Umu Igbo Indigenes W/Wide Integration Group

12/01/2024

06/01/2024

My people good day and compliments for the new year (according to the Gregorian calendar) to you all. I hope it will be a good one for all of us.
Please watch and listen to our brother here, as he ministers on some home truth and what we all need to know and hear about concerning our culture and way of living.
Enjoy it...

04/11/2023

A must watch. A timely delivery from Igwebu TV.

LIVE

16/07/2023

Hi everyone, greetings from this honorable platform. Udo diri unu o.
I came across post from one of our brother and thought I should share it for us to ponder and act on. What do you think?

NZUKO ỤMỤNNA

What Is Ụmụnna ?

Ụmụnna is Kindred.
Ndi ụmụnna is your Kinsmen
*******************************

Ụmụnna is your father's blood relations...

INSIDE ỤMỤNNA WE HAVE:
Ụmụnna
Ụmụ Ada/ Ụmụ Ọkpụ
Ndị Nwunye di
Ụmụ Okorobịa na Umu Agbọghọbịa

OUTSIDE ỤMỤNNA WE HAVE:
Ụmụ Nwadiana
Ndị Ọgọ
Ikwu
Ibe
Agbata Obi

YOUR ỤMỤNNA REMAINS YOUR ỤMỤNNA

Your father is from that Ụmụnna

That your father's land or family land was inherited from that Ụmụnna

You too is from that Ụmụnna

Your Ndị Gboo and Ancestors are from Ụmụnna

You can't run away from your shadow

Onye amaghị ebe o si anaghị ama ebe ọ na-aga. That your education that is pumping your head, go and use it to better your Ụmụnna

Go back to your Ụmụnna

Go and join your Ụmụnna

Go and preach to your Ụmụnna

Gaa tọghata your Ụmụnna

Go and civilise your Ụmụnna

Go and educate your Ụmụnna

Go and computerize your Ụmụnna

Go and Digitalize your Ụmụnna

Go and tell them where they go wrong

Go and challenge your Ụmụnna

Go and sanitize your Ụmụnna

Stop complaining

NDI IGBO sị na
👇👇
Nsị anaghị anọ n'afọ esi isi

Your complaints can't stop your Ụmụnna

Go and interact with them and stop gossiping outside their meeting

NDI IGBO sị na Onye pụrụ ije pụrụ onye nọ n'ụlọ, Onye nọ n'ụlọ nọọrọ onye pụrụ ije.

Some of you will tag your ụmụnna ...
Ndị ekwe ekwe

Ndi mgbu

Ndị ogbu mmadụ

Some will say ....That nonsense they're doing there

Some will say....Adịghị akọzị ụdị akụkọ a

Some will say....Am above that stage

Some will call them evil Ụmụnna
Evil uncles, Evil elders

MY Brother, LET ME TELL YOU

Their decision remains supreme

Their conclusion remains supreme

With your technology, education, Wisdom, wealth. Computer first son, Deputy Jesus and whatever

You must come from somewhere.

Judiciary recognizes your Umunna

Nigeria Court would ask the stand of Ụmụnna in some cases

Real men belong to Ụmụnna, What of you?

Stop dumping your Umunna and your father's name in the dustbin.

Go and make your Umunna meeting digital if you're afraid of sitting with them.

Go and put their meeting online so that you can Participate from USA, UK, and contribute from anywhere you are through computer or your smart phone

Go and document your Ụmụnna meetings in case of tomorrow

Make sure you're with your Ụmụnna anytime anyday

Because any decisions they make even out of ignorance "stands" and can affect you and your family.

From Ụmụnna you will know your relations

From Ụmụnna you will know your traditions

From Ụmụnna you will know your history

From Ụmụnna you will know your age mates, your seniors and your juniors

From Ụmụnna you will trace your father's inheritance

From Ụmụnna you will trace your paternal relations and your maternal relations

Your Eze/Igwe is from Ụmụnna
Your PG is from Ụmụnna
Your Governor is from Ụmụnna

Ụmụnna is not evil, evil is everywhere
Ụmụnna doesn't kill
Ụmụnna doesn't poison
(Evil men can be anywhere, within your circle of friends or colleagues)

Your father is one of them
Your grand father was

Does your father kill?
Does your father poison?
Because your Ụmụnna is your father and your father is your Ụmụnna

Forget your money and your status
One day you must need your Ụmụnna

Whatever you're doing with your
Ndị yard
Ndị club
Ndị line
Ndị friends
Ndị meeting
Ndị Church
Ndị School mates etc can never take the place of your ụmụnna. One day, You will look for these people and won't see them but your ụmụnna will always be there. Igbo na-ekwu okwu sị na ozu sibe isi, enyi ka nwanne alaa.

