07/07/2022
10 zabluzhdenij pro zhivotnih, v kotorie vi verite sovershenno naprasno
Mnogie «interesnie fakti» o zhivotnih ne sootvetstvuyut realjnosti. Naprimer, hameleoni ni ot kogo ne pryachutsya, a yozhiki ne nosyat yabloki na spine.
1. Samoe siljnoe suschestvo v mire — muravejFoto: Stuart Williams / FlickrInogda vzroslie, zhelaya proveritj soobraziteljnostj rebyonka, zadayut emu vopros: «Kak ti dumaeshj, kto siljnee — slon ili muravej?» Kogda malish vpolne ozhidaemo govorit, chto hobotnie posiljnee nasekomih, vzroslij s umnim vidom rasskazivaet, chto slon ne mozhet podnyatj slona, a muravej podnimaet ot 20 do 100 sobstvennih mass. Tak chto v otnositeljnom sravnenii on samoe siljnoe sozdanie v mire.Tak vot, eto gluposti. Sloni, rabotayuschie na lesozagotovkah v Shri‑Lanke, perenosyat1. The world’s strongest animal can lift staggering weights / BBC Earth 2. Elephants in logging operations in Sri Lanka / Forest Harvesting Case-Study / FAO po 3–4 tonni drevesini ezhednevno, poljzuyasj svoimi bivnyami i hobotom. Pustj muravej podnimet brevno mishcami verhnej gubi, togda i pogovorim.No dazhe esli delatj vibor, sravnivaya otnoshenie perenosimogo vesa k masse tela, to samim siljnim sozdaniem na svete okazhetsya ne muravej, a dvurogij zhuk Onthophagus ta**us. Ego eschyo nazivayut «kaloed‑bik». On sposobenSuper bug! World’s strongest insect revealed / Live Science podnyatj ves, previshayuschij ego sobstvennij v 1 141 raz, chego ni odin muravej ne mozhet. Etu silu zhuk ispoljzuet v shvatkah s sopernikami, chtobi poluchitj pravo sparivatjsya s samkoj. Pravda, dostup k zhenskomu telu daleko ne vsegda poluchaet samij nakachannij borec. ZachastuyuW. G. Eberhard. Beetle Horn dimorphism: Making the best of a bad lot / The American Naturalist bolee hilie samci, ignoriruya pravila chestnogo boya, podsteregayut samku v eyo nore, nasiluyut i upolzayut do togo, kak moguchij protivnik pridyot srazitjsya s nimi.2. Sinij kit mozhet proglotitj chelovekaFoto: anim1754 / NOAA Photo Library / FlickrV biblejskoj mifologii kit proglotil proroka Ionu, i tot nahodilsya u nego v zheludke tri dnya i tri nochi. No na praktike takoe sobitie vesjma maloveroyatno.Kiti nesposobni glotatj lyudej. U nih slishkom uzkoe gorlo, rasschitannoe na poedanie planktona, melkoj ribi, kaljmarov, osjminogov, krilya i drugih rakoobraznih. Na samom dele, kak pishet1. What is the biggest thing a blue whale can swallow? / Today’s Science Message 2. The Book of General Ignorance issledovatelj Dzhon Mitchinson v svoej knige The Book of General Ignorance, kitu dazhe s grejpfrutom slozhnovato budet spravitjsya. Vot kashalot teoreticheski sposoben1. Can a whale swallow a human? / Whale Facts 2. Could a whale accidentally swallow you? It is possible / Smithsonian Magazine proglotitj cheloveka, no eti giganti plavayut tak gluboko, chto boljshaya chastj niryaljschikov tuda ne zabiraetsya. A kosatki, k primeru, mogut atakovatj lyudej v krajnih sluchayah, no oni ih toljko ubivayut, a ne edyat.3. Hameleoni — mastera kamuflyazhaFoto: Charles Sharp / Sharp Photography / Wikimedia CommonsSchitaetsya, chto hameleoni menyayut cvet dlya maskirovki — chtobi stanovitjsya nezametnimi na kamnyah, derevjyah ili skalah. Poetomu aktyorov, perevoploschayuschihsya v drugih lyudej, ili voennuyu tehniku s prodvinutim kamuflyazhem sravnivayut s etimi zhivotnimi.No na samom dele hameleoni ispoljzuyut svoyu sposobnostj1. D. Stuart-Fox, A. Moussalli. Selection for social signalling drives the evolution of