16/06/2022
Mozhet li «tyomnaya triada» navreditj
Razbiraemsya, kak «tyomnaya triada» proyavlyaetsya v povedenii lyudej i objyasnyaem, chto delatj, esli eyo priznaki estj u vas, vashih blizkih ili znakomih.
Chto takoe «tyomnaya triada»V psihologii etot termin ispoljzuyutDark Triad / Psychology Today dlya opisaniya tryoh negativnih chert lichnosti: narcissizma, makiavellizma i psihopatii.Inogda k etim kachestvam dobavlyayutE. E. Buckels, P. D. Trapnell, D. L. Paulhus. Trolls just want to have fun / Personality and Individual Differences sklonnostj k povsednevnomu sadizmu. Takuyu modelj nazivayut «tyomnoj tetradoj».Dolgoe vremya uchyonie issledovali narcissizm, makiavellizm i psihopatiyu po otdeljnosti. No v nachale 2000-h godov kanadskie psihologi Delroj Polhus i Kevin Uiljyams objediniliD. Paulhus, K. M. Williams. The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy / Journal of Research in Personality ih, pridumali termin i popitalisj najti to, chto svyazivaet kachestva mezhdu soboj. Pravda, togda u nih nichego ne poluchilosj.Segodnya nekotorie psihologi schitayutA. Furnham, S. C. Richards, D. Paulhus. The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10-Year Review / Social and Personality Psychology Compass, chto hotya narcissizm, psihopatiya i makiavellizm imeyut individualjnie osobennosti, v osnove ih vseh lezhit obschee yadro — «faktor D». Tak nazivayutM. Moshagen, B. E. Hilbig, I. Zettler. The dark core of personality / Psychological Review prenebrezhenie k interesam i chuvstvam okruzhayuschih.Kak «tyomnaya triada» proyavlyaetsya v povedenii lyudej«Triada» otrazhaet individualjnie osobennosti lyudej, kotorih prinyato schitatj bezdushnimi, raschyotlivimi i zlimi. Oni mogut manipulirovatj okruzhayuschimi i delatj vsyo, chto ugodno, lishj bi dobitjsya svoego. Im ne hvataetS. Jakobwitz, V. Egan. The dark triad and normal personality traits / Personality and Individual Differences dobrozhelateljnosti, otvetstvennosti i emocionaljnoj stabiljnosti. Takzhe u nih krajne visokaya samoocenka.Chasto oni ne sleduyut moraljnim i nravstvennim normam. Ne stesnyayutsya proyavlyatjD. N. Jones, D. L. Paulhus. Different Provocations Trigger Aggression in Narcissists and Psychopaths / Social Psychological and Personality Science agressiyu, obmanivatjA. Harrison, J. Summers, B. Mennecke. The Effects of the Dark Triad on Unethical Behavior / Journal of Business Ethics okruzhayuschih, izmenyatjP. K. Jonason, N. P. Li, D. M. Buss. The costs and benefits of the Dark Triad: Implications for mate poaching and mate retention tactics / Personality and Individual Differences suprugam i travitj1. H. Chabrol, N. Van Leeuwen, R. Rodgers et al. Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency / Personality and Individual Differences 2. E. E. Buckels, P. D. Trapnell, D. L. Paulhus. Trolls just want to have fun / Personality and Individual Differences teh, kto ne mozhet za sebya postoyatj. I dazhe sovershayutS. B. Kaufman, D. B. Yaden, E. Hyde et al. The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature / Frontiers in Psychology prestupleniya.Pri etom sootnoshenie psihopatii, narcissizma i makiavellizma mozhetT. V. Kornilova, S. A. Kornilov, M. A. Chumakova i dr. Metodika diagnostiki lichnostnih chert «Tyomnoj triadi»: aprobaciya oprosnika «Tyomnaya