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Physicists create time reversed optical waves
Optical waves researchers at the University of Queensland and Nokia Bell Labs in the United States have revealed a new procedure to display the time-reversal of the optical wave, which could transform the disciplines of telecommunications and advanced biomedical imaging.
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Scientists Found The Perfect Spot To Build A Human Base on Mars.
Before astronauts can live on another planet, scientists will have to figure out the optimal locations for their space habitats. Aside from being barren and uninhabitable, planets like Mars are subject to harmful radiations from space that astronauts would have to be shielded from.
Scientists have now figured out a possible location that is subject to very low amounts of radiation on the Red Planet, making them a perfect spot for future astronauts to build their base of operations. According to Widely Explore.com, a team of researchers think that the lava tubes in the Hellas Planitia impact crater are one of the safest places that astronauts can take shelter in on Mars.
Hellas Planitia is a 23,464 feet deep ancient impact crater near the equator of Mars. The depth means that radiation has to traverse through a greater distance of martian atmosphere to reach the surface. Researchers explained in their pre-print paper that considerably less amount of radiation reaches the bottom of the Hellas Planitia crater.
The researchers further focused on lava tubes near Hadriacus Mons, a mountain formed due to volcanic eruptions located along the edge on Hellas Planitia carter. The researchers in their analysis found that astronauts would be exposed to 82% less radiation in the lava tubes than compared to the rest of the crater. Researchers narrowed it down to three lava tubes that could potentially be used by future Martian explorers as a base of operations.
The scientists in their paper concluded that “terrestrial lava tubes can be leveraged for radiation shielding, and accordingly that the candidate lava tubes on Mars (as well as known lava tubes on the lunar surface) can serve as natural radiation shelters and habitats for a prospective crewed mission to the plane.”
Scientists Found The Perfect Spot To Build A Human Base on Mars.
Before astronauts can live on another planet, scientists will have to figure out the optimal locations for their space habitats. Aside from being barren and uninhabitable, planets like Mars are subject to harmful radiations from space that astronauts would have to be shielded from.
Scientists have now figured out a possible location that is subject to very low amounts of radiation on the Red Planet, making them a perfect spot for future astronauts to build their base of operations. According to Widely Explore.com, a team of researchers think that the lava tubes in the Hellas Planitia impact crater are one of the safest places that astronauts can take shelter in on Mars.
Hellas Planitia is a 23,464 feet deep ancient impact crater near the equator of Mars. The depth means that radiation has to traverse through a greater distance of martian atmosphere to reach the surface. Researchers explained in their pre-print paper that considerably less amount of radiation reaches the bottom of the Hellas Planitia crater.
The researchers further focused on lava tubes near Hadriacus Mons, a mountain formed due to volcanic eruptions located along the edge on Hellas Planitia carter. The researchers in their analysis found that astronauts would be exposed to 82% less radiation in the lava tubes than compared to the rest of the crater. Researchers narrowed it down to three lava tubes that could potentially be used by future Martian explorers as a base of operations.
The scientists in their paper concluded that “terrestrial lava tubes can be leveraged for radiation shielding, and accordingly that the candidate lava tubes on Mars (as well as known lava tubes on the lunar surface) can serve as natural radiation shelters and habitats for a prospective crewed mission to the plane.”
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There's More Than Anyone Thought
Newly released data from NASA's Juno probe shows that water may make up about 0.25% of the molecules in the atmosphere over Jupiter's equator. While that doesn't sound like much, the calculation is based on a prevalence of water's components, hydrogen, and oxygen, three times more than at the sun. The new measurements Juno obtained are much higher than a previous mission suggested.
The surprise result has scientists delving again into results from NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter, which obtained drier results in 1995 when engineers deliberately threw the spacecraft into Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo was low on fuel and NASA didn't want to take the chance, even if it was a slight one, of the spacecraft accidentally crashing on a potentially habitable icy moon.
Reconciling the results from Galileo and Juno is key for scientists to better understand how our solar system came together, NASA said in a statement. Since Jupiter was probably the first planet to form, it could have sucked up most of the gas and dust that the sun's formation left behind. How much water Jupiter soaked up then, should help scientists identify the most plausible theories to explain its formation.
And understanding Jupiter's birth would in turn help scientists understand how the planet's wind currents move and what its insides are made of. Scientists should be able to generalize findings at Jupiter to certain kinds of large exoplanets to learn how other solar systems formed.
Galileo's results were a puzzle even back in the 1990s. The spacecraft sent back data showing 10 times less water than scientists predicted, and more weirdly the amount of water appeared to increase the deeper Galileo went into Jupiter's atmosphere, according to the NASA statement. Scientists had expected that by the time it stopped transmitting data, at a depth of about 75 miles (120 kilometers), the atmosphere around it should have been well-mixed with an unchanging composition.
A ground-based infrared telescope was able to measure water concentrations at Jupiter at the same time as Galileo's plunge and showed that Galileo may have accidentally hit a dry spot, meaning water is not well-mixed deep in Jupiter's atmosphere.
Juno's first eight flybys also showed a lack of atmospheric mixing. The spacecraft's radiometer obtained data even deeper than Galileo's measurements, at 93 miles (150 km) down, and found more water at the equator than Galileo did.
Scientists are now waiting to compare Juno's equatorial measurements, with observations at the north of the planet Juno's 53-day orbit is gradually moving northward to examine more of that hemisphere with each flyby. The spacecraft's next science flyby will be on April 10.
