26/05/2024
"The Hobbit" is a textbook example of what comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell calls the monomyth or the “hero’s journey.” The concept, based on his lifelong study of myths and legends from across the globe, is a narrative blueprint shared by many well-known stories. Formulated in Campbell’s 1949 book "The Hero with a Thousand Faces," the journey can be divided into eight steps:
1️⃣ The hero receives a call to adventure
2️⃣ They refuse the call
3️⃣ They meet an inspiring mentor
4️⃣ They decide to “cross the threshold” and accept the call
5️⃣ They leave their home and face obstacles, enemies, and allies
6️⃣ They fail to achieve the goal
7️⃣ They try again and succeed
8️⃣ Finally, they come home with a reward
[Campbell] believed this monomyth was an abstract representation of growing up — the hero slaying the dragon being a metaphor for confronting and conquering our own insecurities and shortcomings.
However, over time, the universal nature of The Hero's Journey has been challenged and reevaluated. While narratives like the story of Moses in the Book of Exodus and the battle between Marduk and Tiamat in Mesopotamian mythology can be summarized as hero’s journeys, many other tales of old — from tragedies like "Oedipus Rex" to folktales like "Rumpelstiltskin," not to mention most creation myths — cannot.
In recent decades, feminist scholars have argued that many heroic figures from myth and literature aren’t as admirable as they were previously made out to be and that the interest scholars like Campbell show them is tantamount to the glorification of violence, aggression, and patriarchal social structures. It’s a harsh criticism, but maybe not altogether uncalled for. The Hero with a Thousand Faces focuses on male heroes, many of whom are out to save a princess.
✒️ Words by Tim Brinkhof