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Brilliant Publishing, kpk, Peshawar (2025)

05/07/2024

Become a Ghost for few months
Make everything your fault
Cut out all your excuses
Throw yourself into pain
Find the beast within you
Go all in on yourself
Train like a warrior
Work like a robot
Eat like a king
Reject vices
Transform
Upgrade
Create
Thrive
Win

🏆

23/06/2024

Important Points of MDCAT -
• 1 gm Haemoglobin carry 1.34 ml of Oxygen.
• 100 ml blood contain 15 gm (12-16gm) Haemoglobin.
• 100 ml Blood carries 20 ml of Oxygen(1.34x15)
• But under normal physiological processes, 100 ml Blood delivers 25% (5ml) of Oxygen
• 1 molecule of Haemoglobin can carry maximum 4 Oxygen molecules.

23/06/2024

🌟Important Increasing Orders

1️⃣ Ionization Energy

(i) Na, Al, Mg, Si
(ii) Li, B, Be, C, O, N, F, Ne, He (Ist I.P.)
(iii) Be, C, B, N, F, O, Ne, He, Li (IInd I.P.)

2️⃣ Electron Affinity

(i) I, Br, F, Cl
(ii) Cu, Ag, Au (EA, of Au is very high = 222 kJ mol–1)
(iii) O, S, F, Cl
(iv) N, P, O, S

3️⃣ Electronegativity

(i) As, P, S, Cl
(ii) I, Br, Cl, F
(iii) C, N, O, F

4️⃣ Oxyacids Of Halogen

1. Hypochlorous acid- HClO
2. Chlorous acid - HClO2
3. Chloric acid - HClO3
4. Perchloric acid - HClO4

5️⃣ Acidic Strength

HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4

6️⃣ Oxidising Nature

HClO > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4

23/06/2024

Important Increasing Order 🌱

✔️ BOND ANGLE :-
(i) CH4 , C2H4 , C2H2
(ii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , CO2
(iii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , BH3
(iv) NO2—, NO2 , NO2+
(v) H2Se, H2S, H2O
(vi) AsH3 , PH3 , NH3
(vii) PF3 , PCl3 , PBr3 , PI3
(viii) NF3 , NCl3
(ix) NF3 , NH3 , NCl3
(x) OF2 , OH2 , Cl2O

✔️ MELTING POINT :-
(i) Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li
(ii) Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, Be
(iii) CaI2 , CaBr2 , CaCl2 , CaF2
(iv) BeCl2 , MgCl2 , CaCl2 , SrCl2 , BaCl2
(v) NaI, NaBr, NaCl, NaF
(vi) CsCl, RbCl, KCl, NaCl
(vii) AlCl3 , MgCl2 , NaCl

✔️ BOILING POINT :-
(i) PH3 , AsH3 , NH3 , SbH3
(ii) H2S, H2Se, H2O
(iii) HCl, HBr, HI, HF
(iv) NH3 , HF, H2O
(v) He, Ne, Ar, Kr
(vi) H2O, D2O
(vii) H2 , Cl2 , Br2

✔️ DIPOLE MOMENTS :-
(i) CCl4 , CHCl3 , CH2Cl2 ,CH3Cl
(ii) NF3 , NH3 , H2O, HF
(iii) Cis-chloropropene, Trans-chloropropene
(iv) p, m, o-dichlorobenzene
(v) CH3I, CH3Br, CH3F, CH3Cl
(vi) NH3 , SO2 , H2O, HF
(vii) H2S, H2O
(viii) HI, HBr, HCl, HF
(ix) PH3 , ASH3 , SbH3 , NH3
(x) H2O, H2O2

23/06/2024

🛑Major Role of Nutrients

Various elements perform the following major role in the plants:

(1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of cell wall and protoplasm. They are, therefore, referred to as frame work elements. Besides, these (C, H and O) N, P and S also enter in the constitution of protoplasm. They are described as protoplasmic elements.

(2) Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Various minerals present in the cell sap in organic or inorganic form maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell.

(3) Maintenance of permeability of cytomembranes: The minerals, particularly Ca++, K+ and Na+ maintain the permeability of cytomembranes.

(4) Influence the pH of the cell sap: Different cations and anions influence on the pH of the cell sap.

(5) Catalysis of biochemical reaction: Several elements particularly Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl act as metallic catalyst in biochemical reactions.