Just when we think we have things figured out, Jupiter reminds us how much we still have to learn, Scott Bolton, Juno principal investigator at the Southwest Research Institute, said in the NASA statement. Juno's surprise discovery that the atmosphere was not well mixed even well below the cloud tops is a puzzle that we are still trying to figure out. No one would have guessed that water might be so variable across the planet.
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| ? Boulder shadows may spawn short-lived pools of brine.
The 'Ghost' of an Unknown Extinct Human Has Been Found in DNA of Modern West Africans.
The gene pool of modern West Africans contains the 'ghost' of a mysterious hominin, unlike any we've detected so far. Similar to how humans and Neanderthals once mated, new research suggests this ancient long-lost species may have once mingled with our ancestors on the African continent.
The last woolly mammoths on Earth had disastrous DNA.
Dwarf woolly mammoths that lived on Siberia's Wrangel Island until about 4,000 years ago were plagued by genetic problems, carrying DNA that increased their risk of diabetes, developmental defects, and low s***m count, a new study finds.
These mammoths couldn't even smell flowers, the researchers reported.
"I have never been to Wrangel Island, but I am told by people who have that in the springtime, it's just basically covered in flowers," study lead researcher Vincent Lynch, an assistant professor of biological sciences at the University at Buffalo in New York, told Science News. "[The mammoths] probably couldn't smell any of that."
Scientists reveal the most extensive genetic map of cancers ever made.
Perhaps more than any other, cancer is seen as a disease of genes gone wrong. So, as genetic-sequencing technology has become cheaper and faster, cancer scientists are using it to check which changes to genes cause tumors to spread.
Water on Mars? Boulder shadows may spawn short-lived pools of brine.
Many tiny patches of the ground on modern Mars may be capable of supporting life as we know it if only very briefly, a new study suggests.
Water ice is abundant on and near the Martian surface, but conditions have to be just right for this stuff to give rise to liquid water. That's because the Red Planet's atmosphere is quite thin — just 1% as dense as Earth's air at sea level — so ice tends to sublimate or turn directly into v***r when temperatures rise sufficiently. (Specifically, the ice ev***rates before temperatures rise enough to hit water's melting point.)
The study identifies a microenvironment that could host those just-right conditions: the areas directly behind certain boulders in midlatitude regions of Mars that lie in the rocks' shadows continuously during the winter months.
US scientists discover the closest-known newborn massive plane.
Researchers at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) have discovered the presence of a new “baby giant planet” that is cosmically closer to Earth than any other planet of such a young age.
A newborn massive planet, dubbed 2MASS 1155-7919 b, was discovered by a team of researchers from RIT in Rochester, New York, according to a February 7 publication in the journal Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society.
Using data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia space observatory, scientists were able to locate the presence of the newborn massive planet about 330 light-years from our own solar system.
"The dim, cool object we found is very young and only 10 times the mass of Jupiter, which means we are likely looking at an infant planet, perhaps still in the midst of formation," said Annie Dickson-Vandervelde, the research’s lead author and a Ph.D. student, in a release from RIT.
The baby giant planet, which is located in the Epsilon Chamaeleontis Association, is said to orbit a 5 million-year-old star at a distance that is about 600 times that at which the Earth orbits the sun.
“Though lots of other planets have been discovered through the Kepler mission and other missions like it, almost all of those are ‘old’ planets. This is also only the fourth or fifth example of a giant planet so far from its ‘parent’ star, and theorists are struggling to explain how they formed or ended up there.”
Though scientists have little information on how such infant planets can end up so far away from their so-called “parent” stars, the team is confident that follow-up research using “imaging and spectroscopy” will provide answers about the story behind similar planets’ wide orbits.
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Coronavirus: China wildlife trade ban ‘should be permanent’.
BEIJING-Campaigners have urged China to apply a permanent ban on the wildlife trade following the coronavirus outbreak.
Markets selling live animals are considered a potential source of diseases that are new to humans.
There has been speculation just such a market in Wuhan could have been the starting point for the outbreak.
China put a temporary ban on the trade in wildlife as one measure to control the spread of coronavirus, but conservationists say it’s not enough.
They argue that, in addition to protecting human health, a permanent ban would be a vital step in the effort to end the illegal trading of wildlife.
Campaigners say that China’s demand for wildlife products, which find uses in traditional medicine, or as exotic foods, is driving a global trade in endangered species.
More than 70% of emerging infections in humans are estimated to have come from animals, particularly wild animals.
Experts with the World Health Organization (WHO) say there’s a high likelihood the new coronavirus came from bats. But it might have made the jump to a currently unknown animal group before humans could be infected.
Two critical software defects plagued Starliner test flight.
After failing to rendezvous with the International Space Station as planned during Starliner’s first orbital flight test in December last year, an independent review carried out to determine what went wrong has found, “two critical software defects” that were not detected ahead of flight despite multiple safeguards, says a statement by the agency, one of which could have had serious connotations for the spaceship during reentry.
Following Starliner’s troubled Orbital Flight Test (OFT) mission late last year, a joint investigation team consisting of NASA and Boeing officials was established in January tasked with examining the primary issues that occurred during the test flight.
At the time of the incident it was revealed by mission officials that problems with Starliner's onboard timer was behind the capsule consuming more fuel than anticipated, thus preventing Starliner from docking with the space station.
