Physical Education Theory and Methodology (2025)

14/01/2025

Determining the Reliability of Software Electronic Engineering Tools in the Control of Vestibular Disorders in Inclusive Physical Education of Students / 👥 Oksana Blavt, Gennadii Iedynak, Lesia Galamanzhuk, Tetyana Helzhynska, Yuliya Nosko, Yurii Kachurak, Olena Voloshyn, Stepan Shabaga

💭 Background. Due to the increase in the proportion of mine-blast injuries sustained during the Russian-Ukrainian war, the number of students in higher education institutions after blast TBI has risen.

❓ Objectives. The study aimed to determine the reliability of the tool for test control of gait parameters, created based on software electronic engineering for students after blast TBI in inclusive physical education.

🔍 Materials and methods. The theoretical stage of the research was realized by analyzing the literature on the studied problem, evaluating and synthesizing information from scientific sources. For the empirical part of the experiment, the Dynamic Gait Index test was used to assess gait parameters, dynamic balance, and fall risk. The test results were processed using the methods of statistical mathematical analysis. The experiment involved 30 students (men) after sustaining an explosive traumatic brain injury.

📊 Results. The study presents the developed tool for testing gait parameters using the Dynamic Gait Index, which is based on the integration of various types of software electronic engineering services. The development uses motion, speed, pressure, and touch sensors. The information about the test exercise, recorded by the sensors, is sequentially transmitted by wireless communication means to the controller (Arduino Leonardo based on the ATmega32u4 microcontroller platform) and then to a PC, where the results are displayed on the monitor in digital and graphical form. The development uses a neural network and the Microsoft OneDrive cloud service to process information, which provides processing and storage of large amounts of test control data. The results of the empirical establishment of the Dynamic Gait Index quality measure, the characteristics of reliability and validity that were recorded by the teacher, are significantly inferior in numerical values to the correlation coefficient obtained by the results of the Dynamic Gait Index when the outcomes were recorded using the developed tool.

✅ Conclusions. The introduction of modern software engineering services into inclusive physical education of students represents a significant step forward in implementing an impartial control mechanisms for restoring damaged gait and balance functions, which have been recognized as a leading factor in disability caused by blast TBI, and contributes to ensuring the effectiveness of this process.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 952–960.

Determining the Reliability of Software Electronic Engineering Tools in the Control of Vestibular Disorders in Inclusive Physical Education of Students Authors Oksana Blavt Lviv Polytechnic National University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-9339 Gennadii Iedynak Kamianets-Podilskyi Ivan Ohiienko N...

12/01/2025

Estimating the Effect of Contrast Exercises Using Conventional Deadlifts and Air Rower on Increasing Leg Muscle Strength and VO₂max in Rowing Athletes / 👥 Nurkholis, Dwi Cahyo Kartiko, Irmantara Subagio, Andri Suyoko, Adi Pranoto

❓ Objectives. This study aimed to prove the effect of contrast training using conventional deadlifts and air rowers on the increase of leg muscle strength and VO₂max in rowing athletes.

🔍 Materials and methods. This study used a true-experimental method with a two-group pretest-posttest approach, involving a control group design. A total of 22 rowing athletes, aged 19-23 years, and recruited from the Surabaya City training centre, were involved in the study. The athletes received a contrast training intervention with a high intensity of 85-90 % 1RM, conducted thrice per week for a six-week period. Leg strength and back strength, leg power, and VO₂max were evaluated between pre- and post-intervention in each study group.

📊 Results. The results showed that leg strength and back strength, leg power, and VO₂max were found to be significantly improved after performing a contrast exercise intervention compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05).

✅ Conclusions. These findings suggest that contrast training combining conventional deadlifts and air rowers is an effective method of increasing leg muscle strength and power, as well as VO₂max in rowing athletes, so that it can provide benefits to enhance the explosive strength and aerobic endurance of these athletes.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 946–951.

Estimating the Effect of Contrast Exercises Using Conventional Deadlifts and Air Rower on Increasing Leg Muscle Strength and VO₂max in Rowing Athletes Authors Nurkholis Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5474-1045 Dwi Cahyo Kartiko Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org...

