20/09/2020
Rak rel ve hrim hrim . Salai hi tulio kan lai caatial mi lakah cun a caa rel a phu bak tiah ka ruat mi a si.
By Salai Van Lian Thang
Panglong Agreement ah Right of Secession a umnak cu U Tin Tut k*tin asi tiah Tatmadaw bawi cheukhat nih an ruah" tiah BBC nih a hun tial. Hihi a biapimi bia asi.
Panglong Agreement ahran tialtu (drafters) cu: Soa Shwe Thaike (Shan), Soa Sam Htun (Shan), Vum Ko Hau (Chin), Duwa Zau Lawn (Kachin), Duwa Sinwa Naw (Kachin), Boyoke Aung San (Kawl) an si. Boyoke Aung San thinlung cheutu (adviser) hi U Tin Tut (Kawl) asi. (U Vum Ko Hau chimning).
U Tin Tut hi cafung tlaitu a biapibik asi, ti hi ka zumhmi asi.
Boyoke Aung San chan lioah mithiamsang a laarbikmi chungah "Kawlram Cozah Dotdot ah Mithiamsang Hna" timi Fingrei Journal cabia ah ka telhmi pa kha asi. Hi chanah an unau pali: U Tin Tut (ICS), U Myint Thein, Dr. Kyaw Myint le Dr Htin Aung cu Mirang nih four famous brothers in Burma tiah Kawlram mithmai (the faces of Burma) an rak si. Cabia ka hin rel khawh asi.
https://www.facebook.com/fingreijournal/posts/1597071930435918
Ngai ahcun: Right of Secession cu Tlangmi hmurkaa in a chuah hlanah Kawlmi nih kan sinah an hun chim hmasami bia asi. A voi 1nk Panglong conference (1946) ah U Saw nih kan pupa hna sinah a chim hmasa. Anmah nih an kan kamh hmasa mi asi. Cun Panglong conference (1947) ah kan pupa nih an hal ve lengah Supreme Council of the United Hill Peoples zong nih Maymyo Enquiry ah an rak dirpi rih caah khan asi. Cucaah 1947 Phunghram, Dal 10 nakah an hun khumhnak asi ko.
Nain, atu BBC nih a ttialmi "Panglong Agreement ah U Tin Tut k*t asi" timi bia tu hi cu a dik deuh lo. Panglong Agreement chungah "Right of Secession" kong aa tial lo. Hi kongah Boyoke Aung San nih cun "kan ikomh hlanah Right of Secession nan halmi hi cu.." tiah nih pah bu in kan pupa hna kha Panglong conference ahcun ati hna. "Hi kong cu a biapit deuh caah Constituent Assembly tu-ah ceihpeh dingin lanhter ko usih" " ti kha Boyoke Aung San a bia cu asi. Panglong Agreement chungah an telh lo. Zeiruangah a p**a deuhmi bia tete hi an telh lo timi tu hi "question" hal awk cu asi tawn. "Counselor (vuanci)" kong tu hna kha biatlang 4 hna in an langhtermi cu ramkhel mitin cuanh ahcun Panglong Agreement kha tha a derter tawnmi asi.
1947 Phunghram ningin Chinmi hi teh "Right of Secession" covo hi kan ngei ve maw? ti hi biahalnak a um fawn tawn. Zeicatiah pohma 201 ah "every state shall have the right to secede from the Union" tiah "every state" timi biafang an hman nain 1947 Phunghrampi chung Chinmi kong 196 zonah "Special Division of the Chins" lawng kan si i, "State" dirhmun kan rak si lo pinah Chinmi kan kong an tialnak zonah Right of Secession kha Shan le Karenni miphun bantukin an tial ve lo. (Union founder asi vemi miphun pakhat nih State min ibunh kho ve loin Special Division (wit-teh-tah-taing) timi min an kan phuah piakmi hmuh ko ahhin Laimi caah bia tampi khi a chimter tawn).
"Chin Miphun Hi Secession Right Pek Kan Rak Si Maw?" timi biahalnak cu ramkhel leiin kan mit autertu hmasa le tuanbia le Constitutional Law lei a hngalmi kanpa pakhat Pu Lian Uk kha 2014 ah ka rak hal. "Kan rak hmuh ve awk cu asi" ti khi a bia lehnak cu asi. Hi a tanglei ah ka halnak le a bialehnak rel khawh asi. https://www.academia.edu/9925242/Pu_Lian_Uk_Lehnak_Chin_Miphun_Hi_Secession_Right_Pek_Kan_Rak_Si_Maw
"Self-determination of peoples" cu the UN Charter (1945) chung ah a ummmi asi. UN members pawl karlak "obligations" le international agreements kongah ikalhnak a um ahcun UN Charter cu a sangbik biakhiaktu kha asi tawn. Cun International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) le International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) zongah "Self-determiantion" cu a um rih i, UN General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) ( 14 Dec. 1960) zongah a um, "all peoples have the right of self-determination" tiah an ti.