When you get to your village this December or anytime try and join your ụmụnna, at least you will get to know your relatives from their.

Teach your children asụsụ Igbo, the language of their Ụmụnna! .

Ka udo diri unu
Thank you
Engr. Lawrence Nwaogbe Lawson Azuiyi oloko
Ikwuano
Abia state

11/12/2022

https://fb.watch/hlnFjHSiAI/

26/11/2022

While freedom of worship is enshrined in the constitution of most countries of the world, I would advise that we take out the time to dig a little deeper to the background of the particular faith that we are subscribing to, as most of them don´t have your best interest at heart.
This is beacause religion of any kind are invented by man, and also they are tools for control or domination, and are even more dangerous than arms and amunitions in the subjugation of targeted subjects.
I don´t need to say more at this time, but watch this short clip from one of our sister, Ada Njaba Ezenwanyi Obi Edo and gain understanding if you are an African. This is not an isolated event or narration, it´s likely the modus operandi of all imported religions in Africa. The agenda is clear, take it or leave it, But I think that it´s time to do an introspection of what is good for us or against us as Africans..... Peace be upon you all.

09/11/2022

This is one broadcast you wouldn´t like to miss

01/11/2022

Teach the youth
Let them know from young.
When the child is mighty, the parent must be wise if she/he intends to guide the child towards personal greatness.
It is a special gift, and a tremendous responsibility to parent exceptional children.

21/10/2022

https://www.facebook.com/297363844303441/posts/1101047763935041/

Do you agree to this statement?

29/09/2022

Greeks visited Egypt as students to learn from Africans. Plato studied in Egypt for 13 years. Pythagoras studied Philosophy, Geometry and Medicine in Egypt for 22 years. Thales, the first Greek philosopher studied in Egypt.

📸 Mr Imhotep

Guys let's get our YouTube channel (YT: Historical Africa) to 50k subscribers. Kindly click on the link to subscribe 🙏 https://youtube.com/c/HistoricalAfrica

28/09/2022

It is not about being cursed or being lazy!

This is the product of the system! Without breaking the system, we cannot break this and many other sad stories on the African soil.

Africa is the blood stream of the the capitalist system and we have being its energy from its beginning till today!

Once we discover this and take out our blood flows, the system will begin to weaken and eventually breakdown so we shall set ourselves and many generations of us free!

27/09/2022

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

Whoever controls your money controls your economy.

Africa may never be able to build any of the prosperous economies we built in the past because we are nearly working entirely to support the economies of others while every value we have on our land is made to be taken away for free.

You may like to ask the next person to you this question: "why do African countries sell their product to America in Dollars, to EU countries in Euros, and to China in Yuan?"

The obvious answer you are likely to receive is: Because we need foreign exchange!

But, if we need foreign exchange (their currency) to demand for what they have of which we are in need, why don't they also need foreign exchange (our currency) to demand for what we have of which they are in need?

We want foreign currency, they want our value.

We have been Programmed into thinking that their paper is either more valuable or equally in value to our valuable resources and goods. But our paper worth nothing to their resources and goods.

But, the truth of the concept of paper money is that it only worth the value of goods or resources you own not that of others. This is the reason why Britain sells her products to US, EU, Africa or any other country in the British Pounds Sterling, Germany sells her products in Euros to Everyone including the US and China. When China want to own a share of the US Economy, it had to produce goods and values and sell them on the US market to obtain US dollars in order to use that dollar to obtain a share of the US economy through bonds and bills. China doesn't sell her product to America and pack US dollars to Chinese.

Our economic management teams must begin to understand that, no matter how little our resources may look in their eyes in their understanding, they are not valuess so they must be sold in our currencies. To allow them to be sold in the currencies of others means that we simply do not know that they even have any value at all.

