Filibasher

25/06/2024

if US military can do this with drones, they could fly these to enemy countries with Nuclea war heads over West Philippines seas or in the Pacific frontlines. https://fb.watch/sWCFamg5uK/

23/06/2024

Baliktad pa nga ang nangyayare, Pilipinas pa ang nagsasabi na hindi "Armed Attack" ang ginawa sa amin, kulang pa yun mga pirates, lol, pwede nyo pa gawin yun paulit-ulit,tutal di naman yun big deal, hindi yun armed attack kaya ok lang nakawin nyo ulit mga baril, at akyatin nyo lahat ng barko at sasakyan ng militar ng Pinas. -----Mga Intsik naman, "ah oki, sige kami punta Ayungin, kuha baril Penoy ,so lambot lider ninyo,kaya kami akyat inyo barko, oki,oki,hahaha

23/06/2024

Use of the term “armed attack” in lieu of Article 2(4)’s “use of force” verbiage constructs
the gap. Note how Article 51 adopts an “act-based” threshold using a specifi ed type of action
(armed attack) rather than one based on particular consequences. This approach tracks that
taken in Article 2(4), with its prohibition on uses of force. In 1945, an act-based threshold
made sense, for the action to which States were most unwilling to completely defer forceful
responsive measures to the Charter’s new collective security system was an attack by the armed
forces of another State. Thus, the term armed attack represented an elegant balancing of the
general apprehension about States using force unilaterally, on the one hand, and the fear of
States about being defenceless in the face of attacks should the international community fail to
act, on the other. This mechanism worked well when the threats that inspired the acceptance
of a self-defence exception to the prohibition on the use of force consisted of classic military
operations.