1950 hrawng ahcun UN chungtel ram cu ram 60 kan si. Nain hi UN Assembly resolution a chuah hnu tlawmpal ah 1961 ahcun ram 104 a phan colh, 1970 ahcun ram 127 tiang a phan. Hi Self-determination timi biafang nih International Law ah internal self-determination; le external self-determination timi biafang pahnih kha a chuahter. Nain, "self-determination" timi nih Right of Secession le Right to a new State timi "concept" kha a huap chih. International Law leiin zoh ahcun "Unilateral Declaration of Independence" timi hi a kham lem lo. Foundation of International Law pakhat phunah ruahmi "The Lotus principle" ningin international law cu "permissive international legal order" asi, "prohibitive "asi lo. Chim duhmi cu: The Right of Secession le Declaration of Independence te hna hi International Law nih a khap lo i a kham lo.
Hi kongah tuni International Law nih an itlaihmi biahram cu International Court of Justice (22 July 2010) nih Kosovo nih independence a thanhmi kongah Advisory Opinion biachahnak a tuahmi kha asi, a kham lo! https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/141-20100722-ADV-01-00-BI.pdf
"Self-determination of Peoples" timi kha UN nih a takin a hun a tlinternak cu "Decolonization Policy" in asi. Hi policy in ram 80 cu Independence an hun hmu. A hmu lo ram hi an um set ti lo. Vawlei ralpi 2nk a dih hnu New World Order thar vawlei chantiluan kha U Aung San te nih cun an rak doi khawh caah fawi tein luatnak an lak khawh nain pupa hna nih cun hi rang ngaiin aa lum letmi vawlei chantiluan le "Nation Building concept" kha an rak hmu kho ve rih lo. Mirang nih ram dangdang in kan miphun an kan cheu (India, Burma, hnuah Bangladesh ah an kan cheu) tik zongah "miphun pakhat kan si, kan cheu sawh hlah u" ti awk zong kha an rak hngal rih hna lo. Pu A.Z Phizo (Naga hruaitu) tu cu hi tiluan hi a rak doi khawh pah caah India nih Independence a hmuh hlan nikhat aa duhah Naga Independence kha a rak thanh manh. Cucu ramkhel mit le international law mit cun a sang ngaimi dirhmun kha asi.
Nain, kan pupa hna nih hi lio chanah mahte in indepencedence lak khawhning lampi an rak hmuh khawh deuh ve rih lo zongah 1947 Panglong conference ah "Right of Secession" timi bia an kan roh tak khawhmi cu thil fate asilo pinah vawleichan dongh hlan tiang kan miphun caah a sunglawimi ro thilah kilven awk a tthami khi asi. Cutin ro thil lianmi asi caah Tatmadaw le Bamar nationalists hna nih an huat tuknak zong cu asi tawn rua.
K*m 2017 ah Chin National Dialouge kha Thantlang khuaah an rak tuah. Chin miphun nih "zeibantuk a tungtlang hrampi in dah Kawlrampi hi dirh kan duh" timi "Basic Principles" kha k*mzabu 21 Panglong conference ah chuahpi dingmi biachahnak an ngei. Hi lioah Kawlca in "Right of Secession hi kan pupa hna nih an kan roh takmi ro thil asi caah kanmah chan nihcun kan ken rih awk asi ko" tiah ka rak dirpi. The Chinland Post zong nih ca in an chuah i, meeting a kaimi vialte an phawt hna tiah ka theih. Cheukhat nih cun a "extreme" deuh zongin an rak ka ruah phah. Nain, Panglong Agreement min kan thutti miphunhoi Kachin le Shan miphun nih zei cukha an chim hlanah Chin miphun nih rak hlot chung kha sia a rem hrimhrim lo pinah tuanbia ah a tang thai dingmi techin fapar chanah kan ipalh sual lai timi phan deuh bia khi a rak si. Cu ka rak tialmi kha hi a tanglei ah rel khawh rih asi.
https://www.facebook.com/vansalaicinzah/posts/1735562153124404
Laica zongin ka leh i a tanglei ah rel khawh asi.
https://www.academia.edu/31773727/Chin_National_Dialouge_le_Ramkomh_in_Chuahnak_Nawl
Nain, Chin ramkhel hruaitu upa chungin mah kongkau hi a duh lo ngaimi um pah dawh khi ansi. Kan hriamtlaibuu upa zeimaw zong itel dawh an si. Ka kai khawh ve lo tikah aho an si ti cu fiangin ka thei hna lo. Thantlang Chin National Dialouge nih biatungtlang a funmi cu a hun chuak i "Right of Secession" timi aa hun tel ti lo. Ka lung kha a ttha lo ngai. Biatungtlang zapi sin an hun chuahpi ni (1 March 2017) ah ti hin comment ka tial:
"1 March 2017 cu Chin Miphun nih "Rampi in Chuahnak Nawl Covo" hlawt ni asi. Porhlawt awk ni asi maw ti cun ka thei lo. Tuanbia nih a hun chim te lai". Hi atanglei ah rel khawh asi. https://www.facebook.com/vansalaicinzah/posts/1739274362753183
Cun hi comment tang deuhah "tu hnu kan izuam dingmi cu, "ျပည္ေထာင္စုကနဲ ဘယ္လူမ်ိဳးမွ မခြဲထြက္ရ" timi (Union in zei miphun hmanh kan chuak lai lo tiah biakamhnak phunphai) cu Uknak Phunghrampi chungah tial lo dingin kham izuam hi kan rian asi ve lai. Upadi in khap kha cu kan hau ve lai lo" tiin.