10/01/2025

Analysing Differences in Attack Indicators in Men’s First Division Volleyball According to the Positional Status of Teams / 👥 George Danut Mocanu, Neculai Harabagiu, Carmen Parvu

💭 Background. Attack efficiency in the game of volleyball is of paramount importance in winning competitions.

❓ Objectives. The study aimed to analyse the differences in attack efficiency between teams of varying value levels, according to their position in the ranking.

🔍 Materials and methods. All 12 teams participating in the men’s national first league championship were analysed using the Data Volley software. The attack parameters were compared between teams in the first half of the ranking vs teams in the second half. Another comparison was performed for 3 value levels of the top teams (top, middle, and low).

📊 Results. The Mann-Whitney U test (used to assess the differences between teams in the first half vs. teams in the second half of the ranking) indicates Z values associated with statistically significant thresholds (p < 0.05) for most of the attack indicators, except Blocked but recovered% (p > 0.05). The situation is similar also for the Kruskal-Wallis test, where χ² values indicate significant differences between the three levels of the teams for most of the parameters, except Blocked but recovered%.

✅ Conclusions. The findings reveal the higher values of attack efficiency and its parameters for the teams placed in the top positions of the ranking. The teams in the first half of the ranking have better percentage values on the executions associated with Winning% and Positive%. The attacking players of these teams also demonstrate lower percentage scores on the executions associated with Error%, Blocked attack% and Poor%, thus committing fewer mistakes. The situation is similar when comparing the top vs low and middle vs low pairs, where only for Blocked but recovered% no significant differences have been identified. These results support the need to focus on making the volley attack more efficient as a decisive factor in competitive success.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 936–945.

Analysing Differences in Attack Indicators in Men’s First Division Volleyball According to the Positional Status of Teams Authors George Danut Mocanu “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3534-5055 Neculai Harabagiu “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati https://...

08/01/2025

Olympics: Improving the Competition Strategy in Each Skill Technique of Elite Swimmers for the 400 meters Freestyle / 👥 Waristra Tyo Nirwansyah, Bayu Agung Pramono, Gigih Siantoro, Muhammad, I Dewa Made Aryananda Wijaya Kusuma, Muhammad Kharis Fajar, Mohamad Rozi bin Yacob

💭 Background. In swimming championships, strategy setting is considered to be the main factor, especially in the middle and long-distance events. Implementing a strategic change can indirectly affect the final results.

❓ Objectives. The study aimed to find out whether there were any significant differences in reaction time (RT), final time (FT), and strategy for each split time (ST) in the men’s and women’s 400 meters freestyle events at the Olympic Games held in Tokyo (2021), Rio de Janeiro (2016), and London (2012).

🔍 Materials and methods. This study used quantitative methods with a sample size of 48 athletes. The data source included using the secondary data. Descriptive statistics are presented in the form of means and standard deviations. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normality of the data. To compare RT, FT, and ST data, the one-way ANOVA test was conducted. The linear regression test was used to determine the effect of RT on the first ST.

📊 Results. The findings of this study indicate that there were differences in the RT of male athletes during the 3 Olympics. The study also revealed variations in average speed. In general, swimmers accelerated their speed at ST1 and ST8. This occurred at the Tokyo 2021 and Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympics, while at the London 2012 Olympics, swimmers accelerated their speed only at ST1. Additionally, the results demonstrated that RT had an influence of 0.381 (14 %) on the first ST in male athletes, whereas the influence in female athletes was less marked — 0.066 (4 %).

✅ Conclusions. This study concludes that ST1 and ST8 are the most crucial components in the 400 meters freestyle swimming for both male and female athletes. Coaches and athletes must be very careful in carrying out special training at the tapering stage so that athletes can achieve the right time to produce the best performance.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 928–935.

Olympics: Improving the Competition Strategy in Each Skill Technique of Elite Swimmers for the 400 meters Freestyle Authors Waristra Tyo Nirwansyah Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2314-9064 Bayu Agung Pramono Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9308-1289 G...

