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Pravda li geni vliyayut na nashu sposobnostj k tvorchestvuViyasnili, suschestvuet li gen tvorchestva i u kazhdogo li che...
24/06/2022

Pravda li geni vliyayut na nashu sposobnostj k tvorchestvu
Viyasnili, suschestvuet li gen tvorchestva i u kazhdogo li cheloveka estj shans pridumatj chto-to originaljnoe i so vseh storon klassnoe.
Kakie kachestva delayut cheloveka kreativnimKreativnostj svyazanaD. L. Zabelina, L. Colzato, M. Beeman, B. Hommel. Dopamine and the Creative Mind: Individual Differences in Creativity Are Predicted by Interactions between Dopamine Genes DAT and COMT / PLoS One s razlichnimi misliteljnimi navikami, vklyuchaya: gibkostj mishleniya — sposobnostj pereklyuchatjsya mezhdu raznimi zadachami; originaljnostj — umenie nahoditj nestandartnie otveti; beglostj mishleniya — sposobnostj bistro pridumivatj idei; lyuboznateljnostj, ili otkritostj novomu opitu. Krome togo, chtobi pridumatj ne toljko originaljnuyu, no i podhodyaschuyu ideyu, neobhodima stabiljnostj mishleniya. Eto kachestvo pozvolyaet sohranyatj koncentraciyu na zadache i otsekatj stimuli, ne otnosyaschiesya k delu.I, kak pokazivayut issledovaniya, vsyo perechislennoe vishe v kakoj‑to mere svyazanno s dofaminom.Kak kreativnostj svyazana s dofaminomEto nejromediator, kotorij peredayot signali mezhdu nejronami, uchastvuet v dvigateljnom kontrole, motivacii i povedenii, svyazannom s poiskom voznagrazhdeniya. Ego urovenj vozrastaet v moment ozhidaniya chego‑to priyatnogo i padaet srazu posle polucheniya zhelaemogo.V mozgu estj neskoljko dofaminovih putej — grupp nervnih kletok, kotorie «obschayutsya» mezhdu soboj s pomoschjyu etogo nejromediatora. Odni reguliruyutC. Liu and P. S. Kaeser. Mechanisms and regulation of dopamine release / Current opinion series dvigateljnij kontrolj, drugie otvechayut za sistemu voznagrazhdeniya.V odnom eksperimente obnaruzhiliTakeuchi H, Taki Y, Sassa Y, Hashizume H, Sekiguchi S, Fukushima A, et al. Regional gray matter volume of dopaminergic system associate with creativity: Evidence from voxel‑based morphometry. NeuroImage, chto nestandartnoe mishlenie zavisit ot kolichestva serogo veschestva v dofaminovih strukturah mozga. V drugih viyasnili1. Reuter M, Roth S, Holve K, Hennig J. Identification of the first candidate genes for creativity: A pilot study / Brain Research 2. Mayseless N, Uzefovsky F, Shalev I, Ebstein RP, Shamay‑Tsoory SG. The association between creativity and 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4). Front Hum Neurosci, chto sposobnostj k originaljnim resheniyam svyazana s genami dofaminovih receptorov D2 i D4.Zavisit ot nejromediatora i otkritostjSilvia PJ, Nusbaum EC, Berg C, Martin C, O’Connor A. Openness to experience, plasticity, and creativity: Exploring lower‑order, high‑order, and interactive effects. J Res Pers. novomu opitu, i shizotipiya1. Chen KC, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Chiu NT, Chen PS, Yang YK, et al. Schizoptypy trait and striatal dopamine receptors in healthy volunteers / Psychiatry Res. 2. Mohr C, Ettinger U. An overview of the association between schizotypy and dopamine / Front Psychiatry — neobichnoe vospriyatie, strannie vzglyadi i nekotoraya socialjnaya trevozhnostj i podozriteljnostj.V to zhe vremya nikto tochno ne znaet, kakie imenno geni uchastvuyut v formirovanii kreativnosti i mozhno li predskazatj tvorcheskij potencial cheloveka, opirayasj na osobennosti ego DNK.Chtobi viyasnitj eto, uchyonie iz Severo‑Zapadnogo universiteta SShA videliliD. L. Zabelina, L. Colzato, M. Beeman, B. Hommel. Dopamine and the Creative Mind: Individual Differences in Creativity Are Predicted by Interactions between Dopamine Genes DAT and COMT / PLoS One perspektivnie geni, svyazannie s oborotom dofamina v mozgu, a takzhe popitalisj ocenitj vliyanie nejromediatora na tvorcheskie zadatki lyudej.Kakie geni mogut povliyatj na kreativnostjPoka uchyonie viyaviliD. L. Zabelina, L. Colzato, M. Beeman, B. Hommel. Dopamine and the Creative Mind: Individual Differences in Creativity Are Predicted by Interactions between Dopamine Genes DAT and COMT / PLoS One toljko dva gena, kotorie mogut objyasnitj kreativnostj.1. Gen fermenta COMT. On otvechaet za raspad dofamina