Back your currencies with your resources and give stable value to those curries. But we can do this only in Unity

My name is Kwadwo Agyei Yeboah and I love Africa
♥️♥️♥️

25/09/2022

What Is Monarchy?
From whence does it derive its sanction? What has been its gift to humanity? Monarchy is a survival of the tyranny imposed by the hand of greed and treachery upon the human race in the darkest and most ignorant days of our history. It derives its only sanction from the sword of the marauder, and the helplessness of the producer, and its gifts to humanity are unknown, save as they can be measured in the pernicious examples of triumphant and shameless iniquities.

Every class in society save royalty, and especially British royalty, has through some of its members contributed something to the elevation of the race. But neither in science, nor in art, nor in literature, nor in exploration, nor in mechanical invention, nor in humanising of laws, nor in any sphere of human activity has a representative of British royalty helped forward the moral, intellectual or material improvement of mankind. But that royal family has opposed every forward move, fought every reform, persecuted every patriot, and intrigued against every good cause. Slandering every friend of the people, it has befriended every oppressor. Eulogised today by misguided clerics, it has been notorious in history for the revolting nature of its crimes. Murder, treachery, adultery, in**st, theft, perjury – every crime known to man has been committed by some one or other of the race of monarchs ---

Fellow-workers, stand by the dignity of your class. All these parading royalties, all this insolent aristocracy, all these grovelling, dirt-eating capitalist traitors, all these are but signs of disease in any social state – diseases which a royal visit (or funeral) brings to a head and spews in all its nastiness before our horrified eyes. But as the recognition of the disease is the first stage towards its cure, so that we may rid our social state of its political and social diseases, we must recognise the elements of corruption. Hence, in bringing them all together and exposing their unity, even a royal visit may help us to understand and understanding, help us to know how to destroy the royal, aristocratic and capitalistic classes who live upon our labour. Their workshops, their lands, their mills, their factories, their ships, their railways must be voted into our hands who alone use them, public ownership must take the place of capitalist ownership, social democracy replace political and social inequality, the sovereignty of labour must supersede and destroy the sovereignty of birth and the monarchy of capitalism.

James Connolly 1910

25/09/2022

Tell Them To Tell The Next Generations To Come.

Tell your children the truth!

Tell them it all began in Egypt (advanced civilization, science, math, philosophy, religion, architecture). Tell them the first Egyptians were Black, nothing to do with H.ollywood movies.

Tell them Christopher Columbus did not discover the A.mericas, that Mansa Musa, the Malian, was the richest man in the world, that the Black Egy.ptians were the first to travel the world, that they discovered Europe, the Americas, Asia and Oceania!

Tell them it's in E.gypt that the meter was invented from the measure of a drop of water, that pi (3,14) and the number of gold were invented in Egypt as well as many geometric theorems attributed to Pythagoras and Thales, yet Imotep, the greatest of scholars, remains unknown to history books!

Tell them that the Ancestor of H.umanity was discovered in Africa, that many of the inventions of this world were made with the participation of Black people who were never mentioned!

Tell them Africa had a handwriting before the first ships and missionaries arrived. Tell them that union alone can guarantee our survival and rehire us to the greatest, that concrete was invented in Egypt and not by the masons not at all frank!

Tell them that after arranging punitive expeditions to loot us from our artwork for W.estern museums with the key to thousands of d.eaths, they also v.andalize our cultural heritage by breaking the noses of Egyptian statues so we don't recognize The wrecked nose of a Kemite, palpable proof that ancient Egypt was black!

Tell them to work not wait for the manna that will fall from heaven, it never fell! Tell them to believe our ancestors because they are the only ones who can intercede with the creator in our favor!

Tell them not to hate the other when they find out the truth of a fa.lsified story but to forgive.

We have to tell our children the truth because it is the only way to overturn the v***r of psychological domination of other races over ours. Our skin color is not a CHAM

31/08/2022

"Why Europeans cannot be Allowed to Write African Histories"

As we reclaim our identity, many of us naively read books on African history without thinking about who the author is; which is 97% written by the European race. About 2.5% are written by Black academic tokens nodding in agreement in order to obtain approval and prestige in European academia. That leaves only 0.5% who are independent Black writers reclaiming authority to write our own history.
However, too many of this even small 0.5% rely on the European texts because they have been so aggressive about controlling the narrative of African history.