Hi lio hranwgcun "Ramkomh in zeitik hmanh nan chuak lai lo (non-sesession)" timi kong cu Tatmadaw le cozah hmurkaa in a chuak rih lo.
Nain, a rau lo. Tlawmpal ah cucu an hun chim thluahmah thawk colh ve ko! "Rampi in kan chuak lai lo timi min nan thut lo ahcun mah tein ramkulh phunghram suainak nawl le self-determination hi kan in pe kho hna lai lo" ti a hun si colh ko.
"Union Accord ah mah Non-Secession Clause cu min kan thu lai maw thu lo" ti kha a voi 3nk k*mzabu Panglong Conference (May 2017) ahcun a linsabikmi bia ah aa hun cang colh. Cabia pakhat kha ka tial tthan:
"min kan thut ahcun a biapimi hrennak (bolt le screw) pakhatte kan thlongh sual ruangah phung tiah a zapi tein aa sah dih sual lai, Kachin le Shan nih 1947 Panglong conference lioah biatungtlang chah dingah Chinmi an rak kan hngah bal, tutan an kai kho hna lo, min thut rih loin kan hngah ve hna awk hi a ttha lo maw?" tiin. Hi atangah rel khawh asi.
https://www.academia.edu/33189868/Pyidaungsu_Sachok_Minthut_le_Thut_Lo
Cuticun a voi 3nk k*mzabu 21 Panglong conference ah Chin miphun le tlangmi dang zong nih "Non-Secession Clause" cu min kan thu kho hna lo. Cu ruangah NCA peace process cu hmai fong kho loin caan sau nawn a hun taang. Micheu kan pa le nih cun "dengmang te ah kan tloh" an rak ti. Nain, keimah ruahnak ahcun hi bantuk minthut khawh lo hi cu "kan tlolh nain kan sung lo" ti khi asi. Ka tialmi a tanglei ah rel khawh asi. https://www.facebook.com/vansalaic.../posts/1864370886910196
Tu lioah "Non-Secession Clause kongah biafang dang tu hman dingin an kawl khawh cang" tiah thawngpang kan theih tikah kan lung aa lawm.
Kan pupa nih roh takmi "Right of Secession" hlot cang hnuah "zeitikhmanh ramkomh in kan chuak ti lai lo (non-sesession)" tiah upadi in biahrennak sachoh tuah rih cu dotkhat hnu dotkhat a sungkhan chin lengmang bantuk a lawh lengah hnulei ah i thawn chin lengmang le zumhnak tungtlang ka**ak chin lengmang bantuk hna khi a lo kho dingmi khi asi tawn. Tu chan hruaitu nih an ka**ak sual hmanhah a duhlomi tthangthar mino hna nih hriam in an hun dirpi tthan lai ti zong khi ruah-awk a umtermi asi.
Cucaah hi bantuk a biapimi miphun kong ahcun tlaihtleng cungah fek tein dir a ttha ngaingai tawn i ralring tein le khua saupi ruat bu tein biachah khi a ttha ngaingai tawn.
Tuni ah "Right of Secession" le U Tin Tut aa pehtlainak kha BBC nih a hun chim. Nain, "Panglong Agreement ah.." an timi tu cu a pallhmi kha asi. Panglong Agreement ah Right of Secession kong a um lo. Nain, U Tin Tut le mah Right of Secession le Panglong conference aa pehtlainak tu cu a chungthil tete a um pah lai a fian caah hlathlai deuh zong cu a ttha kho te menmi asi.
post asi lo
https://www.bbc.com/burmese/in-depth-45550217?at_campaign=64&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_custom3=BBC+Burmese&at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=FCCD6316-F9B2-11EA-8096-019C96E
Kawlram Cozah Dotdot ah Mithiamsang Hna
SALAI VAN LIAN THANG
No 1 January 2019
Aung San chan
1947 London Biaruahnak le 1947 Panglong conference hrawngah Bogyoke Aung San nih a bochan ngaimi mithiamsang cu U Tin Tut a si. Tuanbia hngal Dr. Thant Myint-U nih “hi chan lioah Kawlram mithiam le pazabik a si ko lai [top scholar, widely seen the most brilliant Burmese of his generation]” tiah a ti. University of Cambridge chuak, Mirang chan cozah reng sangpi I.C.S. (Indian Civil Service) awng hmasa bik, Kawlram hmasa bik Foreign Minister a si. 1947 Panglong conference lioah ruahnak chuahtu bik pakhat a si lengah zeitindah Tlangmi le Rawnmi ikomh ning a si lai, timi hlathlaitu phu Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry nih Maymyo ah Chin hruaitu upa hna April 19, 1947 ah bia an hal lio hna ah bia tampi a rak ruahtu hna kha a si. Rangoon khualai a kal lioah mawòaw cungah bom in an puahhnawh i thi na nung na in Rangoon siizungpi lei an tlikpi––chanh manh loin September 1948 ah a nunnak a liam.
