24/03/2022
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With the ex*****on of King Charles I in 1649, Oliver Cromwell became the first non-royal to lead England as Lord Protector. He helped to establish the Commonwealth of England before forming the Protectorate in 1653 that gave him his title. It was a short period, however, as Cromwell died five years into his Protectorship and his republic lasted less than two years afterward. History remembers Cromwell for his rebellion against Charles, his harsh rule, and the ultimate failure of his republic. Yet there is more to Oliver Cromwell that deserves to be known:
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
While Cromwell himself was a very strict Puritan, he was publicly and privately tolerant of other religions and opened members of other faiths to practice freely. His government permitted freedom of worship by separatist sects such as Quakers and Baptists. While the new constitution in theory did not have a place for Catholicism, in practice English Catholics enjoyed a freedom of worship that they had not known since Queen Mary I. And while it was arguably an economically practical matter, Cromwell’s government allowed for the return of Jews to England after they had been expelled under the reign of King Edward I.
HOWEVER…
Cromwell’s tolerance of Catholics did not extend to the Irish. While viewing Mass as idolatrous, he permitted it for English Catholics because he saw them as loyal subjects, whereas Irish Catholics had rebelled against England. Such views had their root in the campaign Cromwell waged against Ireland from 1649 to 1650 that saw Irish Confederates side with the English Royalists. Historians debate the level of atrocities committed by his forces against the Irish people, which include accounts of the massacres of civilians. Cromwell saw the Irish as religious and political enemies since many Royalists fled England at the end of the Civil War and tried to regroup in Ireland. After Cromwell’s conquest of Ireland, he banned Catholicism on the island and killed any Catholic priests he captured, which had severe and long-lasting consequences for the Irish people.
A TERRIBLE LANDLORD
Oliver Cromwell is also responsible for one of the most oppressive things to happen to the Irish people. It was under Cromwell that England instituted the landlord system that confiscated large tracts of land from Irish farmers and gave them over to “loyal” English landowners. Catholic ownership of land dropped from 60% to 8% and never recovered to that number until after Ireland became a separate republic in 1922. The landlord system was responsible for a great number of hardships on the Irish people, including the Great Famine in the 19th Century, and was amongst the motivations for Ireland’s independence.
Cromwell changed the course of Irish history, leading to turbulent relations with England for centuries to come.
So yes, it’s fair to say that – despite the counter-arguments and efforts at redeeming Cromwell’s actions by some historians – he will likely remain one of the England's greatest villains to the Irish.
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