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Politurco is a new online platform which primarily focuses on Turkish politics, Middle East and Muslim world with a high commitment to standards of journalistic and academic ethics and integrity.

Ozgür Ozel: An Opposition Leader in Erdoğan’s Shadow?Necip F. BahadirTurkush opposition leader Ozgür Ozel assumed the ch...
26/11/2024

Ozgür Ozel: An Opposition Leader in Erdoğan’s Shadow?

Necip F. Bahadir

Turkush opposition leader Ozgür Ozel assumed the chair of CHP leadership as a “placeholder.” The actual heir to the seat is Ekrem İmamoğlu. Otherwise, Özel neither has the strength to win the congress nor the capacity to lead the party. He himself is aware of this… Yet, as the saying goes, “power corrupts.” The allure of the chair has gone to Özel’s head, leaving him oblivious to what he’s doing or saying.

I imagine he often wonders, “What if circumstances change, and I can remain here permanently?” He’s not entirely wrong to think this way. Circumstances are ever-changing. As Süleyman Demirel once said, “Twenty-four hours is a long time in Turkish politics,” and “Yesterday is yesterday, today is today.”

https://politurco.com/ozgur-ozel-an-opposition-leader-in-erdogans-shadow.html

Recently, I believe that there has not been enough or necessary response or precaution against the increasing divisive r...
24/11/2024

Recently, I believe that there has not been enough or necessary response or precaution against the increasing divisive rhetoric that threatens Turkey’s territorial integrity, unity, and solidarity. In particular, the “division” plans targeting the Kurdish citizens of Turkey are not only threatening the future of one ethnic group but also the future of all of Turkey, the Middle East, and the world. These kinds of statements damage the structure in which all cultural and ethnic differences in the country live together, united around common values.

Historically, Turkey has been a multicultural country, strengthened and capable of growing as a state by embracing citizens from different ethnic backgrounds and providing them equal rights. The Turkish and Kurdish peoples have lived together for centuries, fought side by side in the same geography, and are tightly bound by bonds of religious brotherhood and kinship. Ignoring these ties would weaken not only the two peoples but all of Turkey, and jeopardize lasting peace in the region and the world. Turkey’s future will be shaped by the coexistence of all its components in equality, justice, and peace. The division of the country would not only be a catastrophe in economic and social terms but would also lead to a cultural and humanitarian disaster.

The separation of the Kurdish people from Turkey would put them in an even more difficult situation, while Turkey, without its Kurdish population, would become weak and isolated. When all components of a country live with equal rights, freedom, and security, it enhances the strength of that country and enables it to take a stronger stance in the global arena. Turkey’s development and strengthening can only be achieved by maintaining this unity.

In recent years, I have been deeply saddened to observe that even the most reasonable and patriotic people in Turkey have started to lose hope in the current order and governance, turning to alternative solutions.



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İnsan her zaman, yani doğruları konuşmalı.Turkush opposition leader Ozgür Ozel assumed the chair of CHP leadership as a ...
23/11/2024

İnsan her zaman, yani doğruları konuşmalı.
Turkush opposition leader Ozgür Ozel assumed the chair of CHP leadership as a “placeholder.” The actual heir to the seat is Ekrem İmamoğlu. Otherwise, Özel neither has the strength to win the congress nor the capacity to lead the party. He himself is aware of this… Yet, as the saying goes, “power corrupts.” The allure of the chair has gone to Özel’s head, leaving him oblivious to what he’s doing or saying.

I imagine he often wonders, “What if circumstances change, and I can remain here permanently?” He’s not entirely wrong to think this way. Circumstances are ever-changing. As Süleyman Demirel once said, “Twenty-four hours is a long time in Turkish politics,” and “Yesterday is yesterday, today is today.”

Ekrem İmamoğlu faces the risk of a political ban. Even this possibility alone is enough to cloud Özel’s judgment.

From the very beginning, I advocated giving Özgür Özel a chance. I tried to temper my language and soften my criticism of his statements and actions, which often warranted sharp rebuke. His role in the victory of March 31 cannot be denied—neither can that of İmamoğlu and Yavaş. That victory had many contributors.