“Sau deuh nung sehlaw Kawlram tuanbia hi a lehthal men lai” (he would have changed history if he had not been killed) tiah Dr. Thant Myint-U nih a òial. Ramkomh Bupi dirh dingin Mirang tangin luatnak kan hung hmu i rampi serning le hruai ning tuaktantu khuaruat kho lungfim upa a herh tuk lio caan ah lungvar bantuk in Kawlram nih aa rak ingeihmi mithiamsang a si. Luatnak hmuhka Kawlram nih tuan tuk in Boyoke Aung San le U Tin Tut a rak sungh hi cu a nu nih har ngai in a pawi, a vun hrin hnik i a nu paw chungin a pumpaluk a vung chuah thlu deuh hlanah a nu nih a thihtaakmi nausem bantuk a si. U Tin Tut hi nitlakram he idawt le irem a duh ngaimi a si caah ralkap chung lunghak phu cheukhat (radical factions) nih an rak huat ngai. Tuni tiang a thattu taktak kha an thei kho thai ti lo. Bom in an thah lio hi Bogyoke Aung San le hruaitu upa hna a thattu hna phen ah hotedah an um, timi puantang thilthup a hlathlai lio caan a si. Cuticun a phu zong tho lo in mi fanau a chan a liam.
U Nu chan
Bogyoke Aung San a paam hnuah 1947 Uknak Hrampi Upadi suai kong ah mawh a hun phortu cu U Nu le U Chan Htoon an si. U Chan Htoon hi ahran suaitu bik Constitutional Adviser tiah tuanbia ah “principal drafter and architect of Burma’s Constitution” an ti. India ram a va kal lelek i, ruahnak a va hal tawn hna. India Uknak Phunghram suainak ah ruahnak petu B.N. Rau (Trinity College, Cambridge) cu Rangoon tiang a ra i a hung bawmh hna. Ireland le Yugoslava ram Uknak Phunghram zong kha an rak izohchih. U Chan Htoon hi Ananda College (tulio Sri Lanka) le University College, Rangoon in cawnnak a dih. University of Cambridge zongah a cawng bal ve. Kawlram hmasa bik Attorney-General [Pyidaungsu Sihni-chok] a si lengah Supreme Court biaceihbawi zong a si bal. 1962 ah ralkap nih uknak an laak kha a rak dohdalh pah ve caah Buchohci Ne Win nih 1963-1967 tiang thong a thlak. U Chan Htoon hi Panglong hnatlak biatiam bang federal phung si lo in unitary phung in Kawlrampi muihnak chungah a luhpitu lakah mawhphortu pakhat a si, kan ti khawh men lai. Amah hrimhrim nih “kan ram [1947 Uknak Phunghram] hi a theory cun federal phung a si nain atak in hman tikah unitary phung a si (our country, though in theory federal, is in practice unitary) tiah Professor Hugh Tinker sinah a rak phuan bal. Tulio Tlangcung miphun hna ral kan thawh dih i ramkhel buainak a ruang hrampi cu “constitutional crisis” in aa thawkmi le cu he aa pehtlaimi lawngte an hun si. May 1988 ah a rak thi.
U Nu chan ah Tlangcungmi nih federal movement an tuah lio hrawngah Kawl cozah nih a hman ngaimi mithiamsang pakhat rih cu U Myint Thein a si. Rangoon University in upadi cawnnak a lim hnuah Queens’ College, Cambridge in a dih. 1953 ah UNO Khawmpi ah Kawlram aiawh palai (Burma delegation) a rak hruai. Tuluk le Kawlram an rak buai tuk i UNO Khawmpi ah vawleipi nih an bia a ceih lioah Kawlram aiawh in a dirtu le teinak copitu––vawleipi huap in a min a thangmi a si. Tuluk hruaitu hna he biaruah dingah Vuncichok U Nu nih aa hruaimi le 1954 Non-Aligned Summit ah aa kalpimi paza ngai a si. 1957 ah ramkomh biaceihbawi zik Supreme Court Chief Justice tiang a phan. 1962 ah ralkap nih uknak an laak kha a dohkalh pah ve caah k*m ruk thong an thlak ve. 1962 ah Tlangcungmi hruaitu hna nih “federal phung” an rak hal lioah cozah aiawh in upadi lei in lehnak fak bik a tuahtu hna kha a si. Taunggyi Conference ah Tlangcungmi tonpumhnak nih a hnatlakpi i Shan hruaitu hna chuahpimi cathluan [Shan Federal Proposal] kha “ramkomh cheunak phung pei a si hi” tiah a hnonpiaktu hna zong kha a si. Cu bia zong cu ceihpeh kho thai loin ralkap nih uknak an rak laak phah caah k*m 50 leng upadi leng bia ah aa rak cang. K*m 94 a si ah October 1994 ah a thi.
Bogyoke Aung San le U Nu chan i micungcuang: U Tin Tut le U Myint Thein hi unau an si. Cun an unau minthang pahnih: Dr. Kyaw Myint le U Htin Aung an um rih. Dr. Htin Aung hi University of Oxford le University of Cambridge chuak, Rangoon Universty Rector hlun a rak si. Dr Kyaw Myint hi Supreme Court biaceihbawi, Bogyoke Aung San le ram hruaitu upa hna a thattu U Saw le hawi an biaceihbawi haotu bik [Chairman of the Tribunal] a si. Hi unau mithiamsang pali hna hi Mirang caòialtu hna nih cun “four famous brothers in Burma” tiah an auh tawn hna.