Although engineers regained control of the situation and put the spacecraft into a safe orbit, a further review of other critical components led engineers to uncover a “valve mapping software issue,” within the Service Module (SM) Disposal Sequence said the agency in a teleconference on 7 February.
The service module contains the spacecraft's support systems and is supposed to detach prior to re-entry. Had the problem not been caught and fixed via a software patch before the spacecraft returned to Earth, the cylindrical service module’s thrusters could have fired in the wrong sequence, sending it back into the crew module and possibly triggering a problematic collision of the two components.
"The thrusters' uneven firing would cause the service module, which is a piece of a cylinder, to come away from the crew module and recontact, or bump back into it," Jim Chilton, senior vice president for Boeing Space and Launch, said during the teleconference, adding that "bad things" can happen as a result of that eventuality.
"While this anomaly was corrected in flight, if it had gone uncorrected it would have led to erroneous thruster firing and uncontrolled motion during SM separation for deorbit, with the potential for catastrophic spacecraft failure," said Paul Hill, a former flight director and member of NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel.
“While both errors could have led to risk of spacecraft loss, the actions of the NASA-Boeing team were able to correct the issues and return the Starliner spacecraft safely to Earth,” says the statement by NASA.
In addition to the two software issues, a poor communications link which impeded the Flight Control team’s ability to command and control the vehicle also contributed to the problems Starliner faced on the test flight.
The investigative review team is still working to determine the exact cause of this interference, but it appears to be associated with cell phone towers, John Mulholland, vice president and program manager of Boeing's Starliner program, said during the teleconference.
This latest failure from Boeing, which is still reeling from two fatal crashes of its 737 Max aircraft, has called into question the company’s safety procedures, and as such, the safety panel has recommended several reviews of the aerospace giant. "The panel has a larger concern with the rigor of Boeing's verification processes," Hill said.
“We want to understand what the culture is at Boeing, that may have led to that,” said Douglas Loverro, a senior NASA official, adding that multiple errors also pointed to "insufficient" oversight by his agency.
NASA is reluctant to discuss the ultimate future of Starliner, but said only after these assessments, will NASA determine whether the spacecraft will conduct a second, uncrewed flight test into orbit before astronauts fly on board.
"Given the potential for systemic issues at Boeing, I would also note that NASA has decided to proceed with an organisational safety assessment with Boeing as they previously conducted with SpaceX," says chair of the safety panel, Patricia Sanders.
Stephen Hawking’s Quantum Black Hole Hypothesis Supported by Gravitational Wave Echoes.
Echoes in gravitational wave signals suggest that the event horizon of a black hole may be more complicated than scientists currently think.
Research from the University of Waterloo reports the first tentative detection of these echoes, caused by a microscopic quantum “fuzz” that surrounds newly formed black holes.
Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time, caused by the collision of massive, compact objects in space, such as black holes or neutron stars.
“According to Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, nothing can escape from the gravity of a black hole once it has passed a point of no return, known as the event horizon,” explained Niayesh Afshordi, a physics and astronomy professor at Waterloo. “This was scientists’ understanding for a long time until Stephen Hawking used quantum mechanics to predict that quantum particles will slowly leak out of black holes, which we now call Hawking radiation.
“Scientists have been unable to experimentally determine if any matter is escaping black holes until the very recent detection of gravitational waves,” said Afshordi. “If the quantum fuzz responsible for Hawking radiation does exist around black holes, gravitational waves could bounce off of it, which would create smaller gravitational wave signals following the main gravitational collision event, similar to repeating echoes.”
Afshordi and his coauthor Jahed Abedi from Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik in Germany, have reported the first tentative findings of these repeating echoes, providing experimental evidence that black holes may be radically different from what Einstein’s theory of relativity predicts, and lack event horizons.
They used gravitational wave data from the first observation of a neutron star collision, recorded by the LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave detectors.
The echoes observed by Afshordi and Abedi match the simulated echoes predicted by models of black holes that account for the effects of quantum mechanics and Hawking radiation.
“Our results are still tentative because there is a very small chance that what we see is due to random noise in the detectors, but this chance becomes less likely as we find more examples,” said Afshordi. “Now that scientists know what we’re looking for, we can look for more examples, and have a much more robust confirmation of these signals. Such a confirmation would be the first direct probe of the quantum structure of space-time.”
The study Echoes from the Abyss: A highly spinning black hole remnant for the binary neutron star merger GW170817 was published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics in November, and was awarded the first place Buchalter Cosmology Prize in January 2020.
The monster galaxy that suddenly died.
It lived 12 billion years ago — an incredible span of time — churning out stars at a high rate, and then, it suddenly died.
We are talking, of course, about the monster galaxy XMM-2599, subject of a study published in the latest edition of the Astrophysical Journal, Xinhua reported.
“Even before the universe was 2 billion years old, XMM-2599 had already formed a mass of more than 300 billion suns, making it an ultramassive galaxy,” said the study’s lead author Benjamin Forrest, with University of California Riverside (UC Riverside).
The researchers also found that the galaxy formed most of its stars in a huge frenzy when the universe was less than 1 billion years old, the report said. It formed more than 1,000 solar masses a year in stars at its peak of activity, which was an extremely high rate of star formation.
Then the galaxy became inactive by the time the universe was only 1.8 billion years old, perhaps because it stopped getting fuel or it became a massive black hole, according to the study.
