FACTS Dot NET (2024)

13/05/2022

DID YOU KNOW?

Why Dog Sneezing?

Dog sneezes are common and often cute! Our canine companions squeeze their eyes shut and scrunch up their noses right before a big achhoooo. But there are many reasons dogs sneeze, ranging from playful behavior and communication to more serious reasons health concerns. You could even say it’s nothing to sneeze at.

Just like humans, dogs sneeze for lots of reasons. Some sneezes are more serious than others. The most common reason dogs sneeze is because they inhale something irritating that’s stuck in their nose; this is why dogs sneeze after sticking their snout into the grass or digging in the dirt. Sometimes they’ll smell something irritating, like perfume, household products, cleaners, or dust that makes them sneeze.

Dogs use their sneezes to communicate with humans and other animals. Sneezes are just one communication method, just like a dog’s body language or facial expressions. In fact, one 2017 study found that wild African dogs used sneezes for negotiating that shaped collective decision-making. When dogs play together, they constantly communicate through sneezes. Dogs will also use sneezes as a “calming signal” to show that they need to slow down, take a break, or express that they are comfortable with what’s happening.

Many dogs like to sneeze when they play with other dogs or humans. This “play sneezing” is normal and something dogs use to show that they are excited and having a good time. Dogs will also use play sneezing to show that their behavior is only playful. Dogs also tend to curl their lips while playing a fun activity. This lip curl creates a wrinkled nose that can cause their body to erupt in a sneeze. Playful sneezes tend to be a short snort from the nose instead of the lungs.

Sneezing is actually healthy because the body is doing what it needs to do. It can also be a symptom of a mild health condition, like a cold. But sometimes, it can be a sign of more serious teeth or nasal passage problems. There may be a nasal obstruction ranging from a piece of grass to a cancerous tumor.

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/8SLpuIg01vY

11/05/2022

Did You Know?

The Praise-Lover Dogs

When your dog greets you and covers you in sloppy kisses, do you ever wonder if it's because she loves you or she just wants a taste of your lunch?

A study from Emory University solidifies what we already knew or at least hoped our dogs really do love and adore us. As part of the research, neuroscientists used an MRI machine to scan the brains of dogs to find out what goes on in their puppy brains. It turns out all those tail wags are because they love us, and it's not because we are the ones pouring their dog food.

Gregory Berns oversaw the study, and the inspiration came when he lost his own four-legged companion. "A year earlier, my favorite dog, a pug named Newton, had died. I thought about him a lot. I wondered if he'd loved me or if our relationship had been more about the food I'd provided," he said.

For the study, 90 dogs were examined after they'd been acclimated to the loud sounds of an MRI machine. The researchers actually waited months for this to happen to detect a dog's feelings from the scans accurately.

Researchers learned the canine prefrontal lobe activity was similar to humans during the study; this means dogs use the same parts of their brains for problem-solving as we do.

Now it was time to bring out the treats or, in this case, the hot dogs. Berns alternated giving the dogs hot dogs and praising them for comparing the neurological responses.

"When we compared their responses and looked at the rewards center of their brains, the vast number of dogs responded to praise and food equally," Berns says. "Now, about 20 percent had stronger praise responses than food. From that, we conclude that the vast majority of dogs love us at least as much as food."

For Berns, he feels confident his dog did love him, and the research backs him up. "This research makes it clear that animals have brains with the capacity to feel many of the emotions we do." So go ahead, give your dog a few extra snuggles tonight because she loves you more than she loves any old dog treat.

WATCH VIDEO HERE: https://youtu.be/UcTSus_oc5E

10/05/2022

Did You Know?

Sleeping Position

If you forever have dreams about your pants falling down in front of your boss or being stuck in the middle of the ocean, it turns out it might not actually be down to that cheese sandwich you had before bed - but rather the position you're sleeping in.

According to scientific research conducted by Van Winkle, people who sleep on their left side are far more at risk of having nightmares, while those who sleep on their right have a better quality of sleep due to feeling safer.

The report shows that 40 percent of people who slept on their left side admitted to having disturbing dreams and nightmares, compared to the 14.6 percent of those who sleep on the right side of their body.