chameleon colour change / PLoS Biology 2. R. A. Ligon, K. J. McGraw. Chameleons communicate with complex colour changes during contests: Different body regions convey different information / Biology Letters 3. R. A. Ligon. Defeated chameleons darken dynamically during dyadic disputes to decrease danger from dominants / Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology menyatj cvet kozhi ne dlya togo, chtobi ustraivatj zasadi ili pryatatjsya ot hischnikov. Tak oni obschayutsya drug s drugom — vikazivayut svoyu agressiyu ili, naoborot, mirolyubie. Eschyo izmenenie okrasa pomogaet kontrolirovatj nagrev tela — tak hameleoni izbegayut teplovogo udara. Chto kasaetsya hischnikov, to eti yascherici ot nih ne pryachutsya (za isklyucheniem sovsem melkih, vrode karlikovogo hameleonaChameleons fine-tune camouflage to predator’s vision / New Scientist Smita). Naprotiv, oni okrashivayutsya v yarkie cveta i zapugivayutThe adaptations of chameleons / Sciencing agressorov svoim zhutkim vidom.4. Volchjyu stayu vedyot vozhakFoto: Martin Mecnarowski / Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald / Wikimedia CommonsVo vseh knigah i filjmah volchjimi stayami upravlyaet samij siljnij i opitnij volk‑vozhak, a ostaljnie emu besprekoslovno povinuyutsya. Vspomnite Akelu iz «Knigi dzhunglej». A kogda vozhak stareet, bolee molodoj kandidat brosaet emu vizov, chtobi statj novim aljfoj.No nastoyaschieWhy everything you know about wolf packs is wrong / Gizmodo volki v dikoj prirode zhivut skoree kak chelovecheskie semji: tam net chyotkogo razdeleniya na rangi. I net nikakogoL. D. Mech. Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs / USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center aljfa‑samca, stoyaschego vo glave. Vzroslie volki vedut za soboj svoih molodih schenyat, poka te neopitni, a potom, kogda oni podrastut, ustupayut im liderstvo. Borjba za dominirovanie v stae sluchaetsya, no nosit situativnij harakter — prosto melkie sluchajnie stichki mezhdu chlenami semji.5. U starih slonov estj osoboe mesto, chtobi tam umiratjFoto: Benh LIEU SONG / FlickrKogda slon v vozraste chuvstvuet, chto skoro umryot, on pokidaet sorodichej i uhodit na slonovje kladbische, chtobi obresti tam pokoj. Eto dalyokoe mrachnoe mesto, useyannoe cherepami i bivnyami nekogda moguchih gigantov.Zvuchit pugayusche, krasivo i dazhe poetichno, no slonovji kladbischa — ocherednoj mif. Starie hobotnie ne ischut nikakih specialjnih mest, chtobi tam umiratj. Inogda oni otdelyayutsya ot gruppi, potomu chto u nih ne hvataet sil migrirovatj vmeste s ostaljnimi. Togda oni starayutsyaAsk Peter / Animal Planet ostavatjsya poblizhe k vode i zaroslyam, chtobi vizhitj. I esli takie sloni umirayut, to ih kosti ostayutsyaDo elephant graveyards exist? / Slate lezhatj u vodopoya.A esli na skelet natknutsya drugie sloni, oni ego tschateljno obnyuhayut i issleduyut — vozmozhno, chtobi ponyatj, estj li poblizosti opasnostj. No eti zhivotnie ne umeyutResearch shows elephants “remember” the dead / University of Sussex opredelyatj cherepa svoih rodstvennikov, tak chto ih dejstviya vovse ne trogateljnoe proschanie s pogibshimi. Inogda sloni umirayut vmeste, i togda ih kosti lezhat boljshimi grudami. Eto proishodit iz‑za zasuhi ili beskormici. A poroj — iz‑za dejstvij brakonjerov, kotorie travyatZimbabwe elephants poisoned by poachers in Hwange / BBC slonov cianidom.6. Yuzhnoamerikanskie somi zalezayut v pen*si kupaljschikov Don’t p*e in the water: Normally, Candiru