Physical Education Theory and Methodology (2024)

08/12/2023

The Efficiency of the Application of Electronic Techniques in the Control of Dynamic Balance in the Process of Inclusive Physical Education / 👥 Oksana Blavt, Rostyslav Chaplinskyі, Mykola Prozar, Maryan Pityn, Tetiana Helzhynska, Vitalii Dmytruk, Oleh Hrebik , Volodymyr Kovalchuk

❓ The purpose of the study was to determine the authenticity of the dynamic balance control device developed on the basis of modern trends in the field of electronic equipment for students with disabilities.

🔍 Materials and methods. 32 students with disabilities, aged 18–24 years, I–III years of study, who received a doctor’s permission to participate in testing and had vestibular disorders, were selected for the studied sample, in accordance with the provisions of voluntariness and anonymity. General scientific methods of gathering theoretical information, the method of technical modeling, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics were used.

📊 Results. A dynamic balance control device was developed on the basis of the most up-to-date electronic equipment and programming. The device consists of an integrated electronic unit, a programmable microcontroller system unit, and a PC. The information received by the capacitive sensors placed in the unit of the integrated electronic unit during the student’s performance of the test task is processed in the unit of the programmable microcontroller system and transmitted via non-contact infrared communication lines to the PC where it is graphically presented. To establish the authenticity of testing using the developed device, reliability and validity coefficients were determined, which in numerical values reached a “high” level, in contrast to the test the results of which were recorded directly by the teacher and numerically corresponded to the limits of “low” and “medium”.

✅ Conclusions. The dynamic balance control device presented in the work is designed using the most up-to-date electronic equipment and programming. Considering the importance of eliminating vestibular disorders and related dynamic balance disorders in students with disabilities, the use of the presented development of the control device in the practice of inclusive PE is aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of this process. The integration of a control device developed based on current trends in the field of electronic equipment into the inclusive physical education of students with disabilities is the basis for the development of new approaches in the process of dynamic balance testing based on objective assessment.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 770–776.

The Efficiency of the Application of Electronic Techniques in the Control of Dynamic Balance in the Process of Inclusive Physical Education Authors Oksana Blavt Lviv Polytechnic National University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-9339 Rostyslav Chaplinskyі Kamianets-Podilskyi Ivan Ohiienko Nationa...

05/12/2023

Effects of Fatigue Induced by the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test on the Performance in Ex*****on Time and Decision-Making in Technical-Tactical Actions in Soccer (Passing and Driving) in a Laboratory Situation / 👥 Guillermo Andrés Calle-Jaramillo, Enoc Valentin Gonzalez-Palacio, Andres Rojas Jaramillo, Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Jurado

❓ Study purpose. The running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) has been developed to assess anaerobic power and fatigue levels using a repeated sprint protocol. The aim of this research was to study the effect of fatigue induced by RAST on performance in ex*****on time (ET) and decision-making (DMA) in technical-tactical actions in soccer in a laboratory situation.

🔍 Materials and methods. Quasi-experimental, longitudinal, pretest-posttest comparative study. Two groups of soccer players (n = 34) divided into a control group (n = 18) and an experimental group (n = 16) were evaluated twice at two different times.

📊 Results. Taking into account the p-value, effect size and statistical power, there are differences before and after RAST in the variables Total Index (TI) and ET, and not in DMA. On the other hand, the control group remained stable at both times.

✅ Conclusions. After the intervention, the experimental group showed a decrease in the figures of the ET and TI variables, but not in the DMA variable, in other words, the decisional time and motor time, components of the ET variable and essential at the time of rapid decision-making, increased in the posttest.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 762–769.

Effects of Fatigue Induced by the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test on the Performance in Ex*****on Time and Decision-Making in Technical-Tactical Actions in Soccer (Passing and Driving) in a Laboratory Situation Authors Guillermo Andrés Calle-Jaramillo Universidad Pablo de Olavide https://orcid....

01/12/2023

The Effects of School-Based Handball Intervention on 12–14-Year-Old Children’s Physical Fitness and Performance / 👥 Yasin Akinci, Bahar Ateş

❓ Background. School-based physical activity interventions contribute positively to children’s general health, wellness, and quality of life. The present study aims to investigate the effect of a 12-week handball training intervention on the ingredients of physical fitness and physical performances of primary school children.

🔍 Materials and methods. In this quasi-experimental study, students participating in school-based handball training constitute the intervention group (IG) (n=15, aged 12.3 ± 0.96) and those who do not participate (n=17, aged 12.1 ± 0.83) constitute the comparison group. The linear speed (T30m), change of direction speed (T-test time), lower extremity power (standing long jump (SLJ)), muscular strength and endurance (30-sec curl-ups and push-ups), and estimated maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max) (YYIRTL-1) were measured at the beginning and end of the handball training session. Independent samples t-test was conducted to test the significant differences in pretests between groups. Paired samples t-test was carried out to analyze statistically significant differences within groups.

