "The Lake House," he overheard the conversation of two costume assistants; One cried because he would lose his house if he did not pay $20,000 and on the same day Keanu deposited the necessary amount in the woman's bank account; He also donated stratospheric sums to hospitals. In 2010, on his birthday, Keanu walked into a bakery and bought a brioche with a single candle, ate it in front of the bakery, and offered coffee to people who stopped to talk to him. After winning astronomical sums for the Matrix trilogy, the actor donated more than $50 million to the staff who handled the costumes and special effects - the true heroes of the trilogy, as he called them. He also gave a Harley-Davidson to each of the stunt doubles. A total expense of several million dollars. And for many successful films, he has even given up 90% of his salary to allow the production to hire other stars. In 1997 some paparazzi found him walking one morning in the company of a homeless man in Los Angeles, listening to him and sharing his life for a few hours. Most stars when they make a charitable gesture they declare it to all the media. He has never claimed to be doing charity, he simply does it as a matter of moral principles and not to look better in the eyes of others. This man could buy everything, and instead every day he gets up and chooses one thing that cannot be bought: To be a good person.
Keanu Reeves' father is of Native Hawaiian descent
Also read Keanu's life .

16/04/2024

She was the dressmaker of Washington D.C., her dresses sophisticated and clean and designed to be of excellent fit, the desire of many. And to clients, she was often more than a dressmaker; she was a dear friend.
Elizabeth Keckley was born enslaved in Virginia in 1818. The only daughter of her enslaved mother, her birth father was the plantation owner. The man Elizabeth considered a father was her mother's husband, an enslaved man who lived on a plantation nearby. Twice a year on special holidays, mother, father, and daughter spent time together.
When Elizabeth was about seven years old, her father joined her and her mother, finally getting to live together. The time, however, was short-lived. Her father was taken West soon after. Of the experience, Elizabeth wrote:
"My father and mother never met again in this world. They kept up a regular correspondence for years, and the most precious mementoes of my existence are the faded old letters that he wrote, full of love, and always hoping that the future would bring brighter days. In nearly every letter is a message for me. 'Tell my darling little Lizzie,' he writes, 'to be a good girl, and to learn her book. Kiss her for me, and tell her that I will come to see her some day.' Thus he wrote time and again, but he never came. He lived in hope, but died without ever seeing his wife and child."
Life was a constant struggle for Elizabeth. In her teens, she was beaten at the whim of an owner who seemed to desire vengeance on Elizabeth. She was r***d by her owner's friend, from which Elizabeth became a mother. And in 1847, Elizabeth, her mother and son were taken to St. Louis, where Elizabeth worked as a seamstress. For twelve years, she worked many hours a day, her income going to support the family that enslaved her.
But it was also during these years of work as a seamstress that she met many women in town. Elizabeth was able to establish a network of connections. And in 1855, through a connection, Elizabeth secured a loan to purchase freedom for her and her son.
Elizabeth eventually made her way to Washington D.C., where she leveraged her skills as a seamstress, business savvy, and network to grow her business. She employed twenty seamstresses, making dresses for many women in town, including Mary Todd Lincoln, the president's wife.

16/04/2024

Time is running out for me too,
And life has left scars on my face.
Though my body is growing old,
My soul will always stay young.
The day will come,
When I too will cross the bridge,
And leave this earthly life behind.
But as long as you remember me, I'll live in your heart.
My soul will stay with you,
You will see my face in the rising sun.
My eyes in the stars,
That look down on you every night !

