19/01/2022
Violence in its many forms can affect the health of people who are the targets, those who are the perpetrators, and the communities in which both live. In this article, we review the literature on the health consequences of many forms of violence, including child physical and s*xual abuse, intimate partner violence, elder abuse, s*xual violence, youth violence, and bullying. The biological effects of violence have become increasingly better understood and include effects on the brain, neuroendocrine system, and immune response. Consequences include increased incidences of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and su***de; increased risk of cardiovascular disease; and premature mortality. The health consequences of violence vary with the age and s*x of the victim as well as the form of violence. People can be the victims of multiple forms of violence, and the health effects can be cumulative.
Violence is an extreme form of aggression, such as assault, r**e or murder.
Violence has many causes, including frustration, exposure to violent media, violence in the home or neighborhood and a tendency to see other people's actions as hostile even when they're not. Certain situations also increase the risk of aggression, such as drinking, insults and other provocations and environmental factors like heat and overcrowding.