dyuzhina» / Psihologicheskij zhurnal razlichatjsya. I ot togo, kakoe kachestvo preobladaet, budet zavisetj povedenie cheloveka.PsihopatiyaKak i drugie sostavlyayuschie «triadi», eto ne medicinskij diagnoz. I vsyo zhe ona blizhe ostaljnih k psihicheskim rasstrojstvam lichnosti — antisocialjnomuCluster B Personality Disorders / DSM-5 i dissocialjnomu1. Dissocial personality disorder / ICD-10 2. Dissocial personality disorder / ICD-11.Psihopatiyu inogda nazivayut naibolee tyomnoj iz chert «triadi»: iz-za nesposobnosti k sochuvstviyu, problem s samokontrolem i prenebrezheniya pravilami chelovek prinosit mnogo vreda drugim.On vosprinimaet okruzhayuschih kak kukol. V kachestve primera mozhno privesti Antona Chigura iz filjma «Starikam tut ne mesto». Geroj v ispolnenii Havjera Bardema bukvaljno igraet s chelovecheskimi zhiznyami, kotorie dlya nego nichego ne znachat.Vprochem, psihopatiya proyavlyaetsya ne toljko u prestupnikov, no i u teh, kto ne sovershaetM. K. Mahmut, J. Homewood, R. J. Stevenson. The characteristics of non-criminals with high psychopathy traits: Are they similar to criminal psychopaths? / Journal of Research in Personality nezakonnih dejstvij. Sklonnostj k nej mozhetZ. Lee, R. T. Salekin. Psychopathy in a noninstitutional sample: Differences in primary and secondary subtypes / Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment bitj vrozhdyonnoj ili formirovatjsya v hode razvitiya lichnosti.MakiavellizmEta cherta prezhde vsego harakterizuetsyaS. Al Aïn, A. Carré, C. Fantini-Hauwel et al. What is the emotional core of the multidimensional Machiavellian personality trait? / Frontiers in Psychology stremleniem dostigatj svoih celej, ne dumaya o posledstviyah. Ona nazvana v chestj Nikkolo Makiavelli — italjyanskogo mislitelya XVI veka. On schital, chto istinnij pravitelj toljko s pomoschjyu obmana, hitrosti i manipulyacij mozhet dostichj zhelaemogo.Makiavellizm takzhe svyazivayutR. D. Peterson, C. L. Palmer. The Dark Triad and nascent political ambition / Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties s boljshimi ambiciyami. Lyudi s preobladaniem etoj cherti sposobniD. N. Jones, D. L. Paulhus. Duplicity among the dark triad: Three faces of deceit / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology stroitj dolgosrochnie plani i adekvatno ocenivayut riski.V kachestve primera makiavellista mozhno privesti Kruellu iz nedavno vishedshego filjma Disney. Ona ispoljzuet svoih druzej Horasa i Dzhaspera, ne schitayasj s ih mneniem i opasnostyami, kotorie im grozyat.NarcissizmTak nazivayutB. F. S. Grenyer. Historical overview of pathological narcissism / Understanding and treating pathological narcissism nezdorovuyu lyubovj k sebe i visokomerie po otnosheniyu k okruzhayuschim.Narcissicheskie lyudi schitayut, chto ih interesi vazhnee chuzhih, a potrebnosti dolzhni bitj udovletvoreni v pervuyu ocheredj. Oni iskrenne ubezhdeni, chto na golovu prevoshodyat vseh ostaljnih.Takzhe narcissi ne mogut spokojno i adekvatno reagirovatj na kritiku, ne idut na kompromissi, ne obraschayut vnimaniya na zhelaniya drugih. Iz-za etogo im tyazheloB. F. S. Grenyer. Historical overview of pathological narcissism / Understanding and treating pathological narcissism zavoditj znakomstva i podderzhivatj otnosheniya. I eto stanovitsya prichinoj ih odinochestva.Pri pervoj vstreche narcissi mogut1. M. Giacomin, C. H. Jordan. Misperceiving grandiose narcissism as self-esteem: Why narcissists are well liked at zero acquaintance / Journal of Personality 2. M. D. Back, S. C. Schmukle, B. Egloff. Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism–popularity link at zero acquaintance / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology pokazatjsya vpolne simpatichnimi lyudjmi. No na samom dele oni prezirayut vseh, krome sebya, i dovoljno skoro eto viplivaet naruzhu.Eschyo takie lichnosti obozhayutS. Vazire, L. P. Naumann, P. J. Rentfrow, et al. Portrait of a narcissist: Manifestations of narcissism in physical appearance / Journal of Research in Personality viglyadetj «na vse 100»: nosyat doroguyu ili broskuyu odezhdu, sledyat za vneshnim vidom i tratyat na ego podderzhanie mnogo vremeni i deneg.Ochenj yarkij primer narcissicheskoj lichnosti — geroj Kristiana Bejla v filjme «Amerikanskij psihopat». On nastoljko samovlyublyon, chto dazhe vo vremya seksa ne svodit glaz so svoego tela v zerkale.Kak raspoznatj «tyomnuyu triadu»Samij prostoj sposob — proanalizirovatjDark Triad / Psychology Today povedenie. Esli nalico postoyannie obmani, yavnoe otsutstvie sochuvstviya, manipulyacii okruzhayuschimi, stoit nastorozhitjsya.Esli hochetsya proveritj sebya, mozhno ispoljzovatj specialjnij test. Odin iz samih prostih i populyarnih — Dirty dozen («gryaznaya», ili «tyomnaya dyuzhina») — sostoit1. P. K. Jonason, G. D. Webster. The Dirty Dozen: A Concise Measure of the Dark Triad / Psychological Assessment 2. T. V. Kornilova, S. A. Kornilov, M. A. Chumakova i dr. Metodika diagnostiki lichnostnih chert «Tyomnoj triadi»: aprobaciya oprosnika «Tyomnaya dyuzhina» / Psihologicheskij zhurnal iz 12 utverzhdenij: Ya sklonen manipulirovatj drugimi dlya dostizheniya svoih celej. Ya ispoljzoval obman i lozhj dlya dostizheniya svoih celej. Ya ljstil, chtobi poluchitj zhelaemoe. Ya sklonen ispoljzovatj drugih lyudej v svoih celyah. Ya ne ispitivayu ugrizenij sovesti. Menya ne bespokoit moraljnaya storona moih postupkov. Ya besserdechen ili beschuvstvenen. Ya sklonen k cinizmu. Ya bi hotel, chtobi mnoj voshischalisj drugie lyudi. Ya bi hotel, chtobi drugie lyudi obraschali na menya vnimanie. Ya stremlyusj k statusu i prestizhu. Ya obichno zhdu osobogo otnosheniya k sebe. Kazhdoe predlozhenie nuzhno ocenitj po shkale ot odnogo (kategoricheski ne soglasen) do semi (polnostjyu soglasen).Pervie chetire punkta izmeryayut makiavellizm, sleduyuschie — psihopatiyu, poslednyaya chetvyorka — narcissizm. Chem vishe ocenki v kazhdoj kategorii, tem siljnee razviti sootvetstvuyuschie kachestva «tyomnoj triadi». Te, kto ne hochet schitatj, mogut projti test onlajn.Suschestvuyut i rasshirennie testi, pozvolyayuschie viyavitj «tyomnuyu triadu» i «tetradu».Eschyo bolee tochnie dannie pomogut1. J. D. Miller, L. R. Few, L. A. Seibert et al. An examination of the Dirty Dozen measure of psychopathy: A cautionary tale about the costs of brief measures / Psychological Assessment 2. G. L. Cartera, A. C. Campbell, S. Muncer. A Mokken analysis of the Dark Triad ‘Dirty Dozen’: S*x and age differences in scale structures, and issues with individual items / Personality and Individual Differences poluchitj oprosniki, posvyaschyonnie otdeljnim