23/06/2024

The U.S. Department of Defense’s Dictionary of Military Terms defi nes “computer network
attack” (CNA) as “[a]ctions taken through the use of computer networks to disrupt, deny,
degrade, or destroy information resident in computers and computer networks, or the computers
and networks themselves.”1 NATO adopts this defi nition in its Glossary of Terms, but adds the
parenthetical that “[a] computer network attack is a type of cyber attack.”2 Curiously, it does not
defi ne “cyber attack” and the reference contains the sole mention of “cyber” in the document.
The term “computer network attack” is adequately descriptive for non-legal use. For instance,
it usefully distinguishes such operations from computer network defence, computer network
Michael N. Schmitt
International Law Department
United States Naval War College
Newport, U.S.A.
[email protected]
2012 4th International Conference on Cyber Confl ict
C. Czosseck, R. Ottis, K. Ziolkowski (Eds.)
2012 © NATO CCD COE Publications, Tallinn
Permission to make digital or hard copies of this publication for internal use within
NATO and for personal or educational use when for non-profi t or non-commercial
purposes is granted providing that copies bear this notice and a full citation on the
first page. Any other reproduction or transmission requires prior written permission
by NATO CCD COE.
1 U.S. Department of Defense, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Joint Publication 1-02, Nov. 8,
2010, as amended through Feb. 15, 2012, available at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/. 2 NATO Standardization Agency, NATO Glossary of Terms and Defi nitions (AAP-6) (2010), at 2-C-12.
284
exploitation and other cyber activities.3 Despite practical utility, its use causes measurable
disquiet among lawyers, for “attack” is a legal term of art that has specifi c meaning in the
context of two very different bodies of international law governing State behaviour in times of
crisis or confl ict. In both cases, the term represents a consequential threshold that delineates the
legality of particular cyber operations, and, in some cases, the lawfulness of responses thereto.
This article seeks to bridge the terminological gap between the legal and non-legal communities
by examining and explaining the signifi cance of the word “attack” in international law.
Hopefully, doing so will imbue policy makers, cyber operators and technical experts with
greater sensitivity to the legal dimensions of the verbiage they employ when addressing cyber
matters. Although the two communities may not speak the same language, members of both
benefi t from being bilingual.
2. THE LEGAL ARCHITECTURE
The international law governing confl ict consists of two distinct bodies of law: the jus ad
bellum and the jus in bello. Jus ad bellum norms govern when States, as an instrument of their
national policy, may resort to force. They address, inter alia, the prohibition of the use of force
by States and the exceptions thereto, most notably the right of self-defence and authorization or
mandate by the UN Security Council.4 The jus in bello, by contrast, deals with how the military
and other armed actors may employ force, including who and what may be targeted.
These norms, also labelled the “law of armed confl ict” or “international humanitarian law”
(the latter term adopted in this article), apply in situations of “armed confl ict” irrespective
of whether the State or armed actor in question has resorted to force in compliance with the
jus ad bellum. Differing objects and purposes animate the two bodies of law and explain the
impenetrable barrier between them. The jus ad bellum seeks to maintain peaceful relations
within the community of nations by setting strict criteria as to when States may move beyond
non-forceful measures such as diplomacy, economic sanctions and counter-measures.5 Of
particular note is the right to do so in self-defence when either facing an “armed attack” or
coming to the aid of another State which is defending itself (collective self-defence). By
3 Computer network operations comprise “computer network attack, computer network defense, and related
computer network exploitation enabling operations. DoD Dictionary of Military Terms, supra note 1.
Computer network defense is defi ned as “[a]ctions taken to protect, monitor, analyze, detect and respond
to unauthorized activity within Department of Defense information systems and computer networks,”
whereas computer network exploitation encompasses “[e]nabling operations and intelligence collection
capabilities conducted through the use of computer networks to gather data from target or adversary automated information systems or networks.” Id. 4 U.N. Charter, arts. 2(4), 42 & 51.
5 Countermeasures are “measures that would otherwise be contrary to the international obligations of
an injured State vis-à-vis the responsible State, if they were not taken by the former in response to an
internationally wrongful act by the latter in order to procure cessation and reparation.” Draft Articles on
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 53rd sess., UNGAOR, 56th sess., sup. No. 10 (A/56/10), ch. IV.E.1, at p. 128,
available athttp://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf [hereinafter
Articles of State Responsibility]. Note that Article 50 of the Articles of State Responsibility provides that
countermeasures cannot amount to a use of force. However, this position, which the author accepts, was
challenged by Judge Simma in the Oil Platforms case, where he argued that countermeasures could involve
force when in response to an act that itself amounted to a use of force, but did not qualify as an armed attack. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. U.S.), 2003 I.C.J. 161, ¶¶12-13 (Nov. 6) (separate opinion
of Judge Simma).
285
contrast, international humanitarian law seeks to minimize harm during an armed confl ict that
is either unnecessary to effectively accomplish legitimate military aims or excessive relative
to them. It does so most directly by establishing legal boundaries for the conduct of “attacks.”
Ignoring “right or wrong” under the jus ad bellum optimizes this purpose.
Since the term “attack” applies in separate bodies of law with discrete objects and purposes, it
is unsurprising that its meaning differs depending on its source. In the jus ad bellum, it appears
in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter: “Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the
inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a
Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to
maintain international peace and security.” Article 51, recognized as refl ective of customary
international law by the vast majority of legal scholars, is an express exception to Article 2(4)
of the Charter, which provides that “[a]ll Members shall refrain in their international relations
from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any
state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.” Taking the
Articles together, a State may “use force” without violating Article 2(4) when it is the victim
of an “armed attack”, as that term is envisaged in Article 51. Self-defence requires no ex ante
authorization from the Security Council, States alone enjoy the right of self-defence, and the
right only attaches to armed attacks with a transnational element.6
In international humanitarian law, “attack” refers to a particular category of military operations.
Article 49(1) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions defi nes
“attacks” as “acts of violence against the adversary, whether in offence or in defence.”7 It is a
neutral term in the sense that some attacks are lawful, whereas others are not, either because of
the status of the object of the attack or how the attack is conducted. Neutral though it may be,
“attack” is operatively a key threshold concept in international humanitarian law because many
of its core prohibitions and restrictions apply only to acts qualifying as such.
It is important to bear in mind that this notion only attains relevance once an “armed confl ict”
is underway. Like “attack”, “armed confl ict” is a legal term of art referring to two types of
confl icts: 1) international armed confl icts, which are between States; and 2) non-international
armed confl icts, which are confl icts at a certain level of intensity and organization between a
State and an organized armed group or between organized armed groups.8 Absent a situation
qualifying as one of these confl icts, domestic and human rights law, not humanitarian law,
governs the activities in question.
6 In the cyber context, the meaning of the term “use of force” is highly unsettled. See Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (Tallinn Manual), (Michael N. Schmitt et al. eds., Cambridge
University Press, forthcoming 2013) [hereinafter Tallinn Manual].
7 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of
Victims of International Armed Confl icts, art. 49.1, June 8, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter AP I].
8 For the thresholds applicable to international and non-international armed confl ict, see common articles 2
and 3 respectively to the four Geneva Conventions. Note that in addition to situations involving hostilities,
the applicability of humanitarian law extends to those in which there has been a declaration of war or occupation, even when hostilities have not broken out. Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3114, 75 U.N.T.S. 31; Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces
at Sea, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3217, 75 U.N.T.S. 85; Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners
of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. 135; Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian
Persons in Time of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287.
286
To summarize, an “armed attack” is an action that gives States the right to a response rising
to the level of a “use of force,” as that term is understood in the jus ad bellum. By contrast,
the term “attack” refers to a particular type of military operation during an armed confl ict to
which particular international humanitarian law norms apply. T