Ne Win chan
Buchohci Ne Win nih Innhngak Cozah a tlaih lio tein “upadi” lei ah a rak i bochanmi cu Dr. Maung Maung a si. Rangoon University in B.A., B.L. a dih hnuah Doctor of Laws (LLD) cu Netherland ram in a dih. Cun Yale University in Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD) zong a dihmi cathiamsang a si. 1962 ah U Nu cozah cu Tatmadaw nih uknak an chuh i Tawhlanzi Council cozah a kai hnuah Dr. Maung Maung cu Judicial Minister le Kawlram biaceihbawi zik Supreme Court Chief Justice tiang a hun òuan.
1947 Uknak Phunghram cu Tawhlanzi Council cozah nih an hnon i U San Yu hruaimi 1974 Uknak Upadi Hrampi suaitu upa 97 an hun dirh. Dr. Maung Maung cu an hman bikmi le ahran suaitu bik a hun si. Ramkomh Ukning si lo in Rampak Ukning Phung (Unitary System) in an hun òial. Bochohci Khin Ngunt nih, “1988 lioah ralkap nih uknak a laaknak cathanh le a herhmi phungphai vialte a kan òialpiaktu kha Dr. Maung Maung a si,” tiah a cauk ah a òial. 1988 rambuai lioah chikkhatte a voi 7nk Kawlram Bupi President tiang a si bal. Mirang le Kawl in cauk tam ngaingai a òial hna i caòialthiam minthang zong a si. Cauk a òialmi lakah Burma’s Constitution timi le The 1988 Uprising in Burma timi cu mi nih an rel bik khun. Kawlram hrawktu tiah acheu nih an auhmi Buchohci Ne Win a hlorhnak le a cawithlirnak Burma and General Ne Win timi cauk a chuahmi bel nih belnang aa neh dih, tiah micheu nih an ti.
Professor Robert Taylor nih Dr. Maung Maung: Gentleman, Scholar, Patriot timi tlangtar in a tuanbia cauk in a chuahpiak i an rel duh ngai. Colonel Van Kulh nih a cauk ah “ka fim cem, ka thiam cem tiin i uahnak le porhlawtnak pakhat hmanh a ngei lo. Tlangcungmi vialte a kan dawt dih” tiah Kawlram hruaitu upa hna lakah a upatmi lakah a thimmi a si. Dr. Maung Maung hi cu k*m 26 chung Ne Win rumro uknak hrihhram a fehfuan nakhnga U Ne Win nih a thluak a hman bikmi cathiamsang a si, kan ti ahcun kan palh tuk hraw hnga maw dik. K*m 69 a si ah July 1994 ah Rangoon ah a thi.
Than Shwe chan
1988 hnu Tatmadaw cozah [SLORC le SDPC] lutlai buchohhmuci Saw Maung le buchohhmuci Than Shwe chan ah mifimthiam an hman deuhmi hna hi an min theih a har ngai. Dai tein a ummi cu an zuah hna i an policy a almi cu harnak hna an rak tong. Historian minthang Dr. Than Tun (PhD, University of London) cu an bia a al pah tawn caah tlerh hna an rak tlerh. Cauk chuahtu le tadinca òialtu tampi cu cafungmin hna an hmang––an min tak theih a har ngai. Mifimthiam tampi dai tein an um i an i thuh dih chan kan ti deuh ko lai. Hi chan ah “nitlak ram nih Kawlram cungah sipuazi dantatnak (economic sanction) tuah a herh bak lo” tiah Tatmadaw cozah a aukanhtu mithiamsang hna cu ramlengmi Prof. Robert Taylor le Prof. Morten B. Pedersen an si. Ca tampi an chuah. Ralkap cozah nih global scholars tiah cozah thawngca in a lawmh tawn hna. Chikkhat cu sipuazi phihkharnak aupitu, dohthlennak tuahmi hna awlokchong ngai in a rak chia baltu pro-regime scholars an rak si. Cun Prof. Michael Aung-Thwin le Prof. Maitrii Aung-Thwin bantuk Tatmadaw cozah pomning le ruahning he a luangòi ngaimi cathiamsang zong kha an um pah. Cauk an chuah i cabia tampi an òial.
2008 Uknak Hrampi Upadi an suai kha k*m 14 leng a rau. U Aung Toe (B.A., B.L.) kha 1993 in 2007 tiang National Convention tawlreltu lutlai [Work Committee Chairman] ah an hman. Kawlram biaceihbawi zik Supreme Court Chief Justice sau bik a òuanmi a si. 2018 Uknak Phunghram ahran suaitu phu “Commission for Drafting State Constitution” kha upa 54 in Tatmadaw cozah nih a rak dirh. U Aung Toe cu Chairman ah an thim. Buchohhmuci Than Swe nih a chan ah a hman bikmi mithiam pakhat a si, kan ti lai. 2008 Uknak Phunghram ahran suaitu hna chungah nitlakram in Ph.D. a dihmi 8 leng an um. Dr. Than Nyunt (PhD, Cambridge), Dr. Tun Shin (LLD, Belgium), Dr. Tin Aung Aye (LLD, Germany), Dr. Khin Maung Nyunt (PhD, London), Dr. Soe Yin (PhD, Italy), Dr. Myint Thein (PhD, USA), Dr. Nilar Thein (PhD, Singapore), Dr. Khin Zaw (PhD, Moscow) le U Tun Aung Chein [MA, USA] tbk an si. 2008 Uknak Hrampi Upadi cu federal phung muisam zeimawzat cawhpawlh in rampak uknak “unitary system” in suaimi a si lengah Tatmadaw nawlngeihnak a fehfuan nakhnga caah suaimi kha a si.