“Our results call for changes in how models turn off star formation in early galaxies,” said Gillian Wilson, a professor of physics and astronomy at UC Riverside in whose lab Forrest works.
The evolutionary pathway of XMM-2599 is unclear. Michael Cooper, a professor of astronomy at UC Irvine and the study’s co-author, said, “Perhaps during the following 11.7 billion years of cosmic history, XMM-2599 will become the central member of one of the brightest and most massive clusters of galaxies in the local universe.”
“Alternatively, it could continue to exist in isolation. Or we could have a scenario that lies between these two outcomes,” Cooper said.
The team used the powerful Multi-Object Spectrograph for Infrared Exploration at the W. M. Keck Observatory to make measurements of galaxy, the report said.
Artificial intelligence 'sees' quantum advantages.
Russian researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology, and ITMO University have created a neural network that learned to predict the behavior of a quantum system by "looking" at its network structure. The neural network autonomously finds solutions that are well-adapted toward quantum advantage demonstrations. This will aid researchers in developing new efficient quantum computers. The findings are reported in the New Journal of Physics.
A wide range of problems in modern science are solved through quantum mechanical calculations. Some of the examples are research into chemical reactions and the search for stable molecular structures for medicine, pharmaceutics, and other industries. The quantum nature of the problems involved makes quantum computations better-suited to them. Classical computations, by contrast, tend to return only bulky approximate solutions.
Creating quantum computers is costly and time-consuming, and the resulting devices are not guaranteed to exhibit any quantum advantage. That is, operate faster than a conventional computer. So researchers need tools for predicting whether a given quantum device will have a quantum advantage.
One of the ways to implement quantum computations is quantum walks. In simplified terms, the method can be visualized as a particle traveling in a certain network, which underlies a quantum circuit.
If a particle's quantum walk from one network node to another happens faster than its classical analogue, a device based on that circuit will have a quantum advantage. The search for such superior networks is an important task tackled by quantum walk experts.
What the Russian researchers did is they replaced the experts with artificial intelligence. They trained the machine to distinguish between networks and tell if a given network will deliver quantum advantage. This pinpoints the networks that are good candidates for building a quantum computer.
The team used a neural network geared toward image recognition. An adjacency matrix served as the input data, along with the numbers of the input and output nodes. The neural network returned a prediction of whether the classical or the quantum walk between the given nodes would be faster.
"It was not obvious this approach would work, but it did. We have been quite successful in training the computer to make autonomous predictions of whether a complex network has a quantum advantage," said Associate Professor Leonid Fedichkin of the theoretical physics department at MIPT.
"The line between quantum and classical behaviors is often blurred. The distinctive feature of our study is the resulting special-purpose computer vision, capable of discerning this fine line in the network space," added MIPT graduate and ITMO University researcher Alexey Melnikov.
With their co-author Alexander Alodjants, the researchers created a tool that simplifies the development of computational circuits based on quantum algorithms. The resulting devices will be of interest in biophotonics research and materials science.
One of the processes that quantum walks describe well is the excitation of photosensitive proteins, such as rhodopsin or chlorophyll. A protein is a complex molecule whose structure resembles a network. Solving a problem that formally involves finding the quantum walk time from one node to another may actually reveal what happens to an electron at a particular position in a molecule, where it will move, and what kind of excitation it will cause.
Compared with architectures based on qubits and gates, quantum walks are expected to offer an easier way to implement the quantum calculation of natural phenomena. The reason for this is that the walks themselves are a natural physical process.
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We live in an astonishingly complex universe. Human beings are curious by nature, and again and again, we have asked ourselves — why are we here? Where we come from, and where the world comes from? What is the world made of? We are privileged to live in a time when we have come close to some of the answers. String theory is our most recent attempt to answer the last of these questions
Ordinary matter is composed of atoms, which in turn are made up of only three basic components: electrons spinning around a nucleus composed of neutrons and protons. The electron is really a fundamental particle (it belongs to a family of particles called leptons); But neutrons and protons are made of smaller particles, called quarks. The quarks, as far as we know, are really elementary.
The sum of our current knowledge about the subatomic composition of the universe is known as the standard model of particle physics. This describes both the fundamental “bricks” of which the world is constituted and the forces through which these bricks interact. There are twelve basic “bricks”. Six of them are quarks — and they have curious names: up, down, charm, strange, bottom and top. (A proton, for example, consists of two quarks above and one below.) The other six are leptons — these include the electron and his two heaviest brothers, the muon and the three neutrinos as well tauón
There are four fundamental forces in the universe: gravity, electromagnetism, and weak and strong interactions. Each of these is produced by fundamental particles that act as carriers of force. The most familiar example is the photon , a particle of light, which is the mediator of electromagnetic forces. (This means that, for example, when a magnet attracts a nail, it is because both objects are exchanging photons.) The graviton is the particle associated with gravity. The strong interaction is produced by eight particles known as gluons. (I prefer to call “Pegamoides”!) The weak interaction finally is transmitted by three particles, bosons W +, W-, and Z.
The standard model describes the behavior of all these particles and forces with impeccable precision, but with a notable exception: gravity. For technical reasons, the force of gravity, the most familiar in our daily lives, has been very difficult to describe at the microscopic level. For many years this has been one of the most important problems in theoretical physics — formulating a quantum theory of gravity.