06/01/2025

Ascertaining the Impact of Skill-Based, Intensive Training on the Cardiovascular and Muscular Performance of Male Hockey Players / 👥 Sooryajith Kv, M. Senthil Kumar

❓ Objectives. The study aimed to investigate the impact of skill-based maximal-intensity interval training on cardiovascular and muscular performance variables in male hockey players.

🔍 Materials and methods. For this study, a group of 24 male hockey players were carefully selected. The participants were divided into two groups: SBT (n = 12) and CG (n = 12). A 12-week programme was carried out, comprising skill-specific, high-intensity interval training sessions that took place three times per week. Data was gathered prior to and following the study. The variables selected for evaluating consisted of a 20-meter, 30-meter, and 50-meter sprint, along with agility, speed endurance, and cardiovascular endurance. Pre and post data were subjected to statistical analyses.

📊 Results. The findings of statistical analyses indicate a significant positive impact due to performing the 12-week skill-based intensive training. The SBT group consistently demonstrated superior performance compared to the CG group. This was evident through their significantly faster completion times in distances of 20 m, 30 m, and 50 m, as well as their agility tasks. Additionally, the SBT group achieved higher scores in endurance measures. The effect sizes observed in the study were quite significant, indicating substantial differences between the groups. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the CG group did not exhibit any marked changes from the pre-test to the post-test in any measure.

✅ Conclusions. After a period of 12 weeks, it has been observed that skill-based maximal-intensity interval training leads to significant improvements in both anaerobic and aerobic performance. This training is essential for athletes as they prepare for the end of the season. According to the study, it is recommended that hockey and other coaches focus their efforts on skill-based maximal-intensity interval training. While this study did not specifically assess technical abilities, it found that this training technique significantly enhanced physical performance. This research and training could prove advantageous for athletes and coaches who prioritise honing their skills.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 920–927.

Ascertaining the Impact of Skill-Based, Intensive Training on the Cardiovascular and Muscular Performance of Male Hockey Players Authors Sooryajith Kv SRM Institute of Science and Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-7190 M. Senthil Kumar SRM Institute of Science and Technology https://orcid....

04/01/2025

Self-Confidence and Cognitive Speed: Key Predictors of Topspin Accuracy in Competitive Table Tennis / 👥 Jeki Haryanto, Clemens Drenowatz, Jon Mikel Picabea, Padli, Fiky Zarya, Yovhandra Ockta, Vlad Adrian Geantă

💭 Background. Table tennis players often use topspin shots in order to score. For many athletes, this stroke is crucial to winning, making it a favorite among players. It is more probable that accurate topspin strokes will make it harder for opponents to return the ball. As a result, players who can maintain topspin stroke accuracy over time are more likely to win matches.

❓ Objectives. This study aimed to examine the association between self-confidence (SC) and cognitive processing speed (CPS) with topspin accuracy (TPA) in table tennis.

🔍 Materials and methods. This study used a correlation method with a quantitative approach. A total of 82 participants (aged: 20.0 ± 0.6 years) were involved in this study. Data on topspin accuracy was collected by administering a topspin accuracy test, followed by administering a self-confidence questionnaire and cognitive processing speed test. Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis were used to determine the association between the variables.

📊 Results. The findings of this study show (1) a positive relationship between self-confidence and topspin accuracy (r = 0. 430, p < 0.05); (2) a positive relationship between cognitive processing speed and topspin accuracy (r = 0.374, p < 0.05).

✅ Conclusions. Topspin accuracy is influenced by cognitive processing speed and self-confidence. Therefore, in order to improve table tennis topspin performance, coaches should take these factors into account. The results of this study can have a significant impact on training programs, where mental skills training, such as boosting self-confidence and enhancing cognitive processing speed, should be integrated into technical and tactical training routines. This approach will allow athletes to not only refine their physical skills but also strengthen their psychological resilience, ultimately leading to better performance in competitive matches.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 912–919.