The research added that people who slept on their rights reported having more pleasant dreams linked to feelings of relief. In contrast, people who slept on their front reported feeling sensations related to 's*x' more frequently than anyone else.

Researchers think this increase in steamy thoughts is due to not getting as much air when you're lying on your front and your brain reimagining this into racy thoughts.

WATCH VIDEO HERE: https://youtu.be/HTS8VjC11WM

09/05/2022

Did You Know?

Amnesia After S*x

A 54-year-old woman showed up in the emergency room at Georgetown University Hospital with her husband, unable to remember the past 24 hours. Her newer memories were hazy, too. She recalled that her amnesia had started right after having s*x with her husband just an hour before.

While s*x can be forgettable or mind-blowing, it can quite literally be both at the same time for some people. The woman, whose case was reported in the September issue of The Journal of Emergency Medicine, was experiencing transient global amnesia, a rare condition in which memory suddenly, temporarily, disappears.

People with transient global amnesia suffer no side effects, and the memory problems usually reverse themselves in the span of a few hours. It's a rare condition, affecting only about 3 to 5 people per 100,000 each year. But what makes transient global amnesia so eerie is that researchers aren't sure what causes it or why patients remain otherwise chatty and alert while missing large chunks of their memories.

"We don't know very much about the cause," said Sebastian Ameriso, a neurologist at the Institute for Neurological Research in Buenos Aires, who was not involved in the 54-year-old woman's case. "It causes a lot of alarm, but this is not a stroke or an event that causes damage to the brain. It's almost always very benign."

S*x can trigger transient global amnesia, as can other physically strenuous activities. People in their 50s and 60s are the most likely to experience an episode, but strangely, most people with transient global amnesia have it only once. In most cases, amnesia is anterograde, meaning people have trouble forming new memories. Sometimes, people also experience transient retrograde amnesia, forgetting some portion of their previous memories. In the case of the 54-year-old woman at the Washington, D.C., hospital, the last day was a fog, and she had been forgetful and confused since having s*x.

The closest thing to an explanation researchers have for this s*x-triggered amnesia is that the problem may not begin in the brain but the neck. In a January 2010 study published in the journal Stroke, Ameriso and his colleagues conducted sonograms of the necks of 142 patients who'd experienced transient global amnesia within the last week. They found that 80 percent of the patients had what is called insufficiency of the valves in the jugular vein.

This vein, which runs down the side of the neck, carries spent blood from the brain back to the heart. Valves in the veins prevent blood from flowing backward toward the head, but blood could seep back upward if the valves don't close sufficiently.

WATCH VIDEO HERE: https://youtu.be/qu6VyayFBVA

09/05/2022

Did You Know?

Karosta Prison

Originally intended as an infirmary, for most of the 20th century, Karosta Prison was actually used as a N**i and Soviet military prison, in which hundreds of Latvian deserters were housed, sent to solitary confinement, or simply shot dead.

Today guards still walk Karosta’s halls, and courageous people occupy its cells even though the prison has been obsolete for decades. Prisoners have been replaced by tourists looking for an authentic jail experience in the form of a “boutique hotel.”

On a visit to Karosta, visitors can take a quick guided tour or opt for the whole Karosta experience, including prisoner garb, interrogation, harassment, and, finally, being locked into a cold cell for a night literally in prison.

Before embarking on the full prison experience, tourists are made aware that disobedience in prison could result in insult or even physical punishment through exercise or cleaning. They are then required to sign an agreement. Be warned: Not all of the guards are completely fluent in English, and American visitors are often surprised by the amount of abuse they receive.

Other than its living inhabitants, Karosta Prison is said to house the spirits of many who died within its walls. So if you see a lightbulb unscrew or your cell door open by itself, the culprit may be a fellow prisoner from another era trying to help you escape.

WATCH VIDEO HERE: https://youtu.be/V3bGSCL06WI

06/05/2022

Did You Know?

River Monsters

River Monsters is the hit Animal Planet show that follows adventurer and "extreme angler" Jeremy Wade all over the globe in his search for the rarest and most terrifying freshwater fish in existence. Where other nature-based reality shows are clearly staged, River Monsters is regarded as one of the most authentic, thanks to Wade's obvious passion and thorough knowledge of the creatures in the murky waters of rivers, lakes, and ponds. Here's a look at how the show came to be and some interesting facts behind the fishing show that is somehow not a colossal bore; this is the untold truth of River Monsters.