In recent decades, string theory has appeared as one of the most promising candidates for being a microscopic theory of gravity. And it is infinitely more ambitious: it pretends to be a complete, unified, and consistent description of the fundamental structure of our universe. (For this reason, he is occasionally given the arrogant title of ” theory of everything .”)
The essential idea behind string theory is as follows: all the various “fundamental” particles of the standard model are really just different manifestations of a basic object: a string. How can this be? Well, normally we would imagine that an electron, for example, is a “little point”, without any internal structure. A point can do nothing but move. But, if the string theory is correct, using a very powerful “microscope” we would realize that the electron is not really a point, but a small “loop”, a string. A rope can do something besides move — it can swing in different ways. If it oscillates in a certain way, then, from afar, unable to discern that it is really a string, we see an electron. But if it oscillates otherwise, then we see a photon, or a quark, or any other of the particles of the standard model. So that,If string theory is correct, the whole world is made of strings only!
Perhaps the foremost stunning issue regarding string theory is that such a simple idea works — it is possible to obtain (an extension of) the standard model (which has been experimentally verified with extraordinary precision) from a string theory . But it is important to clarify that, so far, there is no experimental evidence that string theory itself is the correct description of the world around us. This is principally because of the very fact that string theory remains within the development stage. We know some of its parts; but not yet its complete structure, and therefore we cannot yet make concrete predictions. In recent years there have been many extraordinarily important and encouraging advances, which have radically improved our understanding of the theory.
Now let's talk about the Superstring theory.
The superstring theory is a theoretical diagram to explain all the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory that models the particles and physical fields as vibrations thin supersymmetric strings move in a space-time of more than 4 dimensions.
One of the motivations used by superstring theorists is that the scheme is one of the best candidate theories to formulate a quantum theory of gravity. The superstring theory may be a shorthand of the supersymmetric string theory as a result of, unlike bosonic string theory, this is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.
The superstring theory comprises five theories or alternative formulations of string theories, combined in which supersymmetry requirements have been introduced
The fundamental idea is that the reality is strings that vibrate in resonance at a frequency of the Planck length and where the graviton would be a spin spin 2 and null mass.
Recently it has been possible to prove that several of these formulations are equivalent and after all of them there could be a unified theory or theory of everything . The five existing theories are no more than individual cases limit of this unified theory, provisionally known as M – theory . This M theory attempts to explain all existing subatomic particles at the same time and unify the four fundamental forces of nature. It defines the universe formed by a multitude of vibrant strings, since it is a version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.
The main problem of current physics is to be able to incorporate the force of gravity as explained by the theory of general relativity to the rest of the already unified physical forces. The superstring theory would be a method of unifying these theories. The theory is far from being finished and profiled, since there are many undefined variables, so there are several versions of it.
The underlying problem in theoretical physics is to harmonize the theory of general relativity, where gravitation and large-scale structures ( stars , galaxies , clusters ) are described, with quantum mechanics , where the other three fundamental forces that are described are described. They act at the atomic level.
The development of quantum field theory of an invariable force results in infinite (and useful) probabilities.Physicists have developed mathematical techniques of renormalization to eliminate those infinities of 3 of the four elementary forces – electromagnetism, sturdy nuclear and weak nuclear – however not of gravit. The development of the quantum theory of gravity must, therefore, come in a different way than those used for other forces.
The basic idea is that the fundamental constituents of reality are strings of a Planck length (close to 10-35 m) that vibrate at resonance frequencies . Every string, in theory, has a unique harmony, or resonance. Different harmonies determine different fundamental forces. The tension in the rope is of the order of Planck’s forces (1044 N). the graviton(name proposed for the particle that carries the gravitational force), for example, is predicted by the theory that it is a string with zero amplitude. Another key idea of the theory is that measurable differences between strings that recapitulate small dimensions in themselves and many that move in large dimensions cannot be detected. The singularities are avoided because the observable consequences of the ” great collapse ” never reach zero size. In fact the universe can start a small “big collapse” of processes, string theory says that the universe can never be smaller than the size of a string, at that point it could begin to expand.
Although the evident physical universe has 3 abstraction dimensions and a temporal dimension, nothing prohibits a theory from describing a universe with quite four dimensions, particularly if there’s a mechanism of “apparent unobservability” of the extra dimensions. That is the case of string theory and superstring theory that postulate compactified additional dimensions and that would only be observable in physical phenomena that involve very high energies. In the case of superstring theory, the consistency of the theory itself requires a space-time of 10,11 or 26 dimensions. The conflict between observation and theory is resolved by compactingthe dimensions that cannot be observed in the usual energy range. In fact, superstring theory is not the first physical theory that proposes extra spatial dimensions; At the beginning of the century, a geometric theory of the electromagnetic and gravitational field known as the Kaluza-Klein theory was proposed that postulated a 5-dimensional space-time .
The human mind has difficulty visualizing larger dimensions because it is only possible to move in 3 spatial dimensions. One way to deal with this limitation is not trying to visualize larger dimensions at all but simply thinking, when making equations that describe a phenomenon, that more equations should be made than usual. This opens up the questions that these ‘extra numbers’ can be investigated directly in any experiment (where results in 1,2,+1 dimensions would be shown to human scientists). Thus, in turn, the question arises as to whether these types of models that are investigated in this abstract modeling (and potentially impossible experimental devices) can be considered ‘scientific’. The six-dimensional shapes of Calabi-Yau they can have additional dimensions by superstring theory.