Thein Sein chan
President Thein Sein hruaimi USDP cozah kha Kawlram uktu lakah ruahnak petu mithiamsang a hmang bik a si men lai. Chief Political Adviser ah U Ko Ko Hlaing a hman. Ralkap sianghleirun DSA chuak, buhmuci reng ralbawi hlun, War Office ah First Class Chief Researcher a rak si. Chief Legal Adviser ah U Sit Aye a hman. Palekbawi hlun buhmuci reng, Ministry of Home Ministry (International Relations Department) ah Director a rak si. Chief Economic Adviser ah Dr. U Myint (PhD, University of California) a hman. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi hawikom, sipuazi lei mithiamsang a si. Chief Education Advisor ah Dr. Yin Yin Nwe (PhD, University of Cambridge) a hman. Hi nu hi UNICEF bawi zong a rak òuan bal. Chief Religious Adviser ah Dr. Nu Nu Thar a hman. Hi nu cu Rangoon General Hospital ah Superintendent zong a si bal i a òapa cu Tatmadaw cozah chan ah National Planning Minister U Soe Tha kha a si. Cun Economic Adviser ah Prof. Dr. Aung Tun Thet (PhD, University of Manchester) le Dr. Zaw Oo (PhD, American University) ti bantuk zong a hman hna.
Cun chungtel 18 ummi ruahnak cheutu bu: National Economic and Social Advisory Council timi zong a dirh rih. Hi chungah Dr. Kyaw Yin Hlaing (PhD, Cornell University), Dr. Thant Myint-U (PhD, University of Cambridge), U Tin Htut Oo (MSc, Ohio State University), U Moe Kyaw (BEng, Westminster University) tbk. cu nitlakram sianghleirun chuak an si. Thla khat voi khat an itong i President cu lungthin an cheuh. Cun semi-government dirhmun in dirhmi Myanmar Peace Centre zongah Dr. Min Zaw Oo (PhD, George Mason University, USA) le U Aung Naing Oo (MA, Harvard University, USA) lengah Dr. Ngun Cung Lian (JSD, Indiana University Bloomington, USA) ti bantuk zong kha a hman hna.
U Thein Sein nih ruahnak petu ah a hmanmi cathiamsang zeimawzat hi cu Tatmadaw he aa naihniammi le an khuaruahning aa hrawm kho pah deuhmi an si. Asinain, zeimawzat ve cu dohthlennak [democracy movement] ah thuk ngai in a rak cawlcang balmi an si. Cozah a rak dohtu hna kha a sawm hna i an ruahnak laak a duhmi president cu mi phundang ngai pakhat cu a si ve, kan ti lai.
DASSK chan
Tulio Daw Aung San Suu Kyi [DASSK] hruaimi NLD cozah ah Union Minister 22 le Deputy Minister 14 an um. Mifimthiam (technocrats) an um ngai i ramkhel hrihhram ngeimi (political oriented, veteran politician) phun an tlawm. Tatmadaw cozah chan i diplomat hlun le cozah bawi hlun zong an tam. Rangoon University Rector hlun pahnih: Dr. Myo Thein Gyi (PhD, Technical University of Berlin) le Dr. Aung Thu (PhD, Yangon University). Sii lei physician Dr. Myin Htwe (MBBS, Institute of Medicine (1); MPH, University of Philippines; DrPH, Johns Hopkins University, USA); Dr. Pe Myint (MBBS, Institute of Medicine-1) le Dr. Win Myat Aye (MBBS, MMedSc (Paed), DrMedSc (Paed), MACTM, Australia). University of Forestry ah Pro-rector hlun U Ohn Win (MSc, Colorado State University, USA), Dr. Set Aung (MSc, University of Stirling, UK and PhD, Keiro University, Japan); U Han Zaw (MSc (Engg:), Mosco State University) tbk. cathiamsang an um. DASSK zong cu MA (University of Oxford chuak) a si.
Cun DASSK nih langsar in a hman bikmi pathum an um i pakhat cu: U Kyaw Tin Swe a si. University of Yangon in Bachelor’s Degree le Institute of Social Studies (The Hague) in “Post-graduate Diploma in International Relations and Development” a dih. USDP cozah chan ah DASSK he Letpadaung Inquiry Commission ah naihniam tein an rak òuanòinak in DASSK mizumh ah aa chuah i NLD cozah ah DASSK nih huham lian takmi Union Minister for Office of the State Counsellor rian a hun khinh ko. 73nk UNO Khawmpi ah Myanmar aiawh in biachimtu le Myanmar Delegation hruaitu kha a si. DASSK nih zing thaithawh a dumòi tawnmi le naihniam bik in a òuanòimi a hun si. Cun a dang pakhat cu: U Thaung Htun a si. Union Minister for Office of the Union Government le National Security Adviser a si lengah Chairman of Myanmar Investment Commission rian zong an pekchih. BSc (Rangoon Arts and Sceince University) le Master in International Public Policy (Jonhs Hopkins University, USA) a dih. UN Security Council ah Myanmar aiawh in a dirtu hna ah an hun hman tawn. DASSK nih ramkip a tlawnnak ah aa kalpimi a si. Cun pakhat rih cu: U Kyaw Tin a si. Union Minister of International Cooperation rian an khinh i ramdangmi he pehtlaihnak ah DASSK nih a bochan ngai. Yangon University in MSc (Math) le Dresden University of Technology (Germany) in “Post-graduate Diploma in Environmental Management” a dih. Hi NLD cozah i milangsar pathum hna hi Tatmadaw cozah chan ah Myanmar ram aiawh diplomat le ambassador dirhmun in ram tampi ah rak thlah balmi an si. Cozah rian dirhmun nih a ngeih ca zong a si men lai.
