14/01/2023
With all this new competition, the American Mafia also went back home. From the late 1960s on, Sicilian immigrants—called zips— entered the United States, legally and otherwise, and joined ItalianAmerican gangs. Cesare Bonventre, well connected through two uncles in the Bonanno family, came over in 1968 and rose quickly by killing up to twenty people. He was too ambitious, though, offending more-assimilated Mafiosi, and in 1984 was murdered, chopped in pieces, and stuffed into three oil drums. The zips did expedite dope deals such as an elaborate operation that smuggled in $1.65 billion worth of he**in over five years and distributed it through pizza joints around the country.
But the Sicilians, because of their drugs and bumptious foreignness, further disrupted the diminishing level of trust within the beleaguered American Mafia. “You can't trust those bastard zips,” Lefty Ruggiero of the Bonannos warned an associate. “Greaseballs are motherf**kers. When a zip kisses, forget about it. They hate the American people. . … You cannot give them the power. They don't give a f**k. They don’t care who's boss. They got no respect. There's no family.” As of the late 1980s, none of the new organized crime groups yet enjoyed the entrenched connections of the Mafia in America. new gangsters had no power in labor racketeering, and few lines to crooked politicians or lawmen. Their turfs were smaller and more precarious. Taken together, though, they threw the underworld into chaos, a degree of disorganized contusion not seen since the early days of Prohibition.
The new groups dealt mainly in drugs, and those volatile commodities wiped out all the old rules. Anyone who deals in junk,” said Gennaro Angiulo, “will tell the feds anything they want to hear.” Coked-up gangsters would kill anyone, including cops and uninvolved women and children. That made lawmen even angrier and more intent on the chase. Riven from within, besieged by the new criminal gangs, and pursued by waves and waves of federal prosecutions, Mafiosi faced difficult times, the worst they had known. The one-two punch of electronic surveillance and flipped wiseguys meant the effective end of omertà, the ancient code of silence toward the law. If authorized bugs and taps did not directly record the embarrassing evidence, someone high in the Mafia—Angelo Lonardo of Cleveland, Frank Bompensiero of San Diego, Vincent Cafaro of the Genovese—would come forward to sing and inform, to buy mercy for himself and send away his old comrades instead.
"People don’t train their people no more,” lamented Aniello Dellacroce of the Gambinos. “There's no more respect. There’s no more nothing.” The acids of modernity ate away at everyone, even the antimodern Mafia. The younger Mafiosi were bound together mainly by fear and self-interest, no longer by kinship, culture and tradition. That was not enough. “My Tradition has died in America,” said Joe Bonanno, himself the author of a revealing autobiography. “The way of life that I and my Sicilian ancestors pursued is dead. What Americans refer to as ‘the Mafia is a degenerate outgrowth of that life-style.“ Degenerate, maybe, but not dead. For years, hopetul observers had been announcing premature obituaries of the Mafia. According to theories of ethnic succession in organized crime, Italian gangsters should have disappeared by the 1980s.
The general levels of education, income, and white-collar status of ItalianAmericans were now at or beyond national norms. Italians could no longer be described as a marginal group, poor and ignorant, needing crime as a way out. Yet the Mafia remained the strongest group in the underworld, the only one with truly national scope and six decades of continuity and killing reputation behind it. In fact, higher education and economic mobility did not necessarily turn younger Italians away from organized crime. Some of the Mafia's rising stars in the 1980s—Sal Testa of Philadelphia, Vincent Ferrara of Boston, Michael Franzese of the Colombos— were college educated, with the skills and discipline to make ther way through the upperworld. Mafia fathers still hoped their sons would follow family tradition.
Joseph Pistone, an FBI undercover agent, spent six years among the Bonannos and Colombos. “Their children were all involved in the Mafia,” Pistone told the Nunn committee in 1988. “They were all well aware of what their fathers were doing, and they were all thieves in their own right. I did not find anyone that I dealt with that tried to steer their sons away from a life of crime.” It came down to this: underworld life was still too easy, plush, and thrilling for some people to resist. Greg Scarpa, a Colombo capo, dressed and spoke well, like any good citizen of brains and privilege. “He is very, very bright,” said his former attorney in 1986. “He could have been a lawyer probably, or run any big business. But it would be no fun to him.”
Fun: the pleasures of deference and opulence, without the bother of working hard and earning them, kept organized crime attractive no matter how perilous the attention of racketbusters became. “As a wiseguy, Lefty Ruggiero exulted, “you can lie, you can cheat, you can steal, you can kill people—legitimately. You can do any goddamn thing you want, and nobody can say anything about it. Who wouldn’t want to be a wiseguy?”