Dear visitor, the OLA main website has migrated to www.un.org/ola as of 30 November 2021. You will be redirected to the new website shortly. If the redirection does not work please feel free to click this link

23/06/2024

Hindi daw "armed attack" ang nangyari na ax and machete; Tanga na ba ang ating mga lider? Pag ikaw kaya ay tagain ng "machete" di ba maniniwala na "inatake" ka ng isang armado ng machete? Arm=ginamitan ng kamay,pinagbuhatan ng kamay na hawak nga nila machete at AX,ikaw kaya palakulin ng intsik?

15/06/2024

hay nakakatawa,nawala stress ko dito sa mama nya nagviral ex boldstar daw 😂

22/05/2024

Karen Carmen A. Monillias

02/05/2024

https://youtu.be/HSeWUOjIdSY?si=97Lc-xhhf5AV8VUW

a tribute to all heroes, and especially a father that was gone too soon. "Somepne shot and killed your father"

Daughter of Police Officer who was shot and killed on duty ,did an amazing but inspiring speech but very emotional and touchingvery sad and emotional video o...

02/05/2024

https://www.tiktok.com//video/7292699200649710891

Check out Kom Pareson’s video.

25/04/2024

RimPac is the father of Balikatan,according to Jr Patatas

U.S. Navy USS Essex Deploy to the West Philippines Sea with 1,200 Sailors and 2,200 MarinesThe amphibious assault ship USS Essex (LHD 2) departs San Diego fo...

23/04/2024

https://youtu.be/aaGdovSVhg0?si=Tu6IjWoAuC1QC45m

Ang Simple Buhay Mag Pamilya I Caught Fish To Feed My Family|Catch And Cook

23/04/2024

Paalam sa iyo "Ingenuity" we are going to miss you. We hope for the best in the coming winter Martian nights. We promise to share your memories in my social media. Thank You for your service.