📊 Results. The results revealed that, except for SLJ test scores, the pre-tests IG performed statistically significantly higher than the CG. In post-test scores, the IG performed statistically significantly higher than the CG in all test scores. In addition, physical fitness performance levels of the IG significantly changed between pre- and post-test (p0.05).

✅ Conclusions. In conclusion, school-based handball intervention can positively affect students’ physical fitness and performance characteristics.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 754–761.

The Effects of School-Based Handball Intervention on 12–14-Year-Old Children’s Physical Fitness and Performance Authors Yasin Akinci Usak University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7604-3507 Bahar Ateş Usak University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6339-3564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.1...

29/11/2023

Basic Volleyball Technical Skills for Students: Validity and Reliability / 👥 Gatot Jariono, Nurhidayat, Eko Sudarmanto, Haris Nugroho, Uzizatun Maslikah, Indra Adi Budiman

❓ Study purpose. The goal of this project is to provide a basic volleyball skill exam for Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta students enrolled in the Sports Education study program.

🔍 Materials and methods. This work employed experimental techniques. They are testing the reliability and validity of fundamental volleyball skills for students between 18 and 24. For objectivity and validity, personal correlations are employed in data analysis, while reliability coefficients between classes are used in data analysis for reliability. The population and sample consisted of 114 students studying sports education in the first and third semesters, including 64 males and 50 females.

📊 Results. The validity value, r = 0.653, was highly significant. Additionally, the researcher’s score with tester 1’s assistance is r = 0.759, with tester 2’s assistance is r = 0.651, and the correlation coefficient between the results of assistant testers one and two is a high r = 0.686. The objectivity value of the result score for the volleyball skill instrument was r = 0.787 for the researcher and examiner one and r = 0.705 for examiner two. The correlation coefficient between assistant examiners one and two was high at r = 0.706. The motion reliability score for volleyball skills was high (r = 0.652). The volleyball skill reliability score had a very high result score of r = 0.872.

✅ Conclusions. Based on the study findings, it is clear that the accuracy test of fundamental skills is highly effective and efficient and merits being used as a benchmark instrument to assess the skills of volleyball. To improve volleyball playing abilities, further research involving various factors, including social environment, psychosocial factors, and physical condition factors by student characteristics, is necessary. However, caution is required due to the small sample sizes used in this study and the need to consider other variables.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 747–753.

Basic Volleyball Technical Skills for Students: Validity and Reliability Authors Gatot Jariono Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2666-2956 Nurhidayat Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-9667 Eko Sudarmanto Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakart...

27/11/2023

Small-Sided Games 5v5: Improving Aerobic Endurance of Youth Football Players / 👥 Ridho Bahtra, Didin Tohidin, Yogi Andria, Windo Wiria Dinata, Nugroho Susanto

❓ The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of small-sided games 5v5 on increasing aerobic endurance in football players.

🔍 Materials and methods. This type of study is a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was Gama Muda Football School (SSB) players in Pasaman Regency (Indonesia), totaling 60 persons. Sampling was performed using a targeted sampling technique, so the sample was determined to be a maximum of 20 individuals. The players’ endurance capacity was determined by measuring their VO2max capacity. The study used the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IR Test) as an instrument to obtain research data. Data analysis in this study used the mean difference test (t-test) statistical method. Before testing our hypothesis, we first performed a normality test using the Lilliefors test.

📊 Results. After hypothesis testing, the results obtained show the value of t-count (10.15) > t-table (1.729), indicating that small-sided games 5v5 training effectively improves the aerobic endurance ability of young football players.

✅ Conclusions. The results of this study demonstrate that small-sided games 5v5 training can improve the aerobic endurance of young football players.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 739–746.

Small-Sided Games 5v5: Improving Aerobic Endurance of Youth Football Players Authors Ridho Bahtra Universitas Negeri Padang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1987-6673 Didin Tohidin Universitas Negeri Padang https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9074-7042 Yogi Andria Universitas Negeri Padang https://orcid.org/0009...

25/11/2023

Interlimb Asymmetry of Maximal Handgrip Strength and Wrist Circumference in Elite International Male Boxers / 👥 Sandeep Kumar, Yajuvendra Singh Rajput

❓ The purpose of the study was to examine interlimb maximal handgrip strength asymmetry and wrist circumference asymmetry in amateur boxing across three weight classes and two different stances.