No matter how factual European texts about African history may appear on the surface, the European is naturally compelled through respect for their ancestors who enslaved the Black African race for centuries, to degrade any significant Black African achievements in order to validate the European enslavement of Africans as a beneficial enslavement raising a culturally inferior people into civilization.

The European's agenda will not allow him to ever stop trying to write our history and control the narrative in his favor. He will never stop. But his false writings will lose their power if we stop reading them and giving them to our children. Their narrative only has control if we accept it and do not write our own.

This is not about racism to Europeans when we say we cannot allow them to write our history, but acknowledging the nature of human beings. A rich child will always defend his grandfather that made him rich, even if his wealth was secured through evil. Thus, while many Europeans will acknowledge that it was wrong to enslave people, they will simultaneously (even if subtly) justify the wrong by suggesting that Africans were culturally inferior and needed to be educated into civilization thru slavery/colonization.

History, as an academic subject, has never been about truth. It has always been and will always be about controlling others through controlling their history. History says what you have been capable of achieving and what you have not. Without it, you cannot be capable of achieving a future of your own. As Africanamerican elder scholar Dr. Leonard Jeffries has reminded us, "He who defines you, controls you." Let us then define ourselves, for us and our progeny.

It is crucial that you understand this if you want to reclaim control of who gets to define who we are and who we were and who we are going to be as a people.
The Ancients of Kemet and Kush were the first people on the planet to write down history. They did so for us to learn from their mistakes and build upon their successes. This is why the Europeans and Arabs are so aggressive about controlling who can tell the history of the Ancient Nile; they don't want us to start investigating it for ourselves and discover the truth:

That the Black African race founded the greatest and earliest civilization known to mankind that has yet to be surpassed, and all of mankind is indebt to the Black man for this. But most importantly, that this great African civilization that ruled the world can be recreated by us today!

Khonsu Nok

credit: African History

Learn More African History here: www.africanbooth.com

27/08/2022

The True Extent Of Alaigbo (Igboland)

It seems like there is a lot of confusion concerning the true boundaries of Igboland.

Well the map below is an accurate map of Igboland. You may not agree, but this is pre colonial map.when there's no Identity crisis, when Anioma lead the great Ekumuku war, when there's no state or geopolitical zone in Nigeria. Looking at this map,

Igbo land stretches all the way to Edo state. Nigerian govt and its people have tried their best to shrink Igbo land as much as they could.The Igbos in outside the artificial created south east zone, might have been to scared in some years back to identify their land as Igbo land but recent events have shown that those days are gone or going away.

26/08/2022

On The Front Page Of Your Life....

24/08/2022

These people are the worst criminals in human history and we are so indoctrinated within their psyche that we fail and mostly unwilling to dig deeper and focus on the bigger picture it might be so overwhelming to do so but do we really have any other option...

WE SILENTLY WATCH THEM walking around in their new neighborhoods all happy, oblivious to the crunching sound of REJECTED POOR BLACK MARGINALIZED people’s faces under their feet.

WE speak for no one, EXCEPT for US BLACK PEOPLE WHO REFUSE TO BECOME W***E FOR A SYSTEM THAT HAS LIED AND BAMBOOZLED US OVER AND OVER AGAIN , as WE watch while these people, who have power, guns, information and influence, ride around in 60-70 thousand dollar cars, waste millions of gallons of water watering lawns and golf courses, run off on luxury cruises, conceal their identities and criminality by hiding behind “Inc”, make 80 billion dollars in profits off of oil, while ordinary people and the elderly freeze to death in small apartments, while the government bails out (code word for welfare) airlines that lose millions in one fiscal quarter yet, simultaneously, cutback on financial aid to Black students, while Black professors in white higher educational institutions have to struggle for fairness in the hiring and tenure process, while Black students seek constantly for fairness in grading and assessment, while Black faculty and Black staff have to seek constantly for fairness in evaluations, while white people window shop in malls, play golf, play bridge, sit in T.V. studios watching Dr. Phil or at home watching foolishness, and, by their actions, convey, generally, they just don’t give a damn about the great, great, great grandchildren whose Ancestors’ blood is soaked in the very ground on which we all stand.

