01/10/2025
The final episode in our series covering William and Dirk's paper on the EU's fiscal rules.
In the model, some variables grow at rates set outside the model. In the standard configuration of the model, these include consumption, private investment, government expenditure, exports, and imports.
Tax revenues, GDP, and sectoral balances are derived from the macroeconomic model. The model categorizes the economy into three sectors: private, public, and external.
The main variables are consumption, private investment, government expenditure, tax revenue, exports, and imports. GDP is derived from these variables. Consumption, tax revenues, and imports depend solely on national income/GDP and therefore play a passive role in the economy. Secondary variables include the sectoral balances, which are the changes in net financial saving (deficit or surplus) of the private, public, and external sectors. The growth rates of the variables could also diverge so that some grow faster than others.
The growth rates could also be adjusted over time to account for long-term developments and economic ‘shocks.’
Obviously, growth rates are the main input to the macroeconomic model and, therefore, drive the results. To expect otherwise would not make much sense, as GDP and output are the sum of goods and services produced and sold for consumption and private investment to the private and public sectors and to the rest of the world (external sector). The model's equations and the scenario analysis calculation are presented in the appendix.
The model is, therefore, suitable for scenario analysis. In this case, the important variables to discuss are the government deficit and GDP. It is essential to note that we do not subscribe to the notion that GDP is a reliable proxy for wellbeing. Furthermore, GDP is an entirely inappropriate measure/goal for an independent Scotland
This is a detailed explainer.