However, perhaps because he’s a “placeholder” or due to his inadequacies, Özel couldn’t walk the path opened by March 31. He spun his wheels and stagnated, even though this road led directly to power. Strangely, he stepped into “Erdoğan’s shadow.” I’m not referring to their meeting—of course, it’s natural for the opposition and government to sit down and talk.



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YUKSEL DURGUT“To be a refugee is not to lose your home; it is to lose the hope of finding a home.” — Mahmoud DarwishThes...
22/11/2024

YUKSEL DURGUT

“To be a refugee is not to lose your home; it is to lose the hope of finding a home.” — Mahmoud Darwish

These words reflect a bitter truth from the heart of Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish. Today, amidst the blood-soaked lands of the Middle East, a new drama unfolds, and his words resonate more than ever.

Years have passed since the Arab Spring. Back then, the winds of hope blew in the aftermath of autocratic regimes. People rising for freedom, democracy, and human rights believed they could overthrow dictatorships and turn a new page.

But that spring turned into winter. Hopes faded, dreams were shattered, and millions were forced to abandon their homes. Refugees once again took to the roads, carrying a mix of despair, fear, and hope in their suitcases as they ventured into the unknown. Their routes may have changed, but their stories remained the same.

Now, in the heart of that winter, a new storm brews. Israel’s bombing of Lebanon has reopened the wounds of an already scarred region. Syrian refugees are now being forced to leave their homes once again. But this time, they are not alone; they are joined by Lebanese citizens.

The numbers are cold and relentless. As of October 23, 2024, more than 1.2 million people have been displaced in Lebanon. 425,000 have sought refuge in Syria. 17,000 Lebanese have fled to Iraq. Each figure represents a life, a story, and a reality steeped in the hopelessness expressed by Darwish’s words.

These people are now seeking refuge in Syria. Yes, you read that right. Syria. The country they once fled is now their sanctuary. Fate plays peculiar games: what was once a haven becomes hell, and what was once hell now offers refuge.



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Melek İpek, a 78-year-old philanthropist and the mother of exiled businessman Akın İpek, has been returned to prison by ...
22/11/2024

Melek İpek, a 78-year-old philanthropist and the mother of exiled businessman Akın İpek, has been returned to prison by Turkish authorities despite serious health concerns. This move is the latest in a series of actions widely criticized as politically motivated targeting of individuals associated with the Hizmet Movement.

Melek İpek, who suffers from multiple age-related health conditions, was hospitalized after falling ill in prison but was sent back to the Sincan High-Security Facility following treatment. She had been detained on November 9 after Turkey’s Supreme Court upheld a controversial 7.5-year sentence on charges of “membership in an organization.” The charges stem from sweeping investigations that have been criticized for lacking credible evidence and targeting perceived political opponents of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s government.

Her son, Akın İpek, a prominent businessman whose media empire and assets were seized by the Erdoğan regime, condemned both the government’s actions and the silence of the international community. In a social media post, he wrote:
“Why do you keep unleashing flames on already scorched and innocent people? I don’t understand… Nor can I understand those who stay silent. What will it take for people to finally say, ‘This is too much’?”

Court documents shared by Akın İpek reveal troubling contradictions. The Supreme Court justified its ruling by alleging “covert profit transfers to move capital abroad.” However, an official report from MASAK, Turkey’s Financial Crimes Investigation Board, found no illegal or suspicious activity in the transactions. The ruling has fueled accusations that the charges against Melek İpek were fabricated as part of a broader crackdown on dissent.

This case underscores the alarming deterioration of human rights and judicial independence in Turkey under Erdoğan’s rule. Targeting an elderly woman with known health issues reflects an apparent attempt to intimidate critics through persecution.



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TARIK TOROSThose who closely follow social media are already familiar. For those who haven’t heard, you’ll learn it here...
20/11/2024

TARIK TOROS

Those who closely follow social media are already familiar. For those who haven’t heard, you’ll learn it here. Immediately after the U.S. elections, Bluesky (Blue Sky) quickly replaced X (formerly known as Twitter) in the social media realm. Bluesky isn’t new but was waiting on the sidelines in its infancy. Now, it’s emerging from its early phase, experiencing a strong rebirth.

A Brief History

Bluesky was developed in 2019 by Twitter’s founder, Jack Dorsey. It began as a project within Twitter but became an independent company in 2022. Since August 2021, Jay Graber has served as CEO. Jack Dorsey stepped down from Bluesky’s management in May 2024.