Our NEGROPEAN FAKE freedom is the superbole expression of NEO COLONIALISM . –

The freedom of INDOCTRINATED DOCILE AFROPEANS AND NEGROPEANS .
WE are free to speak as long as no one listens
WE are Free to explain as long as no one understands
WE are Free to sing and dance as long as you entertain those who would have you sing and dance on a tightrope above an open grave .
WE are Free to think as long as you think feelings
WE are Free to love as long as it is your tormentors and not yourself that you love
WE are Free to assemble as long as you gather together to screw each other
WE are Free to engage in self-defense as long as it is truth
and not reality against which you defend yourself
WE are Free to kiss as long as you kiss the ass of the one who offends you
You have the right to a fair trial before a jury of your peers as long as you are a criminal
You are free to spend your money as you like as long as you like to spend it with those who spitefully use you who use it to finance your ex*****on and to bury you in your store-bought finest
Dr. Amos Wilson

18/08/2022

THE ANCIENT FEMINISM OF OLD IGBO TRADITION
(The Female POPES of IGBO Ethnic Group)

THE QUESTION
A child belongs to his fatherland and not his motherland; and yet, we say 'NNEKA' - 'Mother is Supreme.' Why is that?'
(Things Fall Apart - pg 106)

I was born in the eastern part of Nigeria, Igbo Tribe. It does not in any way represent the whole Africa, but allow me to tell you about my forefathers and the place of a woman in the ancient Igbo tradition and custom. One of the biggest lies in the world's history is the record that claimed that women were objectized in Igbo Land. There is no truth in it.

In as much as Igbos - like every patriarchal society of the old -
prefered male children, their daughters were their pride. A woman perpetually belongs to her father's house. It is called 'Okputolokpu' - everlasting, that is why every Igbo community calls grown daughters born in a family - Umu okpu. This explains why a man can never finish the marital rites of a woman in Igbo land. During bride price, no Igbo community would accept everything offered as dowry. The reason is that the woman is priceless.

That is why, in Igbo tradition and custom, when a man beats his wife, the wife can return to his father's house. It is not a taboo, and before the husband can take the woman he MUST -according to the tradition - go to his in-laws with a pot/bottle of wine.

NO ONE IN HISTORY HAS EVER FINISHED PAYING THE DOWRY OF AN IGBO WOMAN FOR SHE IS PRICELESS

One of my oldest relative had only sons and no daughters; he normally said to his sons, 'You do not have a sibling yet.'

In the Igbo ethnic group, a child belongs to the fatherland but is referred to as the child of the mother. The term 'Siblings' is generally known as 'Nwanne' (trans. the child of my mother because men were polygamous, the children of your mother are your siblings).

A male sibling is 'Nwanne m Nwoke' (The male child of my mother)

A female sibling is 'Nwanne m Nwanyi' (The female child of my mother).

That is why the people of Igbo Ethnic group practise what is known till this day as 'Nwadiana' (meaning The Child of the Soil)

NWADIANA
'Your' Nwadianas are the children whose mothers were married from your family.
Example: My sister's children are my Nwadianas. In Igbo custom, I am their Nna Ochie - ancient fathers.

I represent their most reliable protector. No matter what they do - I repeat, no matter what they do, once they come to me, I must protect them. They have rights in my family. If they were ostracized in their fatherland, they can come to me and I must share with them our inheritance.
This is a tradition that lives in Igbo Land till today.

Like the most tradition of the old, women were not entitled to the possessions of their fathers, but in Igbo land, once a woman is married to a house, she inherits her hut (Mkpuke Nne - the hut of the mother) which she has the power over. It is customary for her to give 'Mkpuke Nne' to her last son, and neither the man of the house nor any of the brothers can influence that.

Moreover, when an Igbo man took a wife and did not reproduce before his death, his widow would inherit all his possession as long as she stayed back in his dead husband's house and gave birth to children. Those children would bear the dead man surname; and if a man died without an heir but had daughters, one of the daughters would become his heir, and reproduce in his house. The daughter's children would carry the family's name.

Obiechina is the term that means 'A Lineage would not Terminate'. It is the duty of the male child and the female child also.
(Ref: The Joy of Motherhood: Buchi Emecheta)

Though this practice is dying, the co**se of every Igbo daughter was always buried in her fatherland, not in her husband's house. There was a popular saying in the days of our youth - 'Ozu Nwada adighi ato na mba' (the co**se of the daughter cannot be trapped in a strange land).