One theory that generalizes it is the brane theory , where the strings are replaced by elementary constituents of the “membrane” type, hence their name. The existence of 10 dimensions is mathematically necessary to avoid the presence of tachyons , particles faster than light, and “ghosts”, particles with a probability of null existence.
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Physicists create time reversed optical waves Optical waves researchers at the University of Queensland and Nokia Bell Labs in the United States have revealed a new procedure to display the time-reversal of the optical wave, which could transform the disciplines of telecommunications and advanced biomedical imaging. For More Details Please Visit: https://widelyexplore.com/
Scientists Found The Perfect Spot To Build A Human Base on Mars. Before astronauts can live on another planet, scientists will have to figure out the optimal locations for their space habitats. Aside from being barren and uninhabitable, planets like Mars are subject to harmful radiations from space that astronauts would have to be shielded from. Scientists have now figured out a possible location that is subject to very low amounts of radiation on the Red Planet, making them a perfect spot for future astronauts to build their base of operations. According to Widely Explore.com, a team of researchers think that the lava tubes in the Hellas Planitia impact crater are one of the safest places that astronauts can take shelter in on Mars. Hellas Planitia is a 23,464 feet deep ancient impact crater near the equator of Mars. The depth means that radiation has to traverse through a greater distance of martian atmosphere to reach the surface. Researchers explained in their pre-print paper that considerably less amount of radiation reaches the bottom of the Hellas Planitia crater. The researchers further focused on lava tubes near Hadriacus Mons, a mountain formed due to volcanic eruptions located along the edge on Hellas Planitia carter. The researchers in their analysis found that astronauts would be exposed to 82% less radiation in the lava tubes than compared to the rest of the crater. Researchers narrowed it down to three lava tubes that could potentially be used by future Martian explorers as a base of operations. The scientists in their paper concluded that “terrestrial lava tubes can be leveraged for radiation shielding, and accordingly that the candidate lava tubes on Mars (as well as known lava tubes on the lunar surface) can serve as natural radiation shelters and habitats for a prospective crewed mission to the plane.”
Scientists Found The Perfect Spot To Build A Human Base on Mars. Before astronauts can live on another planet, scientists will have to figure out the optimal locations for their space habitats. Aside from being barren and uninhabitable, planets like Mars are subject to harmful radiations from space that astronauts would have to be shielded from. Scientists have now figured out a possible location that is subject to very low amounts of radiation on the Red Planet, making them a perfect spot for future astronauts to build their base of operations. According to Widely Explore.com, a team of researchers think that the lava tubes in the Hellas Planitia impact crater are one of the safest places that astronauts can take shelter in on Mars. Hellas Planitia is a 23,464 feet deep ancient impact crater near the equator of Mars. The depth means that radiation has to traverse through a greater distance of martian atmosphere to reach the surface. Researchers explained in their pre-print paper that considerably less amount of radiation reaches the bottom of the Hellas Planitia crater. The researchers further focused on lava tubes near Hadriacus Mons, a mountain formed due to volcanic eruptions located along the edge on Hellas Planitia carter. The researchers in their analysis found that astronauts would be exposed to 82% less radiation in the lava tubes than compared to the rest of the crater. Researchers narrowed it down to three lava tubes that could potentially be used by future Martian explorers as a base of operations. The scientists in their paper concluded that “terrestrial lava tubes can be leveraged for radiation shielding, and accordingly that the candidate lava tubes on Mars (as well as known lava tubes on the lunar surface) can serve as natural radiation shelters and habitats for a prospective crewed mission to the plane.” For More Details Please Visit: https://widelyexplore.com/
There's More #Water_on_Jupiter Than Anyone Thought Newly released data from NASA's Juno probe shows that water may make up about 0.25% of the molecules in the atmosphere over Jupiter's equator. While that doesn't sound like much, the calculation is based on a prevalence of water's components, hydrogen, and oxygen, three times more than at the sun. The new measurements Juno obtained are much higher than a previous mission suggested. The surprise result has scientists delving again into results from NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter, which obtained drier results in 1995 when engineers deliberately threw the spacecraft into Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo was low on fuel and NASA didn't want to take the chance, even if it was a slight one, of the spacecraft accidentally crashing on a potentially habitable icy moon. Reconciling the results from Galileo and Juno is key for scientists to better understand how our solar system came together, NASA said in a statement. Since Jupiter was probably the first planet to form, it could have sucked up most of the gas and dust that the sun's formation left behind. How much water Jupiter soaked up then, should help scientists identify the most plausible theories to explain its formation. And understanding Jupiter's birth would in turn help scientists understand how the planet's wind currents move and what its insides are made of. Scientists should be able to generalize findings at Jupiter to certain kinds of large exoplanets to learn how other solar systems formed. Galileo's results were a puzzle even back in the 1990s. The spacecraft sent back data showing 10 times less water than scientists predicted, and more weirdly the amount of water appeared to increase the deeper Galileo went into Jupiter's atmosphere, according to the NASA statement. Scientists had expected that by the time it stopped transmitting data, at a depth of about 75 miles (120 kilometers), the atmosphere around it should have been well-mixed with an unchanging co