Bluesky’s model, as conceived by Dorsey, is decentralized, with users having full control over their content. Privacy and data security are prioritized, with no central control mechanisms, making it resistant to censorship. Decision-making follows a decentralized governance model. Due to its decentralized nature, Bluesky is resilient to disruptions and attacks, but it faces challenges in complying with legal frameworks.

Amid a surge in subscriptions, Bluesky management reiterated its commitment to its principles: It’s not ad-based, has no paid subscriptions, and gives users more control over algorithms. Among its promises is not sharing user data for AI development. Users can post up to 300 characters, with four images or one minute of video per post.

While it has a familiar interface that appeals to Twitter users, Bluesky significantly differs from X due to its user-centered features.



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The AKP regime in Turkey continues its crackdown on individuals accused of ties to the Hizmet Movement, described by som...
20/11/2024

The AKP regime in Turkey continues its crackdown on individuals accused of ties to the Hizmet Movement, described by some as “genocide” operations. Today, coordinated raids across 66 provinces led to the detention of 459 people.

The Brussels-based human rights organization, Solidarity with Others, released a statement condemning these detentions, emphasizing that they violate the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruling in the Yalçınkaya case. The statement included the following remarks:

“This morning in Turkey, 459 individuals dismissed from their professions by emergency decree were detained during operations conducted in 66 provinces. These detentions persist despite the ECHR’s Yalçınkaya decision, which ruled that activities such as using ByLock, depositing money in Bank Asya, or membership in certain unions are not valid grounds for criminal accusations. By continuing these arrests, the Turkish government is blatantly disregarding international law and its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights.”

The United Nations Human Rights Committee echoed similar concerns in its Concluding Observations issued on November 7, 2024. The Committee stated that mass detentions of individuals alleged to have ties to the Gülen Movement lack fair trial guarantees and constitute violations of basic human rights. It called on Turkey to end these arbitrary practices and comply with international human rights standards. Despite these warnings, the Turkish government continues to pursue repressive policies, unjustly targeting dismissed public employees and opposition members.

Enes Kanter Freedom Calls for Global Awareness on Torture in Turkey After UN ReportMurat KayaHuman rights activist and N...
18/11/2024

Enes Kanter Freedom Calls for Global Awareness on Torture in Turkey After UN Report

Murat Kaya

Human rights activist and NBA star Enes Kanter Freedom commented on the UN report listing individuals involved in acts of torture in Turkey.

In its report released in early November, the United Nations Human Rights Committee addressed human rights violations in Turkey comprehensively, documenting instances of torture and those responsible for it.

While attending an event in Geneva, Switzerland, Kanter expressed his thoughts on the UN’s documentation of individuals involved in torture.

Kanter thanked human rights defenders who supported protests leading up to the UN decision, stating, “The image that moved me the most was of our young brothers, holding up banners taller than themselves that read ‘There is torture in Turkey.’ No amount of gratitude or prayers could be enough for them.”

https://politurco.com/enes-kanter-freedom-calls-for-global-awareness-on-torture-in-turkey-after-un-report.html

UN Identifies Turkish Officials as Suspected Torturers in New Human Rights ReportThe United Nations Human Rights Committ...
17/11/2024

UN Identifies Turkish Officials as Suspected Torturers in New Human Rights Report

The United Nations Human Rights Committee recently published reports submitted by NGOs, listing several Turkish officials as alleged perpetrators of torture. Notable names include Barış Dedebağı, Ali Türkşen, Zekai Aksakallı, Elif Sümercan, and Tahir Darbazoğlu, marking a significant international acknowledgment of alleged human rights abuses following the events of July 15 in Turkey.

The UN Human Rights Council’s review of global human rights abuses, held from October 14 to November 8, included a dedicated session on Turkey. During this session, reports from victims and NGOs detailed systemic human rights violations, leading to the official documentation of these claims. CrossBorder Jurists, in collaboration with 60 other civil society organizations, prepared over 70 “shadow reports” to supplement the UN’s findings, providing extensive evidence of systematic rights abuses in Turkey.

https://politurco.com/un-identifies-turkish-officials-as-suspected-torturers-in-new-human-rights-report.html

This question has resurfaced amid Israel’s military operations in Gaza and ongoing tensions with UN institutions. In the...
16/11/2024

This question has resurfaced amid Israel’s military operations in Gaza and ongoing tensions with UN institutions. In theory, it is possible for the UN to suspend a member state, but in practice, it is a very challenging and complex process. For this to happen, there needs to be a legal basis, which is outlined in Articles 5 and 6 of the UN Charter, allowing for the suspension or expulsion of a member state.