v prefrontaljnoj kore. U teh, komu dostalsya variant gena (allelj) Met/Met, nablyudaetsya siljnij kognitivnij kontrolj. Drugimi slovami, oni luchshe koncentriruyutsya i otsekayut postoronnie stimuli pri vipolnenii zadachi.Lyudyam s alleljyu Val/Val, naprotiv, slozhnee sosredotochitjsya na dele. Oni imeyut snizhennuyu rabochuyu pamyatj i boljshe postoronnego «shuma» v mishlenii. Variant gena Met/Val obespechivaet srednij urovenj kognitivnogo kontrolya.2. Gen transportera dofamina DAT. Ot ego variacij zavisit urovenj nejromediatora v polosatom tele. Allelj 9/9 nadelyaet lyudej bolee gibkim mishleniem, a takzhe boljshej chuvstviteljnostjyu k izmeneniyam. Variant gena 10/10, naprotiv, snizhaet kognitivnuyu gibkostj, a zaodno i sposobnostj k obucheniyu. Takzhe on svyazan s sindromom deficita vnimaniya. Allelj 9/10 — nechto srednee mezhdu etimi dvumya krajnostyami.Mozhet li genetika opredelyatj sposobnostj k tvorchestvuChtobi viyasnitj, kak variacii v dvuh genah vliyayut na tvorcheskie sposobnosti lyudej, uchyonie ispoljzovaliD. L. Zabelina, L. Colzato, M. Beeman, B. Hommel. Dopamine and the Creative Mind: Individual Differences in Creativity Are Predicted by Interactions between Dopamine Genes DAT and COMT / PLoS One dva sposoba.1. Sokraschyonnij test Torransa (ATTA) — dlya proverki nestandartnogo mishleniya u vzroslih. Uchastnikam predlozhili za 3 minuti pridumatj problemi, s kotorimi mozhet stolknutjsya chelovek, esli vdrug nauchitsya hoditj po vozduhu, a takzhe dali dorisovatj dve figuri. Rezuljtati ocenivali po kolichestvu i originaljnosti voznikshih idej.2. Realjnie tvorcheskie uspehi uchastnikov v zhizni. Dlya etogo ocenili ih dostizheniya v raznih oblastyah — risovanii, napisanii tekstov, teatraljnom iskusstve, muzike, kulinarii, nauke i drugih sferah.Po rezuljtatam eksperimenta uchyonie opredelili nekotoruyu vzaimosvyazj mezhdu ballami v ATTA i variantami genov COMT i DAT.Horoshie pokazateli v teste na nestandartnoe mishlenie bili u teh, kto otlichalsya visokoj gibkostjyu mishleniya (DAT 9/9) i srednim kognitivnim kontrolem (Val/Met). Takie lyudi mogli bistro pereklyuchatjsya mezhdu ideyami, no pri etom sohranyatj koncentraciyu na zadache.Sovsem drugaya kartina nablyudalasj u uchastnikov s nizkoj gibkostjyu mishleniya (DAT 10/10). Esli u nih bilo nedostatochno kognitivnogo kontrolya (Val/Val i Val/Met), pokazateli v teste bili nizkimi. No vot esli prefrontaljnaya kora brala verh (Met/Met), rezuljtati bili dazhe luchshe, chem u lyudej s gibkim mishleniem. Uchyonie sdelali vivod, chto kognitivnij kontrolj mozhet kompensirovatj nedostatok gibkosti mishleniya. Poluchaetsya, sozdavatj originaljnie idei mozhno po‑raznomu. I s pomoschjyu gibkogo mishleniya, i blagodarya kognitivnoj stojkosti — zhelaniyu prodolzhatj, nesmotrya na slozhnostj zadachi. Drugimi slovami, esli dolgo muchitjsya, chto‑nibudj poluchitsya.Vliyayut li geni na tvorcheskie uspehi v zhizniChto kasaetsya dostizhenij v realjnoj zhizni, uchyonie nablyudaliD. L. Zabelina, L. Colzato, M. Beeman, B. Hommel. Dopamine and the Creative Mind: Individual Differences in Creativity Are Predicted by Interactions between Dopamine Genes DAT and COMT / PLoS One druguyu kartinu.Samie visokie balli poluchili lyudi s nizkim kognitivnim kontrolem i nizkoj gibkostjyu. Uchyonie predpolozhili, chto nositeli takih geneticheskih variacij obladayut «lipkim» vnimaniem — snizhennoj filjtraciej stimulov i slabim podavleniem «shuma».Takie osobennosti pomogayut lyudyam uchitivatj to, chto ne vidyat ostaljnie: chto‑to, kazalosj bi, nevazhnoe i ne otnosyascheesya k delu. Chasto imenno eto pozvolyaet sozdatj principialjno novie idei.V to zhe vremya lyudi s takim tipom vnimaniya, kak pravilo, bolee chuvstviteljnie i chasche otvlekayutsya. Vozmozhno poetomu ih dostizheniya chasche kasayutsya iskusstva, chem nauki, gde trebuetsya boljshe kognitivnogo kontrolya i koncentracii.Takim obrazom, geni dejstviteljno mogut vliyatj na sposobnostj k tvorchestvu, no pri etom oni ne opredelyayut uspeh v realjnoj zhizni. Bolee togo, nesmotrya na geneticheskuyu predraspolozhennostj, gibkostj mishleniya i ego stabiljnostj mozhno razvivatj. Glavnoe — orientirovatjsya na to, chego imenno vam ne hvataet.

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