Self-Confidence and Cognitive Speed: Key Predictors of Topspin Accuracy in Competitive Table Tennis Authors Jeki Haryanto Universitas Negeri Padang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1831-9194 Clemens Drenowatz University of Education Upper Austria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-5364 Jon Mikel Picabea Un...

02/01/2025

Physical Activity Monitoring Model to Measure the Appropriateness of Weekly Physical Activity for the World Health Organization’s Physical Well-Being and Health Claims / 👥 Rosario Ceruso, Giuseppe Giardullo, Giuseppe Di Lascio, Pompilio Cusano, Italo Sannicandro

❓ Objectives. The study aimed to test an agile monitoring tool to correlate physical activity levels for the 2 target age groups of school education with energy consumption.

🔍 Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 42 students, divided into two age-based groups: between 5 and 8 years of 24 and between 13 and 16 years of 18. Both were administered the adapted International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), comprising ten questions, the first of which distinguished active athletes from others participants. The remaining nine questions were divided into sections: “intense activities,” “moderate activities,” and “walking only.” The data on the amount of physical activity undertaken in the past seven days were converted to energy expenditure through the evaluative unit of Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET).

📊 Results. For subjects between 5-8 years who were active in sports, the weekly average was 3355.2 METs, with 1577 for intense activities, 1617 for moderate activities, and 159.7 for walking. Among subjects in the 13-16 years age group who were active in sports, the weekly average was 3799.5 METs, with 3376 for intense activities, 577.6 for moderate activities, and 529.9 for walking. For the same age group who were not engaged in sports activity, the weekly average was594.5 METs, with 20 for intense activities, 360 for moderate activities, and 214.5 for walking.

✅ Conclusions. The findings show that it is possible to use the physical activity monitoring tool proposed in the study, with the measurement of METs.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 905–911.

Physical Activity Monitoring Model to Measure the Appropriateness of Weekly Physical Activity for the World Health Organization’s Physical Well-Being and Health Claims Authors Rosario Ceruso Pegaso Telematic University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-7490 Giuseppe Giardullo Pegaso Telematic Unive...

31/12/2024

Evaluating Key Biomotor Abilities: A Comparison between National and International Elite Tennis Players / 👥 Pratham Singh, Dharmander Kumar, Mohit Morya, Rishabh Singh, Md. Hamidur Rahman

💭 Background. Biomotor ability is essential for elite tennis players, as it significantly contributes to increased efficiency, responsiveness and overall performance on the court.

❓ Objectives. This study aimed to assess and measure the biomotor abilities of elite tennis players, examining both national and international levels, and focusing on their physical and motor performance.

🔍 Materials and methods. The research involved a cross-sectional study of a total of 28 tennis players; among them, 15 were national players, and the remaining 13 were international players who served as subjects. The study focused on assessing eight key biomotor abilities: arm-shoulder strength and endurance, static muscular endurance, grip strength, power, speed, agility, and flexibility. Each test was conducted using appropriate equipment and standardized procedures, ensuring accurate score recording for analysis. The data was gathered at Super Shots Tennis Academy and Punjabi Bagh Club in Delhi, India. The statistical analysis involved calculating descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and conducting an independent t-test to determine significance. The analysis was performed using SPSS Version 25, with a significance level of 0.05.

📊 Results. The independent t-test comparing the biomotor abilities of international and national tennis players showed no significant differences in pull-ups, push-ups, speed, agility, or flexibility (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were found in wall squat hang, vertical jump, and hand grip strength (p < 0.01), with international players demonstrating superior performance.

✅ Conclusions. In conclusion, the study reveals notable differences in certain biomotor abilities between international and national players, especially in static muscular endurance, explosive leg power, and hand grip strength. The findings suggest that national tennis players implementing targeted strength and power exercises, along with specialized endurance training, may exhibit enhanced overall biomotor abilities and improved on-court performance.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 897–904.

Evaluating Key Biomotor Abilities: A Comparison between National and International Elite Tennis Players Authors Pratham Singh University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1650-4587 Dharmander Kumar University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8468-1335 Mohit Morya University of Delhi https://o...