A member state can be suspended if it is determined to have “persistently violated” the principles set out in the UN Charter. For a suspension decision, the recommendation of the Security Council and the approval of the General Assembly are required.

The United States’ veto power in the Security Council essentially blocks any attempt at sanctions against Israel before they even begin. As the prominent thinker Noam Chomsky once said, “The UN is a tool of the US.” However, as in the case of South Africa, a country could be isolated solely by the General Assembly’s decision to limit its participation.

While it is legally possible for the UN to suspend Israel, political and practical obstacles make it highly unlikely to happen.

The question lingering on the lips of the oppressed victims in Gaza is: “Where is the UN?” Since the beginning of Israel’s blockade on Gaza, this question has persisted. As the death toll rises and conflicts spread, the UN’s foundational purpose of “saving humanity from the scourge of war” seems like a distant mirage.

Tensions between Israel and the UN have been high for years and have now reached a breaking point. At the root of this tension lies the UN’s designation of Israel’s presence on Palestinian lands as an “occupation.” The recent conflicts in Gaza have further strained this fragile relationship.

A significant portion of the international community believes that Israel’s operations in Gaza violate UN resolutions, international agreements, and even the genocide convention. Some UN officials have accused not only Israel but also certain Palestinian groups of committing war crimes. In this period, Israel has come into direct conflict with UN institutions.



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Following Russia’s attack on Ukraine, one of the most debated topics has been the German-made MBDA Ta**us KEPD 350 missi...
16/11/2024

Following Russia’s attack on Ukraine, one of the most debated topics has been the German-made MBDA Ta**us KEPD 350 missiles. This long-range missile system has occasionally led to diplomatic tensions between Ukraine and Germany. Recently, Christian Democratic Union leader Friedrich Merz, who is expected to become Germany’s next Chancellor, brought up these missiles again with his statements. Merz declared, “I am giving Putin an ultimatum! End the war within 24 hours, or I will provide Ukraine with Ta**us missiles.” This statement indicated that Merz might adopt a Ukraine policy closer to the UK and the US compared to his predecessor, Scholz.

Chancellor Olaf Scholz, however, worries that if Ta**us missiles are sent to Ukraine, they could be used on Russian soil, potentially leading to direct tensions between Germany and Russia and further escalating the war. Thus, the proposal to send Ta**us missiles to Ukraine was rejected in the German parliament with votes from Scholz and Social Democrat MPs.

Former UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson had also pressured Germany to supply these missiles to Ukraine, but his efforts were unsuccessful. Russian President Vladimir Putin warned that lifting restrictions on Ukraine’s use of long-range missiles would mean direct warfare with NATO, highlighting how significant Ta**us missiles could be in the course of the conflict.

In response to the discussions surrounding Ta**us, the CEO of MBDA, Thomas Gottschild, mentioned that “production might be disrupted” due to insufficient orders. This statement was likely a strategic move to ease political pressure on Germany. Production did not stop, however, and discussions resumed with Merz’s statements.



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M.NEDIM HAZARThe modern human’s search for a compass is, in essence, a search for a new way of being. Achieving success ...
15/11/2024

M.NEDIM HAZAR

The modern human’s search for a compass is, in essence, a search for a new way of being. Achieving success in this quest requires not only individual effort but also collective action. Humanity might be able to build the compass we need by embracing uncertainty, coexisting with differences, preserving critical thinking, and enhancing our capacity for collective action.

I know many of our readers are wondering, “Why this compass talk when there are so many pressing issues?” But I’m among those who believe that discussing only “Tayyip this, Tayyip that” 24/7 is unnecessary. What I’m trying to say is that, with Trump’s election and the totalitarian regime that has been weighing us down for over ten years, I personally have lost my health from all this grappling. As I emphasized with my dear friend Bülent Korucu in our “Apolitical Conversations,” soon, we’ll likely see a generation afflicted with a “Tayyip Syndrome,” much like the Vietnam Syndrome. And yes, I’m afraid that’s what awaits us… Those interested can watch that program here.