🔍 Materials and methods. The study sample comprised 12 (flyweight:4; bantamweight:4; featherweight:4) amateur elite international boxers of India. Both limbs were tested for maximal handgrip strength and wrist circumference. For both tests, interlimb asymmetry was calculated using the interlimb asymmetry equation validated by Bishop et al. (2018). One-way ANOVA was used to compare asymmetries in three different weight classes, and an independent samples t-test was used to compare asymmetries in two different boxing stances.

📊 Results. The average wrist circumference asymmetry in different weight classes was 2.85±1.97 for flyweight, 1.29±0.75 for bantamweight, and 2.44±1.23 for featherweight, whereas the average maximal handgrip strength asymmetry was 4.91±3.75 for flyweight, 7.69±1.89 for bantamweight, and 5.80±2.89 for featherweight. Non-significant differences in interlimb asymmetry for wrist circumference and maximal handgrip strength in three different weight classes and two different stances were obtained (p > 0.05).

✅ Conclusions. The maximal handgrip strength asymmetry and wrist circumference asymmetry in elite international boxers were found to be less than 10 percent and observed non-significant differences in weight classes as well as stances indicate elite amateur international boxers to be less prone to interlimb asymmetry-related injuries and have favourable conditions for high performance.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 732–738.

Interlimb Asymmetry of Maximal Handgrip Strength and Wrist Circumference in Elite International Male Boxers Authors Sandeep Kumar Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-9531 Yajuvendra Singh Rajput Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education http...

22/11/2023

The Impact of Javanese Dance on Improving Rhythmic Skills and Critical Thinking / 👥 Farida Mulyaningsih, Ermawan Susanto, Pamuji Sukoco, Agus S. Suryobroto, Nur Khozanah Ilmah

❓ Study purpose. The low rhythmic skills of students are caused by the complexity of rhythmic movements. This study aims to determine the impact of Javanese dance on rhythmic skills and critical thinking.

🔍 Materials and methods. The study used a one group pretest-posttest experimental design. Fourth grade students of 66 people were used as research subjects who were taken through cluster random sampling. Rhythmic skill data collection was using Rhythmic Test and critical thinking data collection was using a questionnaire. Data analysis was used to determine the impact of Javanese dance using paired samples t-tests, while proving the difference in impact was using independent samples t-tests.

📊 Results. The results show that the paired samples t-test in rhythmic skills is known to have t-test > t-table or 7.540 >1.980, p = 0.00. In critical thinking t-test > t-table or 4.631 > 1.980, p = 0.00. That is, there is an impact of Javanese dance on improving students’ rhythmic skills and critical thinking (t = 6.575, p = 0.00 < 0.005).

✅ Conclusions. The applied Javanese dance has an impact on improving rhythmic skills (psychomotor aspects) and critical thinking (cognitive aspects).

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 722–731.

The Impact of Javanese Dance on Improving Rhythmic Skills and Critical Thinking Authors Farida Mulyaningsih Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8689-4807 Ermawan Susanto Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2504 Pamuji Sukoco Universitas Negeri Yogyaka...

20/11/2023

Effect of Periodized Interval Training in Combination with Explosive Strength and Speed in Game-Like Situation on Agility and High Intensity Aerobic Capacity of Youth Soccer Players / 👥 Mahesh Chandra Kabdwal, Shubham Pal, Rina Poonia

❓ Study purpose. High-intensity aerobic capacity (HIAC) is essential for soccer players because they have to perform sprints of short duration in the shortest possible time. At the same time, they need to quickly change direction with and without the ball, which requires agility. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a periodized (8-week) training plan that combines interval training (IT), explosive strength (ES), speed, and game-like situations on agility and HIAC in youth soccer players.

🔍 Materials and methods. This research is an experimental study in which the population was male youth soccer players (N = 23) (aged 16.7±2.1). The Arrowhead Agility Test and the HIAC Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) have taken the pre- and post-data of agility. By using the formula for YYIR1 test: VO₂max (mL kg-1 min-1) = IR1 distance (m) × 0.0084 + 36.4, we get an estimation of the volume of maximum oxygen consumption (VO₂max). The data analysis used a t-test at 0.05% as the significance level.

📊 Results. Based on the results, the mean of the pre-tests in agility, YO-YO IR1, and VO₂max showed 17.911, 14.8100, and 55.25510. After training for eight weeks, there was an improvement: the mean showed 16.667, 15.9750, and 60.06960. As per the results of the data on the hypothesis in the study, it was found that there was a significant effect of periodized IT in combination with ES and speed on agility performance and HIAC of the youth soccer players.