fish swim upstream and latch onto the inside of fish gills pic.twitter.com/Da2b0sMvaI — Uncharted Amazon () April 16, 2014Vo vsyakih podborkah «interesnih faktov» v internete mozhno prochitatj ob uzhasnom some raznovidnosti Candiru (ili usataya vandelliya), kotorij zhivyot v bassejne Amazonki v Bolivii, Brazilii, Kolumbii, Ekvadore i Peru. Eti malenjkie podvodnie obitateli, dlina kotorih sostavlyaet ne bolee 15 santimetrov v dlinu, parazitiruyut na drugih ribah. Oni zaplivayut im v zhabri, vonzayut v nih ostrie shipi i pjyut krovj. A napivshisj, brosayut hozyaina. Rasskazivayut uzhasnie nebilici o tom, chto eti somiki zaplivayut v anusi, vlagalischa i mocheispuskateljnie kanali lyudej, kotorie risknut iskupatjsya v mestah ih obitaniya. Schitaetsya, chto ih privlekaet zapah mochi. Ob etom predstaviteli nekotorih plemyon v 1855 godu rasskazaliE. W. Gudger. On the alleged pe*******on of the human urethra by an Amazonian catfish called candiru with a review of the allied habits of other members of the family pygidiidae part I / The American Journal of Surgery francuzskomu naturalistu Fransisu de Kasteljno. Oni utverzhdali, chto spravlyatj estestvennuyu nuzhdu v vodi Amazonki opasno: ribka yakobi podnimetsya po strujke mochi i proniknet v uretru. Stoit li govoritj, chto eto proizojdyot voprekiWould the candiru fish really eat your ge****ls? / BBC Earth vsem zakonam fiziki?V obschem, bolee pozdnie issledovaniya prodemonstrirovali1. S. Spotte, P. Petry, J. A. S. Zuanon. Experiments on the feeding behavior of the Hematophagous Candiru, Vandellia cf. Plazaii / Environmental Biology of Fishes 2. Is there really a ‘pen*s fish’ that swims up the urethra? / Healthline, chto zapah urini somikov ne privlekaet, v mocheispuskateljnij kanal oni zaleztj ne mogut v silu svoih razmerov, da i v celom ne proyavlyayut k chelovecheskim genitaliyam osobogo interesa. Rasschitivatj na chto‑to mi mogli bi, toljko esli bi imeli zhabri.A strashnie rasskazi o ribe‑parazite, plavayuschej v mochevom puzire i mechuschej ikru v moshonke, skoree vsego, bili prosto bajkamiI. L. Bauer. Candiru — a little fish with bad habits: Need travel health professionals worry? A Review / Journal of Travel Medicine.7. Pauki, skorpioni i mnogonozhki — nasekomieFoto: JJ Harrison / CombineZP / Wikimedia CommonsEto ochenj rasprostranyonnoe zabluzhdenie. Dlya boljshinstva lyudej nasekomoe — eto vsya melkaya nepriyatnaya zhivnostj, u kotoroj boljshe chetiryoh konechnostej. Krome rakov i krabov, razumeetsya, potomu chto oni zhivut v vode i ochenj vkusni s pivom.No s tochki zreniya zoologii pauki, skorpioni i mnogonozhki ne nasekomie. Da, eto tozhe bespozvonochnie zhivotnie, otnosyaschiesya k tipu chlenistonogih. No oni siljno otlichayutsyaMyth: Spiders are insects / The Burke Museum ot nasekomih stroeniem i kolichestvom chastej tela, lap, glaz, otsutstviem kriljev i drugimi osobennostyami.Chlenistonogih podrazdelyayutArthropoda / ScienceDirect na klassi: nasekomie, rakoobraznie, paukoobraznie i mnogonozhki. I putatj ih mezhdu soboj ne stoit.8. Dikobrazi strelyayut iglamiFoto: Liné1 / Wikimedia CommonsPochemu‑to nekotorie lyudi iskrenne ubezhdeni, chto dikobraz sposoben vistrelivatjPorcupine / San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance svoimi igolkami. Yakobi emu dostatochnoChem dikobrazi otlichayutsya ot ezhej? / Mir zhivotnih siljno potryasti zadom, i streli poletyat v mordu napadayuschemu hischniku. I etot mif prochno zakrepilsya v komiksah i videoigrah.Na