Talking endlessly about a person who would even poke a pigeon cage with an umbrella just to disturb them leaves no one in good health, dear friends.

Besides, you’re already constantly exposed to political news, from our site and many other sources and social media. So, let one person speak outside the agenda, about art, philosophy, whatever they like. Isn’t that possible?

After this brief explanation, let’s wrap up the discussion from our last two articles. Once that’s settled, we’ll tackle a topic I consider even more significant.



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FELIX KAIZAIt is generally held and accepted that what has a beginning must have an end. With the death in US exile of t...
15/11/2024

FELIX KAIZA

It is generally held and accepted that what has a beginning must have an end. With the death in US exile of the Turkish Muslim cleric and scholar with international repute, Fethullah Gülen, at 83, two previous articles focused on a range of responses. These included President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s condemnation of Gülen’s life and a state vow to eliminate the Hizmet Movement completely. This concluding article examines what remains in stock after Gülen’s passing for Turkey, its politics, economy, and whether this could actually signal Erdogan’s and the ruling AKP party’s departure in his declared “dishonorable, demon in human form” mode. How did I arrive at this conclusion?

FIRST LANDING was on the properties, implications, and connotations of the Saturday Mothers of Turkey. On November 2, 2024, about two weeks after Gülen’s death, Turkey’s Saturday Mothers movement protesters gathered at Galatasaray Square in Istanbul for their 1,023rd weekly demonstration, bearing carnations and photographs of their missing relatives. This time, the demonstration focused on six individuals, including three children, who disappeared in custody in Dargeçit, Turkey, in 1995. Some of their remains were later discovered between October 29 and November 8, 1995, bearing signs of torture.

According to a daughter of one of the victims, Gülen’s passing has left Turkey with a policy of impunity in state-perpetrated disappearances, creating a legal black hole threatening society as a whole. The daughter described how heavily armed soldiers and village guards conducted house raids in Dargeçit, Mardin Province, detaining numerous individuals, including four children, two high school students, and two women.

One protester said, “We’re seeking justice, but there is no justice in this country.” In Turkey, the three pillars of democracy – parliament, judiciary, and executive – have since disintegrated. The judiciary is controlled by the executive. The government is the complainant, investigator, prosecutor, and judge.



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Gülen is no more but…It is generally held and accepted that what has a beginning must have an end. With the death in US ...
13/11/2024

Gülen is no more but…

It is generally held and accepted that what has a beginning must have an end. With the death in US exile of the Turkish Muslim cleric and scholar with international repute, Fethullah Gülen, at 83, two previous articles focused on a range of responses. These included President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s condemnation of Gülen’s life and a state vow to eliminate the Hizmet Movement completely. This concluding article examines what remains in stock after Gülen’s passing for Turkey, its politics, economy, and whether this could actually signal Erdogan’s and the ruling AKP party’s departure in his declared “dishonorable, demon in human form” mode. How did I arrive at this conclusion?

FIRST LANDING was on the properties, implications, and connotations of the Saturday Mothers of Turkey. On November 2, 2024, about two weeks after Gülen’s death, Turkey’s Saturday Mothers movement protesters gathered at Galatasaray Square in Istanbul for their 1,023rd weekly demonstration, bearing carnations and photographs of their missing relatives. This time, the demonstration focused on six individuals, including three children, who disappeared in custody in Dargeçit, Turkey, in 1995. Some of their remains were later discovered between October 29 and November 8, 1995, bearing signs of torture.

https://politurco.com/gulen-is-no-more-but.html

Elderly Turkish Woman Melek İpek, 78, Arrested Amid Government CrackdownIn the ongoing clampdown on the Hizmet Movement,...
13/11/2024

Elderly Turkish Woman Melek İpek, 78, Arrested Amid Government Crackdown

In the ongoing clampdown on the Hizmet Movement, 78-year-old Melek İpek was detained early this morning in Ankara. Despite her age and numerous health issues, she was taken into custody and transported to prison to serve a 6-year, 3-month sentence. This sentence, upheld by Turkey’s Court of Appeals in recent months, effectively condemns her to spend her remaining years behind bars.