29/12/2024

Determining the Correlation of Fat-Free Mass, Power, and Maximum Hamstring Force in Female Basketball Athletes / 👥 Agung Prijo Budijono, Gigih Siantoro, Riska Dhenabayu, Setiyo Hartoto, Donny Ardy Kusuma, Awang Firmansyah, Muhammad Reza Aziz Prasetya, Jose V. Garcia-Jimenez

💭 Background. In competitive sports, especially basketball, physical attributes such as agility, speed, strength, and power are crucial for performance.

❓ Objectives. This study aimed to examine the correlation between fat-free mass (FFM), countermovement jump (CMJ) power, and maximum hamstring force in female basketball athletes, providing insights that could enhance performance and reduce injury risk.

🔍 Materials and methods. This observational cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between fat-free mass (FFM), power, and maximum hamstring force in 45 female basketball athletes. The Anderson-Darling test for assessing normality and Spearman’s correlation for non-normally distributed data were used to conduct the study.

📊 Results. Significant correlations were found between FFM and maximum hamstring force in the both right (r = 0.585, p < 0.001) and left legs (r = 0.522, p < 0.001), as well as between (CMJ) power and maximum hamstring force for both legs (right: r = 0.467, p = 0.001; left: r = 0.434, p = 0.003). Additionally, power was significantly correlated with jump height (r = 0.604, p < 0.001).

✅ Conclusions. These findings suggest that FFM and power are critical determinants of hamstring strength and explosive performance in female basketball athletes.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 891–896.

Determining the Correlation of Fat-Free Mass, Power, and Maximum Hamstring Force in Female Basketball Athletes Authors Agung Prijo Budijono Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9651-0755 Gigih Siantoro Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4377-5218 Riska Dhenaba...

27/12/2024

Using a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Age-Related Variations in Anthropometric Indices and their Association with Cardiometabolic Health in Adult Men / 👥 Kanaan Ibrahim Nawfal, Sandhya Tiwari, Sandeep Tiwari, Mir Ahsan Ul Haq

💭 Background. Age-related changes in anthropometric indices and their association with cardiometabolic health markers are crucial for understanding health risks in adult men.

❓ Objectives. The study aimed to assess age-related variations in anthropometric indices and their correlation with health markers, highlighting potential cardiometabolic health risks in adult men.

🔍 Materials and methods. A total of 200 men, aged 26 to 50 years, from Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), India, were sampled using a multistage random sampling technique and divided into 5 age groups, each including 40 individuals. This study examined variations in body measurements such as the hip circumference (HC), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and neck circumference (NC) across different age groups, as well as their relationship to health markers like HbA1c and lipid profile. Anthropometric measurements were taken in a standardized environment, and blood samples were taken under fasting conditions for lipid profile and HbA1c measurement. With SPSS software, descriptive statistics, a one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data.

📊 Results. Significant age-related differences were found in NC and WC, with NC increasing from 39.61 ± 2.53 cm to 41.20 ± 2.63 cm and WC rising from 89.68 ± 12.08 cm to 98.80 ± 9.90 cm, indicating a trend toward central obesity. BMI and HC showed no considerable variation across age groups. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in NC (F = 3.586, p = 0.008) and WC (F = 6.020, p = 0.005). Pearson’s correlations indicated that NC, BMI, and WC were positively correlated with triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels (p < 0.05), while no notable correlations were observed for HbA1c.

✅ Conclusions. The study underscores the existence of significant age-related increases in NC and WC, suggesting heightened risks of abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic health issues in older men. Monitoring these anthropometric indices is vital for the early detection of health risks in adult males.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 881–890.

Using a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Age-Related Variations in Anthropometric Indices and their Association with Cardiometabolic Health in Adult Men Authors Kanaan Ibrahim Nawfal University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1202-9010 Sandhya Tiwari University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1...

25/12/2024

Assessing Strength Effort in Pre-Adolescent Girls: Insights into Effort Accuracy at Different Strength Thresholds / 👥 Prashant Kumar Choudhary, Suchishrava Dubey, Bindiya Rawat, Sonu Kumar, Bhanu Pratap, Deepak Bangari, Sandeep Kumar, Sambhu Prasad, Dalveer Singh Kaunteya

❓ Objectives. This study aimed to examine the peculiarities of strength effort assessment in girls aged 10, 11, and 12 years. Specifically, it sought to understand how these age groups evaluate effort at different percentages of their maximum strength (1/3, 1/2, and 2/3).