(6) Toxic effects: Minerals like Cu, As, etc. impart toxic effect on the protoplasm under specific conditions.

(7) Balancing function: Some minerals or their salts act against the harmful effect of the other nutrients, thus balancing each other.

🔔Specific Role of Macronutrients
The role of different elements is described below:

(1) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen: These three elements though cannot be categorized as mineral elements, are indispensible for plant growth. These are also called 'framework elements'.

(2) Nitrogen: Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and many other organic molecules as chlorophyll. Nitrogen is also present in various hormones, coenzymes and ATP etc.

(i) Deficiency symptoms: The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are as follows:

(a) Impaired growth
(b) Yellowing of leaves due to loss of chlorophyll, i.e., chlorosis.
(c) Development of anthocyanin pigmentation in veins, sometimes in petioles and stems.
(d) Delayed or complete suppression of flowering and fruiting.

(3) Phosphorus: Phosphorous is present abundantly in the growing and storage organs such as fruits and seeds. It promotes healthy root growth and fruit ripening by helping translocation of carbohydrates.

(i) Deficiency symptoms
(a) Leaves become dark green or purplish.
(b) Sometimes development of anthocyanin pigmentation occurs in veins which may become necrotic (Necrosis is defined as localised death of cells).
(c) Premature fall of leaves.

(4) Sulphur
Functions: Sulphur is a constituent of amino-acids like cystine, cysteine and methionine; vitamins like biotin and thiamine, and coenzyme A.

Deficiency symptoms
a) Leaf tips and margins roll downwards and inwards e.g., to***co, tea and tomato.
b) Premature leaf fall.
c) Delayed flowering and fruiting.

(5) Potassium
Functions
(a) It differs from all other macronutrients in not being a constituent of any metabolically important compound.
(b) It is the only monovalent cation essential for the plants.
(c) It acts as an activator of several enzymes including DNA polymerase.

Deficiency symptoms
(a) Mottled chlorosis followed by the development of necrotic areas at the tips and margins of the leaves.
(b) K+ deficiency inhibits proteins synthesis and photosynthesis. At the same time, it increases the rate of respiration.
(c) The internodes become shorter and root system is adversely affected.

(6) Calcium
Functions
(a) It is necessary for formation of middle lamella of plants where it occurs as calcium pectate.
(b) It is necessary for the growth of apical meristem and root hair formation.
(c) It acts as activator of several enzymes, e.g., ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, etc.

Deficiency symptoms
(a) Ultimate death of meristems which are found in shoot, leaf and root tips.
(b) Chlorosis along the margins of young leaves, later on they become necrotic.
(c) Distortion in leaf shape.

29/03/2024

Colour of important compounds →→
(1)ZnSO4 (Zinc sulphate ) → Colourless
(2) AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) → Colourless
(3) AgCl (Silver chloride) → White
(4) MgO (Magnesium oxide) → White
(5) Al2 (SO4)3 (Aluminium Sulfate) →White an hydrous / colourless liquid
(6) CuSO4 (copper(II) sulfate) → Blue
(7) CuCl2 (Copper(II) chloride) → Bluish Green
(8) FeSO4 (Ferrous sulfate) → Green
(9) BaSO4 (Barium sulfate) → White
(10) CuO (Copper(II) oxide) → Black
(11) PbO (Lead(II) oxide) → Yellow
(12) Pb (NO3)2(Lead nitrate) →White
(13) PbSO4 (Lead(II) sulfate) → White
(14) PbI2 (Lead iodide) → Yellow
(15) PbCl2 (Lead(II) chloride) → White
(16) Fe2O3 (iron(III) oxide) → Brown
(17) Ag Br (Silver bromide → Yellow
(18) Ag (silver) → Grey
(19) Zn Cl2 (Zinc chloride) → White
(20) Cu2+ Cupric ion → Blue
(21) Fe2+ Ferrous Ion → Light Green
(22) Fe3+ (Ferric Ion) → Yellowish Brown
(23) Ni2+ (Nickel Ion) → Green
(24) Cr3+ (Chromium Ion) → Green
(24) Mn2+ (Manganese Ion) → Pink
(25) Na2SO4 (Sodium sulfate) → White
(26) K2SO4 (Potassium Sulfate) →White
(27) MgCl2 (Magnesium Chloride) → White
(28) KCl (Potassium chloride) → White
(29) BaCl2 (Barium chloride) → White
(30) NaCl (Sodium chloride) → White
(31) AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) → White
(32) CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate) → White