Her son, Akın İpek, shared the news on social media, stating: “This morning, they took my mother, Hacı Melek İpek… She is elderly and suffers from many health conditions, too many to count. Now, they have decided that she will live her last years in prison. I have posted her defense statement at http://akinipek.info. Is there no one left with common sense who can stand up to this?”

https://politurco.com/elderly-turkish-woman-melek-ipek-78-arrested-amid-government-crackdown.html

DR.YUKSEL NIZAMOGLUSince the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire had initiated reform movements inspired by Europe, and the...
12/11/2024

DR.YUKSEL NIZAMOGLU

Since the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire had initiated reform movements inspired by Europe, and these Westernization efforts gained significant momentum during the Tanzimat Era. Europe had now become a model not only in the military field but in almost every aspect of life.

At the center of Westernization were schools opened based on the European model. In schools such as the Military Academy, Medical Academy, and Civil Service Academy, a new generation was raised, reading books translated from European languages. These young individuals became acquainted with the ideas spreading in Europe, and thus a new class called “Ottoman intellectuals” emerged, taking over the role once held by the influential scholars (ulema) of the past.

The Writer Who Documented His Own Death
This intellectual class criticized Ottoman traditions and society, arguing that the West needed to be comprehended as a whole. Such approaches paved the way for diverse opinions and perspectives, and writers and thinkers of a kind that Ottoman society had not previously encountered began to emerge. One of these figures was Beşir Fuad, an intriguing personality who produced sixteen books and over two hundred articles within his short lifetime. His fame largely stemmed from documenting the moments of his death, which brought him considerable attention.

Beşir Fuad was the son of Hurşid Pasha, who served as governor in Adana and Maraş, and Habibe Hanım, the daughter of Memiş Pasha from Giresun. According to Orhan Okay, who completed a doctoral thesis on Beşir Fuad in 1962 and later published it as a book, both families were originally Georgian.



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Dates: November 14-16, 2024Location: John Carroll University, Cleveland, OhioJohn Carroll University is set to host an i...
12/11/2024

Dates: November 14-16, 2024

Location: John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio

John Carroll University is set to host an international conference titled “The Future of Risale-i Nur Studies in the West” from November 14 to 16, 2024. This significant event will bring together scholars, researchers, and enthusiasts dedicated to exploring and advancing the study of Risale-i Nur, the influential work by Turkish Islamic scholar Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, and its growing impact across Western academic and spiritual landscapes.

Event Highlights:

• Launching Dinner & Keynote Addresses: Join the opening night on November 14 for insightful keynote speeches from leading experts, setting the stage for three days of discussions. The dinner and speeches will also be live-streamed.

• In-person and Online Participation: While in-person attendance is encouraged, the conference offers online participation via Zoom for those unable to travel to Cleveland.



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ARIF ASALIOGLUFor over half a century, Gulen and the Hizmet Movement have aimed to create islands of peace for the benef...
08/11/2024

ARIF ASALIOGLU

For over half a century, Gulen and the Hizmet Movement have aimed to create islands of peace for the benefit of all humanity, embodying a mosaic of culture and civilization. Gulen, with his teachings of charity, education, and dialogue, has touched millions around the world, gaining the attention of many nations at the United Nations and beyond. Russia, too, has shown interest, despite occasional fluctuations.
In recent years, the perception of Hizmet in Russia has shifted, especially after attempts by Erdogan and the AKP government to tarnish the movement’s image with lies and accusations. Following significant events such as the corruption scandals of December 17/25, 2013, the downing of a Russian plane, the assassination of Ambassador Karlov, and the staged coup attempt of July 15, 2016, Russia reevaluated its stance on Hizmet, refusing to believe the slander. Russia observed the responses of Gulen and other prominent Hizmet figures, as well as the movement’s initiatives, and formed a clearer understanding.

Russia Finds Answers to Important Questions About Hizmet

During this time, Russia’s main concerns about Hizmet were addressed. The myth that Hizmet members were working for Turkish intelligence or the CIA was dispelled. It also became evident that Hizmet did not promote pan-Turkism, a narrative perpetuated by certain Turkish state institutions. Additionally, the groundless nature of reports from Ankara aimed at discrediting the movement became apparent. In this period, Russian research and analyses began to accept the view that Hizmet adheres to a traditional form of Islam.



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