✅ Conclusions. There was a significant effect of periodized IT in combination with ES and speed on improving youth soccer players’ agility performance and HIAC.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 716–721.

Effect of Periodized Interval Training in Combination with Explosive Strength and Speed in Game-Like Situation on Agility and High Intensity Aerobic Capacity of Youth Soccer Players Authors Mahesh Chandra Kabdwal Manipal University Jaipur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-3966 Shubham Pal Lakshmibai....

17/11/2023

Effects of Fitball Exercise on Body Composition, Flexibility, Muscular Strength-Endurance and Aerobic Capacity in Obese Working-Age Women / 👥 Arunya Buttichak, Sarocha Namboonlue, Nattha Muangritdech, Palakorn Sriwiset, Chaiyawat Namboonlue

❓ The study purpose was to examine and compare the effects of fitball exercise on body composition, flexibility, muscular strength-endurance and maximum oxygen consumption (VO₂max) in obese working-age women.

🔍 Materials and methods. Twenty-six working-age women with obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m²) aged between 40 and 50 years were divided into 2 groups: 1) fitball exercise group (FEG) and 2) control group (CG). The training lasted 12 weeks with sessions of 60 min/day and 3 days per week. All parameters were measured at 1 day prior to (PRE; pre-training), 1 day after 6 weeks (MID; middle-training) and within 1 day after 12 weeks (POST; post-training) of the training period.

📊 Results. After the 6-week training, the FEG showed substantial improvement in body weight, BMI, back extension, leg strength, 60 second chair stand (60SCST) and VO₂max (-0.92%, -1.34%, 12.74%, 27.19%, 25.79% and 10.75%, respectively, p < 0.05) when compared to the CG. Similarly, after the 12-week training, the FEG showed a significantly larger improvement in body weight, BMI, fat mass, sit and reach, back extension, leg strength, 60SCST and VO₂max(-1.14%, -2.19%, -1.92%, 54.31%, 27.31%, 33.50%, 37.02% and 24.05%, respectively, p < 0.05) compared to the CG.

✅ Conclusions. Fitball exercise training is effective in improving body composition, flexibility and muscular strength-endurance as well as increasing the aerobic capacity in female workers with obesity.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 707–715.

Effects of Fitball Exercise on Body Composition, Flexibility, Muscular Strength-Endurance and Aerobic Capacity in Obese Working-Age Women Authors Arunya Buttichak Ubon Ratchathani University https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9035-7514 Sarocha Namboonlue Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University https://orcid.o...

15/11/2023

Chimney Jump and Standing Leg Extension Training Increases the Lower Extremity Power of Volleyball Athletes / 👥 Muchamad Arif Al Ardha, Nurhasan, Kolektus Oky Ristanto, Kukuh Pambuka Putra, Adi Wijayanto, Sauqi Sawa Bikalawan

💭 Background. The Covid-19 pandemic has caused various adaptations in the world of sports. One form of adaptation that is carried out is training at home or known as training from home (TFH).

❓ Study purpose. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the chimney jump and standing leg extension exercises carried out by volleyball athletes during training at home or training from home (TFH).

🔍 Materials and methods. A total of 36 volleyball athletes with an age range of 19–20 years were selected by purposive sampling and divided into the chimney jump (KCJ) group, the standing leg extension (KSE) group, and the control group (KKL). This research is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental research design with one group pretest posttest design.

The three variables used as the dependent variable are agility, balance, and athlete’s leg power which were measured before TFH and after the athlete carried out TFH for 3 months. The results of the exercise were analyzed descriptively and continued to be analyzed using the Independent Samples T-test and One-Way ANOVA.

📊 Results. There was a significant difference in the results of the leg power posttest of the three groups (

Chimney Jump and Standing Leg Extension Training Increases the Lower Extremity Power of Volleyball Athletes Authors Muchamad Arif Al Ardha Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9192-2072 Nurhasan Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-5777 Kolektus Oky Ristant...

13/11/2023

Relation between Start Reaction Time and Performance Time among Women Finalist Sprinters in the Olympic Games 2000 to 2020 / 👥 Ankur Biswas, Nita Bandyopadhyay

💭 Background. Success in sprinting events broadly depends on many factors. Among them, the reaction time at starting is one of the main factors that help sprinters get success by increasing their confidence and helping to avoid false starts.

❓ Study purpose. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between reaction time and performance time among women finalist sprinters in six Olympic Games since 2000.