NLD nih Uknak Phunghram kong ah ruahnak cheutu bik ah an rak hmanmi cu: U Ko Ni (BA, LLB, Rangoon Arts and Science University) kha a si. U Thein Sein cozah sinah cathluan an pekmi “NLD’s Analysis and Recommendations for 2008 Constitution” a òialtu bik le 2008 Uknak Phunghram chungin State Counsellor post sernak caah awngkua pem a hmutu le ruahnak chuahpitu kha a si. Tampi nih NLD constitutional adviser tiah an ti. 2017 ah miòhalo k*t in a paam. Cun DASSK nih sipuazi lei ruahnak petu Special Economic Consultant ah a hman ngaimi cu Australia rammi Dr. Sean Turnell (Professor of Economics, Macquarie University, Australia) a si. Tatmadaw cozah nih Kawlram luh an rak kham i 2010 ah DASSK he an iton hnuah DASSK ruahnak cheutu ah a hun cang lan. Cabia tampi a òial i a chuah. Cun DASSK nih U Thein Sein chan a hmanmi sipuazi lei thiamsang Dr. Aung Htun Thet (PhD, University of Manchester) zong kha Peace Comission member lengah Chief Coordinator of Union Enterprise for Humanitarian Assistance, Resettlement and Development in Rakhine State ah a hun hman òhan.
DASSK cozah nih Rohinya kong ah ramleng mawhchiatnak fak ngai in a ton. Hi tawlrelnak ah ramleng mifimthiam tampi ruaih in Dr. Kofi Annan (UN Secretary-General hlun), Dr. Surakiart Sathirathai (Thailand Deputy Prime Minister hlun) le Ambassador Rosario Manalo (Philippines Deputy Foreign Minister hlun) hna nih hruaimi commissions phunphun kha a dirh i thazaang tampi chuah in a buaipi. Hi rian ah Kawlram in U Win Mra (UNO ah Tatmadaw cozah ambassador hlun le buchohhmuci Than Shwe holhlettu), U Khin Maung Lay (Muslim mithiamsang le cozah bawi hlun), U Tun Myat (UN Assistant Secretary General hlun) le U Myah Thein (Former Chairman of Constitutional Tribunal) tbk. mithiamsang kha a hman len hna.
Thein Sein cozah nih remdaihnak tawlrelbu ah UPCC le UPWC a dirh i thiamnak lei bawmtu (technical support body) ah Myanmar Peace Centre (MPC) kha mithiamsang tampi in a rak dirh. DASSK a kai hnuin UPCC le UPWC cu a hloh i milu tlawm tein NRPC le PC tiah a hun thlen. Hmasa MPC bantuk dirhmun ah Vuncichok Tony Blair nih Chief of Staff ah a rak hmanmi Jonathan Powell hruaimi, Inter Mediate phu, kha a hun hman. Jonathan Powell hi Northern Ireland Peace Process ah UK cozah Chief Negotiator a rak si. Remdaihnak kong ah DASSK ruahnak cheutu biapi ngai ah aa hun cang. U Thein Sein bantuk si lo in DASSK nih remdaihnak rian ah mithiamsang tlawm tuk a hun hmanmi hi hmual a cah khawh lonak pakhat a si, tiah a chimtu zong cu an um.
Tlangcung miphun
KNU President Saw Ba U Gyi kha 1926 ah Magdalene College, University of Cambridge ah upadi a rak awng cang. Cathiamsang a si caah Kawl cozah nih an rak òihzah ngai. 1945 Lord Montbatten he Kandy khua tonnak ah Aung San he an rak kalòi i Aung San Cabinet zongah vuanci a òuan bal. Karen dohthlennak a hruai i Kawl ralkap nih 1950 ah an rak thah. Tuni ah Karen nih an “Miphun Pa” tlukah an ruah. Sau deuh nung sehlaw Karen tuanbia tampi a thlen men lai. Shan sawbwa Sao Hkun Hkio zong 1935 ah University of Cambridge ah BA degree a rak la. U Nu cozah ah Deputy Prime Minister le Foreign Minister a rak òuan. UNO Khawmpi ah Burmese Delegation zong a rak hruai. Chairman of State Council zong a rak òuan. 1961 Taunggyi Conference le 1962 Federal Seminar lioah Tlangcung miphun aiawh in hmaisuang in a dirtu bik a rak si.
