02/12/2023
November 30th: St. Andrew’s Day / Day of the Wolf
I’m a couple of days late on this one but I wanted to share this information.
As I’ve said in other posts, I’m creating an ancestral calendar of holidays or observances my ancestors may have celebrated and looking for pagan roots in them or adding my own pagan traditions to them.
Saint Andrew’s day is a Christian celebration which however has some pre-Christian roots, so several pagan traditions have been kept in Romania and poland. The Christian celebration has actually replaced an ancient pagan tradition called the Day of the Wolf in Romania.
In Poland, this is a feast celebrated on the night of 29th/30th November. It’s believed to be a magical night suitable for love spells, and was celebrated throughout the centuries mostly by the unmarried people who wanted to reveal their future husband or wife. Similar feasts are also observed for example in some parts of Ukraine, Slovakia, Russia, Germany, Austria and Romania.
In Romania, Saint Andrew’s night is sort of the equivalent of Halloween, as there are many pre-Christian traditions and superstitions related to it. It is believed that this night, spirits come out, wolves speak like humans, and people defend themselves from evil with incantations and garlic. Garlic apparently keeps evil spirits away.
In Poland, nowadays the Poles celebrate primarily the Andrzejki (St.Andrew’s Eve), but some remnants of a similar feast of Katarzynki also survived - it was celebrated on the Eve of St. Catherine / Katarzyna (24th/25th Nov), and survived the longest in the region of Biskupin.
It is said that Andrzejki was dedicated primarily to the girls who wanted to know more about their future partner, and Katarzynki was the best for the boys to make divinations.
In Romania, A common tradition on this day is to plant wheat seeds and keep them indoors until New Year’s Eve. The tradition goes that the person who plants the wheat will be able to tell how next year will be based on how the plants will look like. Another tradition is to take small branches from a fruit tree, put them in water and keep them until the Christmas holiday. The branches should bloom, which is another sign of how fruitful next year will be.
The most popular form of divination in Poland is pouring hot wax onto cold water. The wax is first melted over fire in a small mug, then poured through a keyhole. People wait until it hardens properly in the cold water, then the pieces of wax are held against a candle to produce shadow on a wall. Its shapes symbolize things that will happen in the upcoming year.
Instead of a key, in the old days people were using for example woven straw or a horseshoe. In case of lack of a proper key, it’s also acceptable to cut a shape of it out of e.g. cardboard. In the past many people were also using melted lead instead of wax.
Also, in Poland, other popular divinations include a race of shoes. Everyone gathered in the room took off one of their shoes and placed them in a line on the floor. The last shoe in the line is carried to the front - the process is repeated until one of the shoes reaches the front door and crosses the threshold.
Originally it symbolized a girl leaving her home, and the owner of the lucky shoe will be the first from the group to get married in the future.
Some old divinations also involve house pets. Each person prepares a small bowl with treats - for example milk for a cat or pieces of meat for a dog - and then places it on the floor. Owner of the bowl from which the pet eats first will be the first to get married (or find their true love).
In the old days the treats were prepared very carefully - they were for example small cakes made of certain ingredients, mixed with water that was gathered in a certain way from a well or a brook (brought home for example only in a red mug or only in your own mouth), and baked over fire that was ignited with a wood plank borrowed (or stolen) from a neighbor.
If the pet runs away out of the room with the treat, it was also a good sign meaning a marriage (symbolic crossing of the threshold). However, if the animal hides under a bed with the treat, it meant death of the food’s owner. If the food is only bitten and left in the bowl or close to it, it meant that the partner would break up.
Other popular divination required preparing pieces of paper with names of the crushes written on it. In one of the versions the paper (preferably in the shape of a heart) is then turned around and pierced with a pin to reveal which of the names is the future spouse. The paper can be also pinned to a wall and serve as a dartboard.
In another version, much older, the people prepare small strips of paper, in a form of lots, and put them under the pillow - they draw one in the morning right after waking up.
Regardless of the version, the papers should always have at least one empty spot / one empty lot in case neither of the chosen names is the destined one.
Before another popular game of divination the people prepare mugs, flipped upside-down, and hide a symbolic accessory under each of them. The mugs are shifted around, and a person (with their eyes covered) chooses one. The hidden accessory indicates the future. It could be for example a ring or a female cap meaning marriage; a twig of rue or a dry leaf meaning spinsterhood / bachelorhood; a rosary, its beads, or a cross meaning a religious life or even life in a monastery; a coin meaning a wealthy life (but not necessarily full of love); a doll meaning an illegitimate child. One mug should be always empty - it means that nothing will change in the nearest future.
The divinations have dozens of regional types in Poland, and often take forms of various games or competitions. Many customs are sadly forgotten or not practiced anymore, only being told in stories by the oldest generations.
In modern days the people treat Andrzejki as a special night that strengthens and ensures effectiveness of various divinations - many of modern activities come also in forms that are known worldwide, for example reading cards or tea leaves. Among most of the modern Polish society the divinations are no longer taken seriously, and are only an occasion for a unique once-in-a-year party, very often combined with celebrations of Andrzej’s namesday (instead of birthdays some cultures celebrate namesday based on Saints’ names, etc).
Information about Polish women who were sentenced to death for conducting wax divinations (described above) can be found in 16th-century documents.
Saint Andrew's day is a day off in Romania. December 1, Romania's National Day, is also a day off.
Romanian Christians celebrate Saint Andrew (Andrei) on November 30, when over 600,000 Romanians named Andrei, Andreea, Andra, Andreas also celebrate their name day.
St. Andrew, who was the brother of Saint Peter, was also the first called by Jesus to join him. His name is of Greek origin and means manly or brave. St. Andrew was crucified on November 30, in the year 60 AD, in the Greek city of Patras.
He preached in the ancient province of Scythia, which included today’s Dobrogea in Romania, and along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river. He thus became the patron saint of Ukraine, Romania, and Russia. He’s also the patron saint of Scotland, Greece, Cyprus, and Sicily.
Sources:
https://3seaseurope.com/st-andrews-eve-andrzejki-fortune-telling-husband/
https://www.romania-insider.com/saint-andrews-day-a-christian-celebration-with-pegan-roots
https://3seaseurope.com/st-andrews-eve-andrzejki-fortune-telling-husband/
https://lamus-dworski.tumblr.com/post/134221065077/andrzejki-feast-of-love-divinations-in-poland