23/04/2024

🅺🆄🅽🅶 🅰🆈🅰🆆 🅽🆈🅾 🅽🅶 🅶🅰🅽🆈🅰🅽🅶 🅱🅰🅻🅸🅺🅰🆃🅰🅽,🅴🅳🅸 🆆🅰🅶 🅽🅸🅽🆈🅾🅽🅶 🅶🅰🆆🅸🅽, 🅱🅰🅺🅸🆃 🅳🅸 🅼🅾 🆁🅸🅽 🅶🅰🆆🅸🅽 🅽🅶 🅼🅶🅰 🅺🅰🅸🅱🅸🅶🅰🅽 🅼🅾🅽🅶 🅱🅰🅽🆂🅰? 🆆🅰🅻🅰 🅺🅰 🅱🅰🅽🅶 🅺🅰🅸🅱🅸🅶🅰🅽 🅼🆁 🅲🅷🅸🅽🅰🅼🅰🅽? 🅴🅳🅸 🆆🅰🆆🅰 🅺🅰 ,🆂🅴🅽🆂🆈🅰 🅽🅰 🅿🅰🅻🅴 🅺🅾,🆆🅰🅻🅰 🅿🅰🅻🅰 🅸🅺🅰🆆 🅺🅰🅸🅱🅸🅶🅰🅽,🆂🅾🅻🅻🅸 🅿🅾,🅴🅳🅸 🅷🅸🅽🆃🅾 🅽🅰 🅸🅺🅰🆆 🅱🅾🅼🅱🅰 🅰🅺🅸🅽 🆃🆄🅱🅸🅶 🅾🅺🅴? 🆂🆄🅽🅶🅰🅻🅽🅶🅰🅻🅸🅽 🅺🅾 🅽🅶🅰🅻🅰🅽🅶🅰🅻🅰 🅼🅾 🅴🅷 🅷🅰🅷🅰🅷🅰🅷🅰

22/04/2024

I'm proud to be a Filipino. Especially if one of our people conquer another country ,like Australia, who doesnt know Amy Reeves? According to Gen-Z's in OZ ,Down Under , Ocenia, or Australia, 91% of people in that country knows Amy more than Jesus Christ's 78% only in that country. I didnt know she can rap also

18/04/2024

AI and JrPatatas tests ai language transitions and limitations .

18/04/2024

The Bitcoin halving, also known as the "halvening," is an event programmed into Bitcoin's protocol that occurs approximately every four years. During this event, the reward that Bitcoin miners receive for validating and securing transactions on the Bitcoin network is halved.

Here's how it works:

Bitcoin Block Reward: When a miner successfully adds a new block of transactions to the blockchain, they are rewarded with a certain number of bitcoins. Initially, this reward was 50 bitcoins per block.
Halving Event: Every 210,000 blocks mined (roughly every four years), the reward is halved. So, after the first halving in 2012, the reward decreased from 50 bitcoins to 25 bitcoins per block. Then, after the second halving in 2016, it decreased from 25 bitcoins to 12.5 bitcoins per block.
Impact: The halving is significant because it reduces the rate at which new bitcoins are created. This reduction in the rate of supply growth is often cited as a bullish factor for Bitcoin's price, as it creates scarcity and historically has been associated with upward price movements. However, the actual impact on the price can be influenced by many other factors in the market.
Schedule: The halving events are programmed to continue until the total supply of bitcoins reaches 21 million, which is expected to happen around the year 2140. After that point, no new bitcoins will be created, and miners will rely solely on transaction fees as their reward for securing the network.
The most recent Bitcoin halving took place in May 2020, reducing the block reward from 12.5 bitcoins to 6.25 bitcoins per block.

17/04/2024

heres how state troopers catch you in Washington state highways (I-90, I-5,Wa-18,,I-405, I-2,) speeding.https://www.tiktok.com/creator-center/analytics/content/trending

17/04/2024

A tribute to Adele, and Olivia Rodrigo.

Too Soon.