1947 hrawng cun Tlangmi chungin cawnnak sang phanmi an rak tlawm ngai. 1947 Uknak Phunghram, Unitary System ah aa rak chuahnak zong cu Tlangcungmi dirhmun a dettu le a dirpi kho taktak mi mithiamsang constitutional expert an rak um set rih lo ruangah pakhat cu a si. 1947 Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry hmai ah Chinmi cu federal phung he aa pehtlaimi ramkhel biafang tete zong kha kan lung a rak piang kho deuh rih lo. Nain, 1962 hrawng cun U Kya Bu, Dr. Ba Ngan le U Toon Myint Lay tbk. hrihawhnak in Tlangmi nih federal movement an hun thawk––Taunggyi U Htun Myint hna cu a rak za ngai. Shan Federal Proposal cathluan zong a rak òha ngai. Federal Seminar lioah Capt. Mang Tung Nung biachim zong a pical ngai.
1962-1988 hrawng cu U Ne Win a hran tuk lio si kaw mithiamsang an lang tuk lo nain Pu Lian Uk (BA, LLB) hruainak in U Ne Win cozah sinah ruahnak pekmi “Proposal of the Chin Youths” cathluan hna cu a òha ngaingai. Hi cathluan hnatlak minthut ruangah cozah nih a tlaihmi Chin hruaitu 40 leng hna kha an rak men lo. Cawnnak sangpi ngeimi le cozah bawi ngan an rak si. Hi hlanah a chimrelmi an um lo––mah tein ramkulh phunghram suai halnak aw zong hi cathluan chungin hmuh hmasa bik a si. Tatmadaw cozah chan dohthlennak ah Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe aka Eugene Thaike (MA, PhD in Political Science, University of British Columbia, Canada) bantuk Tlangmi chungin mithiamsang an hun chuak. Cauk a chuah i cabia tampi a òial. State Constitution ahran suai rian biatak tein a aupi. Tlangcungmi dirhmun a dirpi kho ngaimi le biahar a fianh kho ngaimi mithiamsang a rak si. 2004 ah a kan thihtaak i kan sung ngai.
Tulio Kawl cozah he ramkhel biaruahnak: UPDJC Work Committee for Discussing Political Affairs chungah Dr. Lian Sakhong (PhD, Uppsala University, Sweden), Dr. Sai Oo (PhD, University of Technology, Sydney) le KIO Vice Chairman hlun Dr. Manam Tu Ja bantuk miza ngai an itel. Ralram ah lam hmaisa in ral a tumi bantuk kha an si. Harn Yawnghwe (MBA, McGill University, Canada) bantuk Tlangmi nih bochanmi zong lenglei in an cawlcang ve. Cun Dr. Lian Sakhong hruaimi Centre for Development and Ethnic Studies, Pu Zo Tum Hmung (MA, Hardvard University) hruaimi Ethnic Nationalities Affairs Center, Khuensai Jaiyen hruaimi Pyidaungsu Institute tbk. Tlangcungmi dirhmi think tank le policy institute phu zong an hun um len. Hi bu min in cawnnak sang ngei rianòuantu tampi nih ca tampi an chuah. Hlan nakin a let tam piin Tlangmi dirhmun a hun òhawng i a hun zia deuh ngaingai.
Kap khat lei ah tulio Myanmar cozah nih a bochan ngaimi cu Chinmi Pu Hau Do Suan (Master in Public Policy, National University of Singapore) a si. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary/ Permanent Representative of Myanmar to the United Nations, New York timi dirhmun sangpi an khinh. Sivang in Rohinya kong ah vawleipi nih Myanmar an den cuahmah lioah UN Security Council le vawleipi tonnak ah Myanmar ram aiawh in a dirtu le biachimtu cem a hun si. Tlangmi nih hi sinak tiang kan hun phak cu lawmh awk a si ko, kan ti lai.
Kawlram cozah nih Tlangcungmi teinak le uk khawhnak caah a chanchan in mithiamsang tampi thluak a hman tawn. Tlangcungmi zong nih “scholars le academicians” tampi khawmh le hman ve hi a herh ngai. Cabuai cung ramkhel raldoh lioah a hun biapi khun. Hriam le kuanfang lawng a za lo. Cathiamsang an thluak tampi a herh—cu lawngah ral tei khawh a si lai.
Chirhchan:
Yawnghwe, Chao Tzang., 2010. The Shan of Burma: Memiors of a Shan Exile. 2nd repinted ed. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
Maung, Maung., 1959. Burma’s Constitution. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Myint-U, Thant., 2015. The 66th Anniversary of Myanmar’s Tragic Assassination. [Facebook]. Available at: [Accessed 11 September 2018].
Sai Aung Tun., 2009. History of the Shan State: From Its Origins to 1962. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Taylor, Robert H., 2008. Dr. Maung Maung: Gentleman, Scholar, Patriote. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Soe Thane., 2017. New Democracy State and President U Thein Sein [Burmese]. Publication in
Yangon.
Su Mon T, A., and Matthew A., 2018. Managing Change: Executive Policymaking in Myanmar. Yangon: The Asia Foundation.
U Nu., 1975. Saturday’s Son. New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press.
Lun M, M., Aung S., Thomas, K., Laignee, B., 2016. Who’s who: Myanmar’s New Cabinet [online]. Available at: [Accesed 22 September 2018]
Poppy Mc Pherson., 2017. Aung San Suu Kyi: Myanmar’s great hope fails to live up to expectations [online]. Available at: [Accesed 22 September 2018]
Salai Van Lian Thang., 2016. NLD Union Cabinet Cuanhnak. Available at: [Accesed 22 September 2018]