16/04/2024

Choctaw Tribe
The Choctaw were first noted by Europeans in French written records of 1675. Their mother mound is Nanih Waiya, a great earthwork platform mound located in central-east Mississippi. Early Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century in the Southeast encountered ancestral Mississippian culture villages and chiefs.
The Choctaw coalesced as a people in the 17th century and developed at least three distinct political and geographical divisions: eastern, western, and southern. These different groups sometimes created distinct, independent alliances with nearby European powers. These included the French, based on the Gulf Coast and in Louisiana; the English of the Southeast, and the Spanish of Florida and Louisiana during the colonial era.
Most Choctaw allied with the Americans during American Revolution, War of 1812, and the Red Stick War, most notably at the Battle of New Orleans. European Americans considered the Choctaw to be one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeast. The Choctaw and the United States agreed to a total of nine treaties. By the last three, the US gained vast land cessions in the Southeast. As part of Indian Removal, despite not having waged war against the United States, the majority of Choctaw were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory from 1831 to 1833. The Choctaw government in Indian Territory had three districts, each with its own chief, who together with the town chiefs sat on their National Council.
Those Choctaw who chose to stay in the state of Mississippi were considered state and U.S. citizens; they were one of the first major non-European ethnic groups to be granted citizenship. Article 14 in the 1830 treaty with the Choctaw stated Choctaws may wish to become citizens of the United States under the 14th Article of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on all of the combined lands which were consolidated under Article I from all previous treaties between the United States and the Choctaw.
During the American Civil War, the Choctaw in both Indian Territory and Mississippi mostly sided with the Confederate States of America. Under the late 19th-century Dawes Act and Curtis Acts, the US federal government broke up tribal land holdings and dissolved tribal governments in Indian Territory in order to extinguish Indian land claims before admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907. From that period, for several decades the US Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed chiefs of the Choctaw and other tribes in the former Indian Territory.
During World War I, Choctaw soldiers served in the US military as some of the first Native American codetalkers, using the Choctaw language. Since the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Choctaw people in three areas have reconstituted their governments and gained federal recognition. The largest are the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma.
Since the 20th century, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians were federally recognized in 1945, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma in 1971, and the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians in 1995
Thanks Donna !

16/04/2024

Native Tribes of North America Mapped
The ancestors of living Native Americans arrived in North America about 15 thousand years ago. As a result, a wide diversity of communities, societies, and cultures finally developed on the continent over the millennia.
The population figure for Indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus was 70 million or more.
About 562 tribes inhabited the contiguous U.S. territory. Ten largest North American Indian tribes: Arikara, Cherokee, Iroquois, Pawnee, Sioux, Apache, Eskimo, Comanche, Choctaw, Cree, Ojibwa, Mohawk, Cheyenne, Navajo, Seminole, Hope, Shoshone, Mohican, Shawnee, Mi’kmaq, Paiute, Wampanoag, Ho-Chunk, Chumash, Haida.
Below is the tribal map of Pre-European North America.
The old map below gives a Native American perspective by placing the tribes in full flower ~ the “Glory Days.” It is pre-contact from across the eastern sea or, at least, before that contact seriously affected change. Stretching over 400 years, the time of contact was quite different from tribe to tribe. For instance, the “Glory Days” of the Maya and Aztec came to an end very long before the interior tribes of other areas, with some still resisting almost until the 20th Century.
At one time, numbering in the millions, the native peoples spoke close to 4,000 languages.
The Americas’ European conquest, which began in 1492, ended in a sharp drop in the Native American population through epidemics, hostilities, ethnic cleansing, and slavery.
When the United States was founded, established Native American tribes were viewed as semi-independent nations, as they commonly lived in communities separate from white immigrants

15/04/2024

Martin Sensmeier (born June 27, 1985) (Tlingit/Koyukon-Athabascan) is an American actor and model. Of Alaska Native and European-American descent, he is known for playing various Native American roles. He starred in the 2016 remake The Magnificent Seven and had a recurring role as "Wanahton" in the HBO television series Westworld (2018). More recently, he has played a physical therapist in the TV series Yellowstone and a Comanche warrior named Sam in the prequel 1883, both directed by Taylor Sheridan.
He is expected to star in the biopic Bright Path: The Jim Thorpe Story, expected to go into production in mid-2021. Sensmeier would be the first indigenous person to play the star athlete, who was Sac and Fox and won two Olympic gold medals in 1912.

15/04/2024

SPOTTED ELK (AKA BIGFOOT) was the son of One Horn. His mother and younger sibling were killed in a Crow raid and his father was killed by a buffalo. He was raised by his uncle Lone Horn. He was one of our family members most interested in peace. Attended Peace talks in Washington. During the ghost dance of 1890 the government became anxious because we were praying for the old ways to return. As a result they asked Sitting Bull to condemn it. He would neither condemn it nor support it. So they sent the Indian police to his cabin where he was murdered. Fearful that his people maybe next, Spotted Elk took his people fled south from the northern camps to Pine Ridge seeking a way keep the peace. The 7th cavalry did not see it that way. They disarmed him and his peaceful followers and opened up on them and killed him and about 150 of his followers. It all took place at Wounded Knee.