🔍 Materials and methods. Data were collected from 227 (n = 227) women finalist sprinters in the event of 100m (n= 47), 200m (46), 400m (43), 100m H (45), and 400m H (46) in 6 Olympic Games from 2000 to 2020, based on published official reports on worldathletics.org and olympedia.org websites. Data were considered from 227 samples from a total of 240 finalist women, where 13 were excluded because of a false start, being disqualified for doping, or failing to finish. Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between reaction time and performance time of the finalist women sprinters. The significance level was set at 0.05. Further Gaval’a 5-point scale was used to categorize the women sprinters based on their reaction times in five sprint events.

📊 The results showed that there was a low positive correlation between reaction time and performance time among the sprinters in the 100m (r = 0.369, p

Relation between Start Reaction Time and Performance Time among Women Finalist Sprinters in the Olympic Games 2000 to 2020 Authors Ankur Biswas University of Kalyani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4113-8546 Nita Bandyopadhyay University of Kalyani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-9730 DOI: https://doi....

10/11/2023

The Effect of 6 Weeks of Combination of Three Cone Exercise Using Ball and High-Intensity Interval Training on the Agility and Dribbling Ability of Student Futsal Athletes / 👥 Fajar Adi Wiranata, I Dewa Made Aryananda Wijaya Kusuma, Yanyong Phanpheng, Arif Bulqini, David Agus Prianto

❓ Study purpose. Three-Cone Drill using the Ball (TCDB) High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is an exercise that requires players to perform fast movements and sharp changes of direction using a ball over three cones with high intensity. This exercise is based on the application of specific training principles using the ball and the principle of overload, which aims to improve agility and dribbling skills. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TCDB+HIIT on the agility and dribbling ability of student futsal athletes.

🔍 Materials and methods. This study used an experimental method with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The participants in this study were student futsal athletes, totaling 14 players aged 16.6±0.7 years, with body height 170.2±3.36 cm, body mass of 59±9.11 kg, and BMI 20.4±3.25. The research instruments used were the Illinois Agility Test and the futsal dribbling test. Data analysis used the Paired Samples T-Test at a significance level of 0.05; the prerequisite test used was the Shapiro-Wilk test.

📊 Results. Based on the results of the Paired Samples T-Test test, it was found that the sig value (2-tailed) of the speed variable was 0.001 < 0.05, with an increase of 0.99 ± 0.57. In the dribbling variable, the sig (2-tailed) value is 0.001 < 0.05, with an increase of 1.88 ± 1.722.

✅ Conclusions. This study concludes that TCDB + HIIT exercises are effectively applied to increase futsal players’ agility and dribbling abilities.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 686–691.

The Effect of 6 Weeks of Combination of Three Cone Exercise Using Ball and High-Intensity Interval Training on the Agility and Dribbling Ability of Student Futsal Athletes Authors Fajar Adi Wiranata Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2116-1006 I Dewa Made Aryananda Wijaya Kusuma...

08/11/2023

Anthropometric and Physiological Predictors of Soccer Skills in Youth Soccer Players / 👥 Chanawat Sanpasitt, Atcharat Yongtawee, Thitiwat Noikhammueang, Daranee Likhitworasak, Minjung Woo

❓ Study purpose. This study aimed at investigating the anthropometric and physiological characteristics that affect soccer skills in advanced-level youth soccer players.

🔍 Materials and methods. Ninety advanced youth male soccer players from the U-18 division 1 soccer club were enrolled to participate in this study. The participants were classified into three different positions: defenders, midfielders, and forwards. The anthropometric profiles (height, weight, and body fat) and physiological variables (Y-balance test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, running-based anaerobic sprint test, sit-up test, countermovement jump test, drop jump test, arrowhead agility test, and 40-m sprint test) were assessed. Soccer-specific skills were measured using the Loughborough soccer passing and shooting protocol.

📊 Results. The multiple regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between physical factors and the Loughborough soccer passing ability (R2 = 0.291, F(15, 74) = 2.200, p = 0.015). The results indicated that the relative maximum power displayed the strongest association with passing ability, followed by sit-up, countermovement jump without and with arm swing, and fatigue index. Concerning the shooting performance, the predictors accounted for 21.8% of the variance, with sit-up being the sole significant predictor among other factors.

✅ Conclusions. Our findings underscore the significance of relative maximum power, fatigue tolerance, muscular power, and core strength as valuable predictors for enhancing passing ability. In addition, abdominal strength emerged as a crucial indicator of shooting performance. Soccer coaches could use the essential information described in this study for talent identification purposes.

Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 678–685.

Anthropometric and Physiological Predictors of Soccer Skills in Youth Soccer Players Authors Chanawat Sanpasitt Chulalongkorn University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-0618 Atcharat Yongtawee Ministry of Tourism and Sports (Thailand) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-9605 Thitiwat Noikhammueang Sri...

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