14/04/2021
Igbo Ikenga n.d.
© National Museums Scotland A.1906.54
[Among the Ibos of Nigeria; Basden 1931]
We turn now to the private and family gods — those which are kept within the house and compound and which have a much closer connection with the individual than those which are public and general.
It must be again emphasised that no object in itself is worshipped by the Ibos ; it is sacred only as the habitation of a spirit. It has only that relative sanctity to which it is entitled as the shrine or home of a certain spirit. Very seldom are the objects themselves called upon by name ; the petitions are invariably addressed to the igaw-maw(?ajo mmuo) i.e. the spirits. Occasionally the god Ikenga is invoked under the title of Ikenga Oweawfa, i.e. " he who splits the shield (of the enemy), hence the strongest one : the bravest one."
Each house contains many sacred objects, but they have not all equal significance, for among the " gods many and lords many " there are higher and lower degrees of importance. The most universal of these household gods, and that which is given first rank, is the Ikenga, and no house may be without one. It is the first god sought by a young man at the beginning of his career, and it is the one to which he looks for good luck in all his enterprises.
The Ikenga is always carved from a solid block of uroko-wood. The height varies from one foot upwards. It represents a man seated upon a stool ; two long horns, curling backwards, are the symbol of strength and power. Many examples have a long-stemmed pipe in the mouth, the bowl of the pipe resting on the knees. The right hand of the larger Ikengas grasps a sword, point upwards, whilst the left holds the head of the conquered enemy — this again denoting strength.
Occasionally the horns project from a headless trunk and no limbs are provided. Such are simply of cheaper design. For religious purposes all figures of Ikenga stand equal. As a rule only the head of the household may offer sacrifice to them ; should he be prevented for any reason the awkpala (next of kin, male) officiates in his stead.