15/04/2024

"I am an old woman now. The buffaloes and black-tail deer are gone, and our Indian ways are almost gone. Sometimes I find it hard to believe that I ever lived them.
My little son grew up in the white man's school. He can read books, and he owns cattle and has a farm. He is a leader among our Hidatsa people, helping teach them to follow the white man's road.
He is kind to me. We no longer live in an earth lodge, but in a house with chimneys, and my son's wife cooks by a stove.
But for me, I cannot forget our old ways.
Often in summer I rise at daybreak and steal out to the corn fields, and as I hoe the corn I sing to it, as we did when I was young. No one cares for our corn songs now.
Sometimes in the evening I sit, looking out on the big Missouri. The sun sets, and dusk steals over the water. In the shadows I see again to see our Indian village, with smoke curling upward from the earth lodges, and in the river's roar I hear the yells of the warriors, and the laughter of little children of old.
It is but an old woman's dream. Then I see but shadows and hear only the roar of the river, and tears come into my eyes. Our Indian life, I know, is gone forever."
Waheenee - Hidatsa (North Dakota)
Credit: Remembering the Old West.

14/04/2024

Comanche portraits
North America was a place of great turbulence and many conflicts when the newcomers decided to inhabit the land and take parts of it for themselves.
In the 18th and 19th century, many tribes, such as Iroquois, Cherokee and Shawnee were overwhelmed by the number of settlers moving westward across America.
When the settlers started moving to the southern edges of the continent their movement was put to a halt for some time. A fierce tribe of Comanche were the reason for it.Even though many tribes have adapted to the introduction of the horse, the Comanche were the group who took most advantage out of it.Previously being an obscure mountain tribe, the Comanche became the fiercest and most famous riders that caused many troubles to the settlers.
In contrast to, for example, Sioux and Cheyenne that would dismount their horses before battle, Comanche continued riding in a fight, which gave them a significant advantage.

14/04/2024

Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award and a National Board of Review Award.
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He has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Emmy Awards. Elliott was cast in the musical drama A Star Is Born (2018), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding prizes at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards. He also won a National Board of Review Award. Elliott starred as Shea Brennan in the American drama miniseries 1883 (2021–2022), for which he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.
Elliott is known for his distinctive lanky physique, full mustache, and deep, sonorous voice. He began his acting career with minor appearances in The Way West (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), season five of Mission: Impossible, and guest-starred on television in the Western Gunsmoke (1972) before landing his first lead film role in Frogs (1972). His film breakthrough was in the drama Lifeguard (1976). Elliott co-starred in the box office hit Mask (1985) and went on to star in several Louis L'Amour adaptations such as The Quick and the Dead (1987) and Conagher (1991), the latter of which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. He received his second Golden Globe and first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Buffalo Girls (1995). His other film credits from the early 1990s include as John Buford in the historical drama Gettysburg (1993) and as Virgil Earp in the Western Tombstone (also 1993). In 1998, he played the Stranger in The Big Lebowski.
In the 2000s, Elliott appeared in supporting roles in the drama We Were Soldiers (2002) and the superhero films Hulk (2003) and Ghost Rider (2007). In 2015, he guest-starred on the series Justified, which earned him a Critics' Choice Television Award, and in 2016 began starring in the Netflix series The Ranch. Elliott subsequently had a lead role in the comedy-drama The Hero.
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13/04/2024

THREE GENERATIONS, circa 1905. Grace Big Medicine, left, posed with her daughter Annie and mother Mary Theresa Spotted Hat (Mrs. Albert Lincoln). The portrait was taken by Fred E. Miller on the Crow (Apsáalooke) Reservation, southeast of Billings, Montana. I love seeing family resemblances in multi-generation portraits. Text and digital restoration of photo by G.J. Coffrin.

12/04/2024

𝗞'𝗮𝗮 𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗶, 𝗮 𝗡𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗷𝗼 𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿, 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟯
The Navajo tribe had been reduced to being moved to reservation by the end of the 19th century. The proud tribe had dramatically changed its geographical features, as well as saw many of their men become "Indian scouts" for the United States military. The men of the tribe needed to get permission from the government to go off of the reservation.
During World War II, Navajo warriors were incredibly important to the United States military as they were code talkers who could send messages without the Japanese army figuring their message out.

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