OLIVIA RODRIGO MASHUP AND ADELLE SOMEONE LIKE YOU DRIVERS LICENSE DJMASHEDPOTATO JRPATATAS REMIX

17/04/2024

https://youtu.be/JQgsBLrGp0c?si=vbHpXDk5GosizpJm

OLIVIA RODRIGO MASHUP AND ADELLE SOMEONE LIKE YOU DRIVERS LICENSE DJMASHEDPOTATO JRPATATAS REMIX

17/04/2024

https://fb.watch/rvC1nZa0y_/

17/04/2024

I will never leave a "fallen" GoldenStateWarriors, I will never Quit.
Klay Thompson
"Are you sure bruh?? "
Where you goin after this fall?
Join the Army . hahahaha

10/04/2024

The following were present at the Hearing:
Arbitral Tribunal
Judge Thomas A. Mensah (Presiding)
Judge Jean-Pierre Cot
Judge Stanislaw Pawlak
Professor Alfred H.A. Soons
Judge Rüdiger Wolfrum
The Philippines
Agent
Solicitor General Florin T. Hilbay
Representatives of the Philippines
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Albert F. del Rosario
Mrs. Gretchen V. del Rosario
Secretary Ronaldo M. Llamas
Representative Rodolfo G. Biazon
Justice Francis H. Jardeleza
Justice Antonio T. Carpio
Ambassador Jaime Victor B. Ledda
Mrs. Veredigna M. Ledda
Ambassador Enrique A. Manalo
Ambassador Victoria S. Bataclan
Ambassador Cecilia B. Rebong
Ambassador Melita S. Sta. Maria-Thomeczek
Ambassador Joselito A. Jimeno
Ambassador Carlos C. Salinas
Mrs. Isabelita T. Salinas
Deputy Executive Secretary Menardo I. Guevarra
Deputy Executive Secretary Teofilo S. Pilando, Jr.
Undersecretary Emmanuel T. Bautista
Undersecretary Abigail D. F. Valte
Consul General Henry S. Bensurto, Jr.
Minister Igor G. Bailen
Minister and Consul General Dinno M. Oblena
Director Ana Marie L. Hernando
Second Secretary and Consul Zoilo A. Velasco
Third Secretary and Vice Consul Ma. Theresa M. Alders
Third Secretary and Vice Consul Oliver C. Delfin
Attorney Josel N. Mostajo
The South China Sea Arbitration
Award of 12 July 2016
24
Attorney Maximo Paulino T. Sison III
Attorney Ma. Cristina T. Navarro
Associate Solicitor Elvira Joselle R. Castro
Attorney Margaret Faye G. Tañgan
Associate Solicitor Maria Graciela D. Base
Associate Solicitor Melbourne D. Pana
Ms. Ma. Rommin M. Diaz
Mr. Rene Fajardo
Counsel and Advocates
Mr. Paul S. Reichler
Mr. Lawrence H. Martin
Professor Bernard H. Oxman
Professor Philippe Sands QC
Professor Alan E. Boyle
Mr. Andrew B. Loewenstein
Counsel
Mr. Joseph Klingler
Mr. Yuri Parkhomenko
Mr. Nicholas M. Renzler
Mr. Remi Reichhold
Ms. Melissa Stewart
Technical Expert
Mr. Scott Edmonds
Mr. Alex Tait
Dr. Robert W. Smith
Assistants
Ms. Elizabeth Glusman
Ms. Nancy Lopez
Expert Witnesses
Professor Kent E. Carpenter
Professor Clive Schofield
China
No Agent or representatives present
Delegations from Observer States
Australia
Ms. Indra McCormick, Embassy of Australia
Republic of Indonesia
Mr. Ibnu Wahyutomo, Embassy of Indonesia
Dr. iur. Damos Dumoli Agusman, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mr. Andy Aron, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mr. Andreano Erwin, Office of the Special Envoy to the President
Dr. Haryo Budi Nugroho, Office of the Special Envoy to the President
Ms. Ayodhia G.L. Kalake, Coordinating Ministry of Maritime Affairs
Ms. Sora Lokita, Coordinating Ministry of Maritime Affairs
The South China Sea Arbitration
Award of 12 July 2016
25
Ms. Ourina Ritonga, Embassy of Indonesia
Ms. Monica Nila Sari, Embassy of Indonesia
Japan
Mr. Masayoshi Furuya, Embassy of Japan
Mr. Nobuyuki Murai, Embassy of Japan
Ms. Kaori Matsumoto, Embassy of Japan
Ms. Yuri Suzuki, Consular Office of Japan in Hamburg
Malaysia
Ambassador Ahmad Nazri Yusof
Dr. Azfar Mohamad Mustafar, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mr. Mohd Helmy Ahmad, Prime Minister’s Department
Mr. Kamarul Azam Kamarul Baharin, Department of Survey and Mapping
Mr. Intan Diyana Ahamad, Attorney General’s Chambers
Ms. Nor’airin Abd Rashid, Embassy of Malaysia
The Republic of Singapore
Mr. Luke Tang, Attorney-General’s Chambers
Ms. Vanessa Lam, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ms. Lin Zhiping, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mr. John Cheo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Kingdom of Thailand
Ambassador Ittiporn Boonpracong
Mr. Sorayut Chasombat, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mr. Asi Mamanee, Royal Thai Embassy
Ms. Tanyarat Mungkalarungsi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ms. Kanokwan Ketchaimas, Royal Thai Embassy
Ms. Natsupang Poshyananda, Royal Thai Embassy
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
Mr. Trinh Duc Hai, National Boundary Commission
Ambassador Nguyen Duy Chien
Mr. Nguyen Minh Vu, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mr. Nguyen Dang Thang, National Boundary Commission
Mr. Thomas Grant, Counsel
Expert Appointed to Assist the Tribunal
Mr. Grant Boyes
Permanent Court of Arbitration
Ms. Judith Levine, Registrar
Mr. Garth Schofield
Ms. Nicola Peart
Ms. Julia Solana
Mr. Philipp Kotlaba
Ms. Iuliia Samsonova
Ms. Gaëlle Chevalier
Court Reporter
Mr. Trevor McGowan