samom dele dikobrazi1. Porcupines / National Geographic 2. Spines and Quills / Animal Diversity Web , estestvenno, etogo ne delayut. Igolki legko otdelyayutsya, i esli hischnik popitaetsya shvatitj grizuna (da, eti milashki — grizuni), to budet vesj pokrit imi i riskuet dazhe zarabotatj nagnoenie. No sami oni v protivnika ne priletyat. S tem zhe uspehom vi mozhete popitatjsya atakovatj kogo‑nibudj volosami so svoej golovi. Zhivotnih, kotorie umeyut vistrelivatj vsyakimi nepriyatnimi shtukami — yadom, vodoj, mochoj i dazhe sobstvennoj otravlennoj krovjyu, v mire hvataet, no dikobrazi k nim ne otnosyatsya.9. Ezhi nosyat yabloki na spineFoto: Federico Facchin / Wikimedia CommonsSuschestvuet eschyo odno zabluzhdenie o kolyuchih sozdaniyah — na etot raz ne ob ekzoticheskih dikobrazah, a o vpolne privichnih nam ezhah. Oni, kstati, sovsem ne rodstvennikiThe differences between a porcupine and a hedgehog / Sciencing: pervie — grizuni, a vtorie otnosyatsya k ezhovim iz otryada nasekomoyadnih.Zabluzhdenie eto zaklyuchaetsya v tom, chto ezhi yakobi celenapravlenno pomeschayut u sebya na spine yabloki, gribi i prochuyu edu. Odni schitayut, chto zverjki takim obrazom delayut zapasi pischi, otnosya ih v svoi nori ili prosto taskaya pri sebe. A drugie dazhe predpolagayut, chto ezhi pitayutsya izbavitjsya ot parazitov, propitivaya yablochnim sokom igolki. Mif etot nastoljko starij, chto o nyom pisalHabits of the hedgehog / Nature dazhe Plinij Starshij, no tem ne menee eto vsego lishj bajka. Ezhi — hischniki. Oni mogut izredka potreblyatj frukti i yagodi, no predpochitayut nasekomih, sliznej, a takzhe myaso i koshachij korm. I oni ne nosyatWhat do hedgehogs eat? Food, diet, treat, & snack list / Hedgehog World na spine edu i ne delayut nikakih zapasov na zimu — esli ne schitatj zapasami podkozhnij zhir.Teoriya o tom, chto yablochnij sok pomogaet ezham izbavlyatjsya ot parazitov, nichem ne podkreplena. S gorazdo boljshej effektivnostjyu oni ispoljzuyut1. H. D’Havé, J. Scheirs, et al. Gender, age and seasonal dependent self-anointing in the European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus / Acta Theriologica 2. Hedgehog / San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance dlya etogo svoyu sobstvennuyu slyunu. Hotya eto povedenie mozhet takzhe bitj popitkoj zamaskirovatj svoj zapah.Tak chto esli u ezha na igolkah zastryalo yabloko, grib ili listok, to eto proizoshlo sluchajno i zveryok prosto ne smog ego stryahnutj.10. U zolotih ribok plohaya pamyatjFoto: mark yang / Public DomainKogda mi hotim popreknutj kogo‑to ego zabivchivostjyu, mi govorim: «Da u tebya pamyatj kak u zolotoj ribki!» Odnako paradoks v tom, chto u etih suschestv ona vesjma neplohaya i s kognitivnimi sposobnostyami vsyo v poryadke.IssledovaniyaVsya pravda o ribah: oni soobraziteljni, kak obezjyani / BBC Earth pokazivayut, chto ribi nichutj ne glup*e nazemnih zhivotnih, a v chyom‑to dazhe prevoshodyat ih. Oni sposobni zapominatj okruzhayuschee prostranstvo, uznavatj lica lyudej i dazhe schitatj.Eksperimentaljno dokazanoGoldfish three‑second memory myth busted / ABC News, chto zolotie ribki mogut po krajnej mere tri mesyaca pomnitj mesto, gde chelovek pokormil ih, i bezoshibochno nahoditj ego. Uchyonie obuchili ih nazhimatj na richag, no toljko v zadannoe vremya i za voznagrazhdenie pischej. Ribki spravlyalisj s zadachej, dokazivaya, chto oni dazhe mogut opredelyatj, kotorij chas. Neploho dlya sozdaniya, kotoromu pripisivayut tryohminutnuyu pamyatj.
