Why I love you? (2024)

22/10/2019

INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELLING
Counselling has been practiced for as long as mankind has been in existence. Two major
types of counselling can be described as the customary type and professional (modern)
type. The former is the oldest type of counselling and currently practiced by traditional
counsellors who, in customary circles, are known as alangizi, bashibukombe, ankoswe.
Customary counselors are selected based on socially approved attributes such as a
successful marriage, religious affiliation, and personal character to mention just a few.
Professional counselling has also been recognized in Zambia and its impact in the
mitigation of psychosocial problems such as HIV/AIDS, lifestyle diseases, gender based
violence, child abuse including other issues that have been documented in works
currently undertaken by human service agencies world over.
Carl Rogers contributed greatly to what is today considered modern counselling.
Notwithstanding the complex nature of life today, professional counselling is systemized
and carried out more scientifically with the application of professional skills and
techniques.
What is Psychosocial?
The two prefix referred to as:
1. Psycho denotes the psychological elements which refer to thoughts, feelings,
emotions, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, knowledge, consciousness, memory, etc.
and are normally understood as the “internal” or the “internal” world of the person (the
inner person), or simply the “mind”.
2. Social implies the environmental interactions; environment includes biological
processes and all factors influencing the development of an individual right from the time
of conception. It includes such things as diet and health of the mother when the child is
in the womb, home influences, school, church and neighborhood influences, ethnicity,
effects of climate, geographical location and all things that stimulate the senses.
Psychosocial Counselling is a helping professional relationship (used in health and
social care setting) that looks at individuals and their problems in the context of the
combined influence, i.e. psychological and the surrounding social environmental factors
and their influence on the physical, mental and emotional wellbeing, and the ability to
function.
- We look at social patterns within the individual and how they affect their
psychological functioning, and vice versa.
- Hence, there is a linear relationship between cause and effect.
Psychology + Sociology
What Is Psychosocial Health?
 Psychosocial health encompasses the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual
dimensions of what it means to be healthy.
• Psychosocial health is the result of complex interaction between a person’s history and
his or her thoughts about, and interpretations of the past and what the past means t

21/09/2019

Psychosocial Stages Summary Chart
Stage 1: Infancy (birth to 18 months)

Basic Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust
Important Events: Feeding
Outcome: During the first stage of psychosocial development, children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Stage 2: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)

Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Important Events: Toilet Training
Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Potty training plays an important role in helping children develop this sense of autonomy. Children who struggle and who are shamed for their accidents may be left without a sense of personal control. Success during this stage of psychosocial development leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Stage 3: Preschool (3 to 5 years)

Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
Important Events: Exploration
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Stage: School Age (6 to 11 years)

Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
Important Events: School
Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)

Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Stage: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)

Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Stage: Maturity (65 to death)

Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome: Erikson's theory differed from many others because it addressed development throughout the entire lifespan, including old age. Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. At this stage, people reflect back on the events of their lives and take stock. Those who look back on a life they feel was well-lived will feel satisfied and ready to face the end of their lives with a sense of peace. Those who look back and only feel regret will instead feel fearful that their lives will end without accomplishing the things they feel they should have.
A Word From Verywell
Erikson's theory also has its limitations and criticisms. What kinds of experiences are necessary to successfully complete each stage? How does a person move from one stage to the next? One major weakness of psychosocial theory is that the exact mechanisms for resolving conflicts and moving from one stage to the next are not well described or developed. The theory fails to detail exactly what type of experiences are necessary at each stage in order to successfully resolve the conflicts and move to the next stage.

One of the strengths of psychosocial theory is that it provides a broad framework from which to view development throughout the entire lifespan. It also allows us to emphasize the social nature of human beings and the important influence that social relationships have on development.

Researchers have found evidence supporting Erikson's ideas about identity and have further identified different sub-stages of identity formation. Some research also suggests that people who form strong personal identities during adolescence are better capable of forming intimate relationships during early adulthood.

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09/08/2019

Wandered Lonely As A Cloud (Daffodils)

I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the milky way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed- and gazed- but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.

09/08/2019

Dating many boys doesn't mean you're beautiful. Cheap products have many buyers.

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