03/08/2023
The European rock pipit is also a host to the flea Ceratophyllus borealis,[24] and several other flea species in the genera Ceratophyllus and Dasypsyllus.[25] The Eurasian rock pipit can benefit from parasitism of the common periwinkle Littorina littoria by the castrating trematode Parorchis acanthus. Beaches can become attractive where the decline of the periwinkle results in more ungrazed algae, with corresponding increases in invertebrates and a greater diversity of smaller Littorina snails as food for the pipits.[26]