#Science_News_Headlines | #Water_on_Mars? Boulder shadows may spawn short-lived pools of brine. The 'Ghost' of an Unknown Extinct Human Has Been Found in DNA of Modern West Africans. The gene pool of modern West Africans contains the 'ghost' of a mysterious hominin, unlike any we've detected so far. Similar to how humans and Neanderthals once mated, new research suggests this ancient long-lost species may have once mingled with our ancestors on the African continent. The last woolly mammoths on Earth had disastrous DNA. Dwarf woolly mammoths that lived on Siberia's Wrangel Island until about 4,000 years ago were plagued by genetic problems, carrying DNA that increased their risk of diabetes, developmental defects, and low sperm count, a new study finds. These mammoths couldn't even smell flowers, the researchers reported. "I have never been to Wrangel Island, but I am told by people who have that in the springtime, it's just basically covered in flowers," study lead researcher Vincent Lynch, an assistant professor of biological sciences at the University at Buffalo in New York, told Science News. "[The mammoths] probably couldn't smell any of that." Scientists reveal the most extensive genetic map of cancers ever made. Perhaps more than any other, cancer is seen as a disease of genes gone wrong. So, as genetic-sequencing technology has become cheaper and faster, cancer scientists are using it to check which changes to genes cause tumors to spread. Water on Mars? Boulder shadows may spawn short-lived pools of brine. Many tiny patches of the ground on modern Mars may be capable of supporting life as we know it if only very briefly, a new study suggests. Water ice is abundant on and near the Martian surface, but conditions have to be just right for this stuff to give rise to liquid water. That's because the Red Planet's atmosphere is quite thin — just 1% as dense as Earth's air at sea level — so ice tends to sublimate or turn directly into vapor when te
#Science_News_HeadLines Coronavirus: China wildlife trade ban ‘should be permanent’. BEIJING-Campaigners have urged China to apply a permanent ban on the wildlife trade following the coronavirus outbreak. Markets selling live animals are considered a potential source of diseases that are new to humans. There has been speculation just such a market in Wuhan could have been the starting point for the outbreak. China put a temporary ban on the trade in wildlife as one measure to control the spread of coronavirus, but conservationists say it’s not enough. They argue that, in addition to protecting human health, a permanent ban would be a vital step in the effort to end the illegal trading of wildlife. Campaigners say that China’s demand for wildlife products, which find uses in traditional medicine, or as exotic foods, is driving a global trade in endangered species. More than 70% of emerging infections in humans are estimated to have come from animals, particularly wild animals. Experts with the World Health Organization (WHO) say there’s a high likelihood the new coronavirus came from bats. But it might have made the jump to a currently unknown animal group before humans could be infected. Two critical software defects plagued Starliner test flight. After failing to rendezvous with the International Space Station as planned during Starliner’s first orbital flight test in December last year, an independent review carried out to determine what went wrong has found, “two critical software defects” that were not detected ahead of flight despite multiple safeguards, says a statement by the agency, one of which could have had serious connotations for the spaceship during reentry. Following Starliner’s troubled Orbital Flight Test (OFT) mission late last year, a joint investigation team consisting of NASA and Boeing officials was established in January tasked with examining the primary issues that occurred during the test flight. At the time of
#String_theory_and_Superstring_theory_in_Depth We live in an astonishingly complex universe. Human beings are curious by nature, and again and again, we have asked ourselves — why are we here? Where we come from, and where the world comes from? What is the world made of? We are privileged to live in a time when we have come close to some of the answers. String theory is our most recent attempt to answer the last of these questions Ordinary matter is composed of atoms, which in turn are made up of only three basic components: electrons spinning around a nucleus composed of neutrons and protons. The electron is really a fundamental particle (it belongs to a family of particles called leptons); But neutrons and protons are made of smaller particles, called quarks. The quarks, as far as we know, are really elementary. The sum of our current knowledge about the subatomic composition of the universe is known as the standard model of particle physics. This describes both the fundamental “bricks” of which the world is constituted and the forces through which these bricks interact. There are twelve basic “bricks”. Six of them are quarks — and they have curious names: up, down, charm, strange, bottom and top. (A proton, for example, consists of two quarks above and one below.) The other six are leptons — these include the electron and his two heaviest brothers, the muon and the three neutrinos as well tauón There are four fundamental forces in the universe: gravity, electromagnetism, and weak and strong interactions. Each of these is produced by fundamental particles that act as carriers of force. The most familiar example is the photon , a particle of light, which is the mediator of electromagnetic forces. (This means that, for example, when a magnet attracts a nail, it is because both objects are exchanging photons.) The graviton is the particle associated with gravity. The strong interaction is produced by eight particles known as gluons. (I prefer to ca
#Can_Mask_Protect_From_Corona_Virus?? #Dr_James_Valcourt Can wearing a medical face mask protect you against the new coronavirus? It's a question many people, including pet owners who are putting canine face masks on their dogs, are asking. If it's a regular surgical face mask, the answer is "no," Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious-disease specialist at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee, told Science News. A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called 2019-nCoV. The respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but Schaffner doesn't recommend it for public use, at least not at this point. Related: Coronavirus death toll up to 213: Live updates on 2019-nCoV That's because, in part, it's challenging to put these masks on and wear them for long periods of time, he said. Specialists receive retraining annually on how to properly fit these respirators around the nose, cheeks, and chin, ensuring that wearers don't breathe around the edges of the respirator. "When you do that, it turns out that the work of breathing, since you're going through very thick material, is harder. You have to work to breathe in and out. It's a bit claustrophobic. It can get moist and hot in there," Schaffner said. "I know that I can wear them when I need to for about a half-hour," he added. "But then I have to go out of the isolation room, take it off and take some deep breaths, kind of cool off before I can go back in." While it is possible to buy the N95 respirator online, Schaffner advised against it. For one thing, there are just seven cases of coronavirus in the United States at this point. Meanwhile, influenza will infect, hospitalize and even kill thousands upon thousands of Americans this year, but most people aren't thinking of taking the same precautions for that illness, he said. Furthermore, while there is no shortage of the respirators now, there could be if too many people unnecessarily buy one, Schaffner said.