08/04/2024

During the ephemeral darkness of the total eclipse, some daytime animals may fall silent, while nocturnal creatures such as crickets may begin to chirp and stir. Scientists are eager to study why animals behave unusually during the brief moments of eclipses, and the public is invited to participate in some of the research taking place Monday.

And expect the local temperature to drop briefly during those few moments of totality.

A diamond ring effect will be visible on the other side of the moon as totality ends, followed by Baily’s beads, and then a partial eclipse as the temporary alignment of the sun, moon and Earth, known as syzygy, comes to an end.

When will the next eclipse occur?
After the total solar eclipse ends, it’s a bit of a wait for the next such celestial sightings in the United States.

Those living in Alaska will catch a glimpse of a total solar eclipse on March 30, 2033, and a partial solar eclipse will shine over most of the US during that event.

A total solar eclipse won’t be visible again from the contiguous US until August 22, 2044, but totality will only occur over North Dakota and Montana, plus northern Canada.

However, the next total solar eclipse with a coast-to-coast path spanning the Lower 48 states will occur on August 12, 2045. The path of totality will arc over California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida, with a partial eclipse visible across other states.

Don’t miss out on upcoming eclipse and space stories! Follow the Astronomy topic to see the latest stories in your personalized feed with your free account.

For more CNN news and newsletters create an account at CNN.com

27/03/2024

as of this writing, Trump is leading the Presidentiables in the USA, if the election is going to be held today, Trump wins it easy, regular Americans, (not the wealthy 2%) are actually helping him gathered bail money ,by paying buying bible that you can download for free online,. ,but regular Americans,investing in him (DJT stocks soars again today ) from 57$ per share to 68$ now..) updated 11:18 PT 27thMarch2024 earning Trump 7 B $ in 2 days of the Truth Social Media stocks DJT

----
Trump is more of a "street local" street smart, thuglife" gangster-type style" has a direct approach, vocal and straight to the point rhetoric" has a common sense type of leadership, and he is more scary to America's adversaries, he's more effective in demolishing Americas haters , or anti-USA overseas leaders, a very influencing-type of leadership,combined type of a participating-delegative-directive types in one
by Jr Patatas

07/03/2024

https://fb.watch/qFoa1uIFbE/

05/03/2024

https://fb.watch/qC7VIPlsIk/

Patay na sana ako ngayon.