🔍 Materials and methods. The study involved 75 girls divided into three age groups: 10 years (n = 20), 11 years (n = 25), and 12 years (n = 30). Participants’ maximum hand strength was measured using a dynamometer, and their ability to assess effort at 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of this maximum was recorded.

📊 Results. The error of effort assessment was calculated and analyzed using paired and independent samples t-tests. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. The analysis revealed no significant age-related differences in hand maximum strength or strength effort assessment among the different age groups. The most accurate assessment of effort occurred at 2/3 of maximum strength for all age groups. Significant differences were found in effort assessment between 1/3 and 1/2 of maximum strength, and between 1/3 and 2/3 of maximum strength, with improvements noted as the effort percentage increased. However, no significant differences were observed between effort levels at 1/2 and 2/3 of maximum strength.

✅ Conclusions. The study indicates that the ability to assess strength effort remains stable across the age range of 10 to 12 years, with the most precise assessment occurring at 2/3 of maximum strength. The findings suggest that while overall strength assessment abilities are consistent, targeted training may enhance precision at different effort levels. This contributes to the understanding of motor function development and highlights the need for interventions to improve effort assessment skills in young girls.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 873–880.

Assessing Strength Effort in Pre-Adolescent Girls: Insights into Effort Accuracy at Different Strength Thresholds Authors Prashant Kumar Choudhary Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6163-8065 Suchishrava Dubey Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Edu...

23/12/2024

Identifying Variations in Motor Fitness Components among Upper Primary and Secondary School Male Students / 👥 Jupender Singh Bhagi, Sarita Tyagi, Kuljeet Kaur

💭 Background. Motor fitness helps students develop academically and socially. The students are more engaged in fitness activities with classmates of similar skills. Therefore, motor fitness programs should address kids’ capacity to increase physical activity.

❓ Objectives. The study aimed to ascertain variations in upper primary and secondary school male students with respect to selected motor fitness components, i.e. strength (standing broad jump), speed (50-meter sprint) and endurance (800-meter run).

🔍 Materials and methods. A total of 150 male students, aged 12 to 16, from five schools in Delhi, India, participated in this study. The students were divided into five groups, each consisting of 30 students from both private and government schools. The study assessed three motor fitness components: strength (measured by the standing broad jump), speed (measured by a 50-meter sprint), and cardiovascular endurance (measured by an 800-meter run). The one-way ANOVA was used to identify significant differences among the groups, with post hoc L*D tests performed for pairwise comparisons. A significance level of p < 0.05 was applied to all analyses.

📊 Results. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences among the groups in all three motor fitness components: speed (F(4,145) = 27.07, p < 0.05), strength (F(4,145) = 16.93, p < 0.05), and cardiovascular endurance (F(4,145) = 75.46, p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis using the L*D test further indicated that students in each group differed significantly in strength, speed, and cardiovascular endurance when compared to one another.

✅ Conclusions. The study concludes that male students in grades nine and ten demonstrate significantly higher levels of strength, speed, and cardiovascular endurance compared to students in grades six, seven, and eight. Therefore, motor fitness programs targeting these components should be tailored differently for upper primary and secondary school students to address their distinct developmental needs.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(6), 865–872.

Identifying Variations in Motor Fitness Components among Upper Primary and Secondary School Male Students Authors Jupender Singh Bhagi University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1877-2511 Sarita Tyagi University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8418-5389 Kuljeet Kaur University of Delhi htt...

Physical Education Theory and Methodology

14/01/2025

12/01/2025

10/01/2025

08/01/2025

06/01/2025

04/01/2025

02/01/2025

31/12/2024

29/12/2024

27/12/2024

25/12/2024

23/12/2024

Address

Website

Alerts

Contact The Business

Shortcuts

Share