chertam «triadi». Naprimer, mozhno vospoljzovatjsya etimi tremya: Narcissicheskij oprosnik lichnosti, NPI-40. Shkala makiavellizma lichnosti, Mach-IV. Oprosnik viyavleniya psihopatii, SRP-III. Stoit li chto-to delatj, esli estj priznaki «tyomnoj triadi»Estj mnenie, chto kachestva «tyomnoj triadi» mogut bitj polezni dlya teh, kto imi obladaet. Naprimer, nekotorie issledovaniya pokazivayut, chto narcissi poluchayutD. Spurk, A. C. Keller, A. Hirschi. Do Bad Guys Get Ahead or Fall Behind? Relationships of the Dark Triad of Personality With Objective and Subjective Career Success / Social Psychological and Personality Science bolee visokuyu zarplatu, makiavellisti legche prodvigayutsya po sluzhbe, a lyudi s psihopatiej imeyutS. O. Lilienfeld, A. L. Watts, S. F. Smith. Successful Psychopathy: A Scientific Status Report / Current Directions in Psychological Science boljshe shansov zanyatj rukovodyaschuyu dolzhnostj.Odnako ne vsyo tak prosto. Mnogie psihologi protiv etoj tochki zreniya. Kritiki obraschayutD. Adam. Does a ‘dark triad’ of personality traits make you more successful? / Science vnimanie na to, chto takoj podhod obelyaet negativnie kachestva lichnosti. No estj i drugie pretenzii.Tak, amerikanskie issledovateli v statje 2019 goda zayavlyayutJ. D. Miller, C. Vize, M. L. Crowe et al. A Critical Appraisal of the Dark-Triad Literature and Suggestions for Moving Forward / Current Directions in Psychological Science, chto izuchayuschie poljzu «triadi» slishkom toporno analiziruyut harakter podopitnih i manipuliruyut statistikoj. Naprimer, primenyayut kratkij oprosnik «Gryaznaya dyuzhina» dlya viyavleniya tyomnih kachestv lichnosti, a ne podrobnie testi. A sami eksperimenti, po mneniyu kritikov, provodyatsya v nekorrektnih usloviyah: sredi studentov, a ne na rabochem meste.Pri etom u psihologov net somnenijE. H. O’Boyle, D. R. Forsyth, G. C. Banks et al. A meta-analysis of the Dark Triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective / Journal of Applied Psychology v tom, chto kachestva «triadi» sposobni isportitj cheloveku reputaciyu i razrush*tj ego socialjnie svyazi. «Toksichnoe liderstvo» nikomu ne po dushe, i dazhe esli u kogo-to poluchaetsya dostichj visokih pozicij za schyot tyomnoj storoni svoej lichnosti, uspeh udayotsya uderzhatj ne vsegda.Kak pokazivaetE. H. O’Boyle, D. R. Forsyth, G. C. Banks et al. A meta-analysis of the Dark Triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective / Journal of Applied Psychology analiz issledovanij na etu temu, nachaljniki s chertami «tyomnoj triadi» negativno vliyayut na proizvoditeljnostj podchinyonnih. A esli ona okazhetsya slishkom nizkoj, rukovoditelj mozhet lish*tjsya dolzhnosti.Tak chto luchshe ne nadeyatjsya, chto negativnie kachestva lichnosti budut polezni vam ili vashim blizkim. Praviljnee vsego budet obratitjsya k psihologu ili psihoterapevtu. Vo-pervih, on pomozhet opredelitj, dejstviteljno li «tyomnaya triada» estj u vas ili togo, kto vam dorog. Vo-vtorih, on podberyot terapiyu ili podskazhet, chto delatj, chtobi negativnie cherti ne meshali zhitj.Esli zhe vi podozrevaete «tyomnuyu triadu» u kollegi ili znakomogo, postarajtesj kak mozhno menjshe obschatjsya s nim. Esli eto nevozmozhno, postarajtesj zaschititj sebya drugimi sposobami. V etom vam pomogut soveti Lajfhakera.