#Why_Einstein_Was_a_Genius???????? Albert Einstein is widely regarded as a genius, but how did he get that way? Many researchers have assumed that it took a very special brain to come up with the theory of relativity and other stunning insights that form the foundation of modern physics. A study of 14 newly discovered photographs of Einstein's brain, which was preserved for study after his death, concludes that the brain was indeed highly unusual in many ways. But researchers still don't know exactly how the brain's extra folds and convolutions translated into Einstein's amazing abilities. The story of Einstein's brain is a long saga that began in 1955 when the Nobel Prize-winning physicist died in Princeton, New Jersey, at age 76. His son Hans Albert and executor Otto Nathan gave the examining pathologist, Thomas Harvey, permission to preserve the brain for scientific study. Harvey photographed the brain and then cut it into 240 blocks, which were embedded in a resinlike substance. He cut the blocks into as many as 2000 thin sections for microscopic study, and in subsequent years distributed microscopic slides and photographs of the brain to at least 18 researchers around the world. With the exception of the slides that Harvey kept for himself, no one is sure where the specimens are now, and many of them have probably been lost as researchers retired or died. Over the decades, only six peer-reviewed publications resulted from these widely scattered materials. Some of these studies did find interesting features in Einstein's brain, including a greater density of neurons in some parts of the brain and a higher than usual ratio of glia (cells that help neurons transmit nerve impulses) to neurons. Two studies of the brain's gross anatomy, including one published in 2009 by anthropologist Dean Falk of Florida State University in Tallahassee, found that Einstein's parietal lobes—possibly linked to his remarkable ability to conceptualize physics problems—had a very
Breaking News #The_Mysterious_Tully_Monster Just Got More Mysterious Scientists can't even decide if this ancient beast was a vertebrate or an invertebrate. Scientists can't even decide if this ancient beast was a vertebrate or an invertebrate. Every now and again, scientists discover fossils that are so bizarre they defy classification, their body plans, unlike any other living animals or plants. Tullimonstrum (also known as the Tully Monster), a 300 million-year-old fossil discovered in the Mazon Creek fossil beds in Illinois, US, is one such creature. At first glance, Tully looks superficially slug-like. But where you would expect its mouth to be, the creature has a long thin appendage ending in what looks like a pair of grasping claws. Then there are its eyes, which protrude outward from its body on stalks. Tully is so strange that scientists have even been unable to agree on whether it is a vertebrate (with a backbone, like mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) or an invertebrate (without a backbone, like insects, crustaceans, octopuses and all other animals). In 2016, a group of scientists claimed to have solved the mystery of Tully, providing the strongest evidence yet that it was a vertebrate. But my colleagues and I have conducted a new study that calls this conclusion into question, meaning this monster is as mysterious as ever. The Tully Monster was originally discovered in the 1950s by a fossil collector named Francis Tully. Ever since its discovery scientists have puzzled over which group of modern animals Tully belongs to. The enigma of Tully's true evolutionary relationships has added to its popularity, ultimately leading it to become the state fossil of Illinois. There have been many attempts to classify the Tully Monster. The majority of these studies have focused on the appearance of some of its more prominent features. These include a linear feature in the fossil interpreted as evidence of a gut, the light and dark banding of the fossil and the
#Science_News_Headlines Today we will talk about the top 5 science news, around the globe. No:5 Unexpected Discovery by NASA’s MAVEN on Mars Helps Explain Disruptive Phenomenon on Earth. NASA’s MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) spacecraft has discovered “layers” and “rifts” in the electrically charged part of the upper atmosphere (the ionosphere) of Mars. The phenomenon is very common at Earth and causes unpredictable disruptions to radio communications. However, they do not fully understand them because they form at altitudes that are very difficult to explore at Earth. The unexpected discovery by MAVEN shows that Mars is a unique laboratory to explore and better understand this highly disruptive phenomenon. No:4 ' Vampire' star sparks brilliant 'super-outburst'. while gorging on its neighbor. A "vampire" dwarf star is sucking the life force from its partner star, and their entanglement produced a rare super outburst. NASA detailed this previously unknown dwarf nova, a brief eruption from dwarf stars, in a statement on Jan. 24. The system brightened by a factor of 1,600 over less than a day, space agency officials said in the statement, and this uncommon sighting was made by a mission targeting an entirely different cosmic population. This rare finding was made by "accident," according to the research team that found the super-outburst. The Kepler Space Telescope is now retired, but when it was scouring the sky, it searched for exoplanets that dimmed their parent stars as they moved across those stellar faces. Because it was designed to look for variations in brightness, Kepler was able to pick up on this super-outburst. No:3 Team identifies low-energy solar particles from beyond Earth near the Sun. Using data from NASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP), a team led by Southwest Research Institute identified low-energy particles lurking near the Sun that likely originated from solar wind interactions well beyond Earth orbit. PSP is ve
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