15/03/2024

🔰INORGANIC IN SHOTS🔰

✌️Increasings or Decreasing Order

✨01. Melting point=
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs

✨02. Colour of the flame=
Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green

✨03. Stability of hydrides =
LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH

✨04. Basic nature of hydroxides=
LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH

✨05. Hydration energy=
Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs

✨06.) Reducing character=
Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na

✨07. Stability of +3 oxidation state=
B> Al > Ga > In > T1

✨08. Stability of +1 oxidation state= Ga < In < TI

✨09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides=
B< Al< Ga < In < TI

✨10. Relative strength of Lewis acid= BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3

✨11. Ionisation energy=
B> Al In SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2

✨15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4

✨16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4

✨17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4

✨18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4

✨19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3

✨20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi‌202

✨21) Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3

✨23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3

✨24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3

✨26.Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb=
PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3

✨27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3

✨(28) Melting and boiling point of hydrides=
H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S

✨29. Volatility of hydrides=
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S

✨30. Reducing nature of hydrides=
H2S < H2Se < H2Te

✨31. Covalent character of hydrides=
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te

✨32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)=
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3

✨33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)=
SO < SO2 < SO3
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2

✨34. Bond energy of halogens=
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2

✨35. Solubility of halogen in water =
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

✨36. Oxidising power=
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

✨37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion=
F- > Cl- > Br- >I-

✨38. Reactivity of halogens:=
F> Cl> Br > I

✨39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides
= M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I

✨40. Reducing character of X ion:=
I- > Br- > Cl- > F-

✨41. Acidic strength of halogen acids=
HI > HBr > HCI > HF

✨42 Reducing property of hydrogen halides
= HF < HCL < HBr < HI

✨43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine
= Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7

✨44. Decreasing ionic size=
02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+

✨45 Increasing acidic property=
Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205

✨46 Increasing bond length=
N2

15/03/2024

✅ Very important points - Human Reproduction

🌟Uterus also called womb.

🌟 Longest unstripped muscles of the body are found in the walls of uterus. (During pregnancy)

🌟 Cl****is is a homologous to the p***s in the male.

🌟 Bartholin Glands : It is homologous to Cowper's gland of male

🌟 A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals.

🌟 The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum which contains antibodies (IgA) absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies.

⚡️ Liberation of sperms from Sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules is called spermiation.

⚡️ Liberation of sperms from te**es is called semination.

⚡️ Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ej*******on .

⚡️ Mammalian sperms are transfered to va**na of female by the process called insemination.

⚡️ In 1 ml of semen, 20 to 120 millions of sperms are present in human being.

⚡️ Leydig's cells mature at 10 yrs. of age.

⚡️ In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not undergo meiosis II.

⚡️ The first polar body is, therefore, formed merely to get rid of unwanted chromosomes.

⚡️ 65-74 days are required to complete the cycle of spermatogenesis in human being.

14/03/2024

Disorders Of Human Physiology.
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12/09/2023

Congratulations to the qualifiers, and to those who didn't make it this time, remember: 'Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.

11/09/2023

Just in! Solutions to the ETEA MDCAT 2023 Chemistry section are here! 🧪 Our books have you covered with clear, detailed solutions matched to each test question. Next we will post all MCQS with reference to exact line from Brilliant Publishing books. 📚🚀

23/03/2023

Understanding the concept behind organic reactions is more important than just memorizing them. Here's a breakdown of what you need to know:

🔴 All organic reactions involve a substrate and reagent in a solvent that forms a product.

🟠 There are three types of substrates in organic chemistry:

1) Carbon attached to a more electronegative atom or group
2) Carbon attached to a less electronegative group or atom
3) Carbon attached to an equally electronegative group or atom

🟢 Depending on the substrate, there are four types of reagents:

1) Electron rich
2) Electron deficient
3) Ambiphiles
4) Free radicals

🔵 Solvents can be classified as polar or nonpolar.

🔵 Products of organic reactions can be classified as major or minor.

🟣 There are five types of organic reactions possible:

1) Substitution
2) Elimination
3) Addition
4) Oxidation-reduction
5) Rearrangement

Remember to focus on understanding the concept behind each reaction, and don't just memorize them. Keep studying and practicing, and you'll master organic chemistry in no time!

Brilliant Publishing

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