Igbos till today practice extended system of communalism, and the strongest unit in every family is the Umuada - the daughters. They participate in dispute resolutions, they were/are a part of the customary judicial system, and they are the owners of the dead. Till today, if you bury anyone in a family and Umuada - the daughters were not satisfied, you must repeat the burial or appease them.

THE FEMALE POPES

Of all things observed by men of old, Religion is the greatest, and Igbo tribe had no Kings. Igbos were completely loyal to the gods. In the Igbo theology, spirituality has only five aspects:

Chukwu - the supreme.

Anyanwu - the revealer of everything. Symbol of omniscience.

Agbala - the fertility of the Earth, the fertility of the people, and the spirituality.

Chi - a sub-deity

Okike - the creator of laws that governs the visible and invisible.

Because AGBALA represents Harvest, the fertility of the womb, and high spirituality, it served as the Supreme aspect of God on the earth.
Men till today totally depended on Harvest and fertility, so Agbala was the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH of the ancient Igbos, and women were the POPES.

(In Chinua Achebe's book,'Things Fall Apart', two Popes were mentioned -

Pope Chika: the Priestess that reigned in the time of Uloka, Okonkwo's father; and

Pope Chielo: the Priestess that warned Okonkwo not to speak while she spoke.)

Just to make this post short as possible, I would have touched how judgements were passed, the position of a woman that got pregnant in her father's house (Ime Mkpuke), the case of the unmarried woman, and what happens when a woman did not like her marriage. All these are indicators on how women were treated in the Igbo land - old and present.

Women may not be the head of the house, but the family depended on them - the term 'Nwa Nne' means that the children belongs to the mother; and the Almighty aspect of God, Agbala, chose women over men.

Every clan revered Agbala, and her priestess were feared. So, I can say that we did not have a system that banned women from heading the clan. The only reason we do not allow Igbo women as Bishops and Cardinals today is because the new creed forbids it.

**************************************
THE QUESTION:
A child belongs to his fatherland and not his motherland; and yet, we say Nneka - 'Mother is Supreme.' Why is that?

THE ANSWER:
'It is true that a child belongs to its father. But when a father beats his child, it seeks sympathy in its mother's hut. A child belongs to his father when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is bitterness, he finds refuge in his motherland. That is why we say 'NNEKA' - mother is supreme.'
(Things Fall Apart - pg 106 - 107)

Credit: Ozii Baba Anieto
AJAMBELE

15/08/2022

What Do You Think?

Welcome everyone to today's live broadcast session of our return to our cultural heritage. Today, I am bringing an important topic for discussion. ¨Do Men ha...

14/08/2022

A Must Watch 4 Every Igbo Person.

14/08/2022

The pillars of colonialism must be destroyed and the architects of capitalism must be completely neutralized in Africa.

Many Africans were led to believe that they were free after declaring independence from 1950s - 1990s, but a far greater colonialism is still in place.

Those independence proclamations were nothing but a mirage, the colonialists only took off the physical chains and shackles — the freedom and total liberation of our societies have not been achieved yet!

While Elizabeth recently celebrated her diamond jubilee in England, Zimbabwe 🇿🇼 is still under decades of British-led sanctions which has completely crippled its economy. Instead of rallying around Zimbabwe, many African leaders were celebrating their ex dictators jubilee. Congratulating Elizabeth while your brothers and sisters are being starved in Zimbabwe by Britain?

Some Africans adore Elizabeth and her royal family so much, meanwhile our brothers and sisters in South Africa 🇿🇦 continue to vacillate between exorbitant enthusiasm and irrational irritability, while the microscopic few apartheid beneficiaries live in byzantine luxury and proprietary solitude.

Do not forget the foreign multinationals crimes in Democratic Republic of Congo 🇨🇩 and the western-backed militias parading the streets of Libya, terrorizing our people. Remember, the destruction of Libya paved way for terrorism to thrive in the Sahara/Sahel regions of Africa.

✍🏽 Mustapha Hajji (𝐴𝑛 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑂𝑓 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒'𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑏𝑦𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑏 𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑎ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑦𝑎 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑛-𝐴𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚).