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02/01/2025

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29/12/2024

Can you guess the Medical Terms Based on the Clues Provided?

07/09/2024

15/08/2024

August 13, 2024

𝐇𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐋𝐘 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐓:

𝐏𝐏𝐡𝐀'𝐬 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐨𝐧 𝐇𝐎𝐔𝐒𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐋 𝐍𝐨. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟎 - '𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬'

11/08/2024

Part 2: Pharmacy a conversion Factors

08/08/2024

06/08/2024

Pharmaceutical Calculation Practice Problem Part 1
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28/10/2023

Philippines Pharmacy Jurisprudence Practice Questions || Part 2. Please see the comment section for the rationale of answers.
https://youtu.be/5YayXi53xi0?si=cWWHmzg9Z3AEm_7u

14/07/2023

Philippines Pharmacy Jurisprudence Practice Question Part 1

03/07/2023

Biochemistry Practice Questions || Part 3
Please see the comment section below for the rationale.

30/06/2023

Biochemistry Practice Questions || Part 2
Please see comment section below for the rationale of the answers.

26/06/2023

Biochemistry Practice Questions || Part 1
Please see comment section below for the rationale of answers.

24/06/2023

Pharmacognosy Practice Questions || Part 3
Please see comments for the explanation of answers.

19/06/2023

Pharmacognosy Practice Questions || Part 2

05/06/2023

Pharmacognosy Practice Questions Part 1

ANSWER:1. D. All of the above➡️ Scientific name: Cannabis sativa➡️ Additional common street names: Dope, Grass, Pot, and W**d. 2. C. Mastic➡️ Scientific name...

27/11/2022

ANSWERS:

1. B. Clavulanic acid.
➡️ This also includes: Sulbactam, and Tazobactam (Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry).
➡️Michael reaction (Michael addition): The conjugate addition of a carbanion, enolate, enamine, or other carbon nucleophiles to the B-carbon of an enone, enal, or other alpha, beta-unsaturated compound. This results in a new carbon-carbon bond at the B-carbon. The Michael reaction nucleophile is called the “Michael donor.” The Michael reaction electrophile is called the “Michael acceptor.”

2. A. Ondansetron
➡️ Another example is Granisetron. These drugs are primarily used to control nausea and vomiting particularly those associated with chemotherapy.

3. A. Monomer.
➡️ The insulin molecule contains 51 amino acids; it is made up of two peptide chains linked by disulphide bonds. Although it is active as a monomer, during its biosynthesis and storage it assembles to dimers and, in the presence of zinc, to hexamers.

4. B. Tetracycline.
➡️ It is a broad-spectrum nephthacene antibiotic produced semi synthetically from chlortetracycline, an antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens.

5. B. Etoposide.
➡️ It is the analogue of podophyllotoxin that inhibits Topoisomerase II and contains CH3 as its R group.

6. B. Suramin.
➡️ A high molecular – weight bisurea derivative containing six sulfonic acid groups as their sodium salts. It was developed in Germany shortly after World War I as a by-product of research efforts directed toward the development of potential antiparasitic agents from dyestuffs.
➡️ A 100-year-old drug developed to treat African sleeping sickness and river blindness.

7. D. Glycobiarsol.
➡️ Has also been used orally for the treatment of intestinal amebiasis.
➡️ Another name: bismuth glycollylarsanilate.
➡️ Common brand name: milibis.

8. C. Thenard’s blue.
➡️ Is a cobalt meta-aluminate obtained from aluminum compounds heated with sodium carbonate in cobalt nitrate solution.

9. A. Babbitt metal.
➡️ The largest amount of antimony is in its form of alloys.
➡️ Pewter is a tin alloy that contains 90% tin, 5-10% antimony, 2% or less copper, and sometimes bismuth and silver.
➡️ Antifriction metal is 75% tin, 12.5% antimony, and 12.5% copper.

10. B. Germanium.
➡️ Found in bis-B-carboxy-ethyl germanium sesquioxide, is reported to possess immune enhancing and antitumor effects.

22/11/2022

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICE QUESTIONS PART 2
https://youtu.be/uoFgagj1Al4

ANSWERS:

1. A. Iodine solution, composition.
➡️Iodine tincture: 2% iodine in 50% alcohol with sodium iodide.
➡️Strong iodine solution (Lugol’s solution): 5% iodine in water with potassium iodide.
➡️Mayer’s reagent: Mixture of Mercuric chloride and Potassium iodide in water
➡️Wagner’s reagent: Mixture of iodine and Potassium iodide in water

2. A. Cleocin.
➡️7-Chloro-7deoxylincomycin or 7-Chloro-lincomycin is the chemical name of Clindamycin HCl, USP (Cleocin).

3. D. Dimercaprol
➡️The antidotal property of dimercaprol is associated with the property of heavy metals to react with sulfhydryl (SH) groups in proteins and interfere with their normal function. It is effective topically and systematically as an antidote for poisoning caused by arsenic, antimony, mercury, gold, and lead.
➡️Other names: 2,3-Dimercaptro -1-propanol, BAL, or dithioglycerol
➡️It is a foul-smelling, colorless liquid, soluble in water (1:20) and alcohol. It was developed by the British during World War II as an antidote for “Lewisite,” hence the name British anti-Lewisite or BAL.

4. B. Bridge elements.
➡️Diagonals or bridge elements are diagonally related compounds wherein the first member of the family is quite unfamiliar with the rest but more related in properties to the second member of the adjacent group to the right.
➡️Metalloids (AKA: Semimetals): belong to p-block elements and it is placed on the right side of the periodic table. They exhibit the properties of both metals as well as non-metals. They are considered “non of the above.” They don’t fit neatly into the categories of metal or non-metal because of their characteristics.
➡️Representative elements (AKA: main group elements, A group elements, and s and p block elements): are found on its left and right parts. They are the s block (group 1 and 2) and p block elements (group 13 to 18). For s block elements, the s orbital gets filled; for p block elements, the p orbital gets filled. They called representative elements because they display a wide range of physical and chemical properties.
➡️Lanthanide and actinides belong to f-flock elements (6 and 7, respectively) with different properties so they are place at the bottom of periodic table. The lanthanides are between Barium and Hafnium. The actinides are between Radium and Rutherfordium.

5. A. Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate
➡️All common mercury salts are poisonous, and the best antidote for this is Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate.

6. B. Histidine.
➡️Histidine helps make a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) called histamine. Histamine is a monoamine synthesized from the amino acid histidine through a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme histidine decarboxylase (HDC), which removes carboxyl group from histidine. Histamine plays an important role in your body’s immune function, digestion, sleep and sexual functions.

7. D. Leuprolide.
➡️It is also use for problems with the endometrium (lining of the uterus), and uterine fibroids (noncancerous growths of the uterus). It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer.

8. A. 1:5000.
➡️Iodine solutions in concentrations of 1:5000 (0.02%) in distilled water of isotonic solution of sodium chloride display more effective antibacterial activity against common bacteria than do solutions of chloride (1:5000) or free bromine (1:5000).

9. C. Sodium.
➡️A minute quantity of sodium with white phosphorous results to violet phosphorous at 200 deg Celsius at very high pressures.

10. B. Bromine, tenth normal solution.
➡️A solution of potassium bromate and potassium bromide in water is also known as Koppeschaar’s solution.

ANSWERS:1. A. Iodine solution, composition.➡️Iodine tincture: 2% iodine in 50% alcohol with sodium iodide.➡️Strong iodine solution (Lugol’s solution): 5% iod...