What started as a childhood hobby turned into a lifelong passion for Wade. After learning from a friend, he started fishing the local waterways of his rural English hometown. But the hobby became too popular, so Wade took a three-month trip to India, the first of his international fishing excursions.

According to Singular City, after the India trip, Wade longed to explore other remote areas for fish, which led to a life of simple living and odd jobs he'd do until he'd saved just enough for his next trip. Wade nearly died from malaria during one disastrous trip to the Congo, yet he returned to the remote African country multiple times. Eventually, he started making a little money writing for fishing magazines, but his singular purpose in life seems to be simply to travel, discover, and fish. "You do get addicted to that kind of life," he mused. "Opening yourself up and being vulnerable to the forces of nature and whatever else is out there."

Wade often talks about his favorite catch being the Goliath Tigerish, a kind of "giant piranha" only found in the Congo that can weigh over 100 pounds. According to an interview with The Telegraph, he traveled to the African jungle three times over six years; this was pre-River Monsters before catching "a medium-size one." But of course, that wouldn't do for a guy who's accustomed to having his photo taken with giant nightmare fish.

In the second season, the show returned to the Congo despite Wade's admission that "traveling there is very tiring and potentially dangerous." Nonetheless, they ended up hooking a 78-pounder, which Wade described as "the big one I had been after for almost 25 years."

Wade had said that he never expected the show to become so huge when River Monsters started. "I was never thinking about a series that goes on for four seasons or more," he told Singular City." In fact, he's said that the first two seasons were based on his previous 25 years of individual travel and study, leaving a huge question mark as to how they were going to proceed after that. But the show went on for seven more seasons, even dipping into more sensational waters with its Chernobyl and Loch Ness Monster episodes.

So, instead of riding it out until low ratings or lack of ideas forced it off the air, Wade and his team decided to hang it up once they felt they'd wrangled every river monster out there. "Some shows can run forever, but our subject matter is finite," he wrote in a press release announcing the show's end. "Ten years ago, I had a list in my head, which seemed impossibly ambitious at the time, but everything has now been ticked off and then some."

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/p39gXx_mHQA

05/05/2022

Did you know?

A Fatal Accident In A Youtube Stunt

A Minnesota teenager who fatally shot her boyfriend in a failed stunt for their YouTube channel that they hoped would make them famous has been charged with second-degree manslaughter.

Monalisa Perez, 19, fired a high-powered Desert Eagle pistol from close range at Pedro Ruiz III, 22. According to the Star Tribune newspaper, he held a hardcover encyclopedia against his chest, hoping the book would stop the bullet.

Fi****ms retailers describe the Desert Eagle pistol as one of the world’s most powerful semiautomatic handguns.

The slug pierced the pages, and Ruiz died during the incident at their home in Halstad, a city about 260 miles (418 km) northwest of Minneapolis, local media said. Perez, who is pregnant with the couple’s son, was arrested and appeared in court via video from jail on Wednesday.

The couple ran a YouTube channel, “La MonaLisa,” where they posted videos of themselves performing pranks and stunts, such as Perez hiding hot peppers in Ruiz’s sandwich. The channel had more than 3,000 subscribers.

Before the shooting, Perez wrote on Twitter that the pair were about to film “one of the most dangerous videos ever.”

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/iuzs7t7typA

04/05/2022

Did You Know?

1 Million Mosquitos || Pregnant Wonder Woman

1 Million Mosquitos

Lee County Mosquito Control Department (stationed in Florida) collected one million of the pesky bugs during a trapping project on Sanibel during the summer of 2021.

The bugs take up the volume of an orange Home Depot bucket. “We’ve had people call and say the mosquitoes are terrible; we got a million mosquitoes around it. So I mean, we’ve heard that so often,” said Erik Jackson, deputy director at Lee County Mosquito Control. “I thought, you know, people need to see what a million mosquitoes look like,” Jackson said the pile of mosquitos made for great pictures.

But the one million mosquitos were not collected for fun. They were gathered for science as a part of a 2-year project with the U.S. Department of Agriculture to see if trapping is good for more than just research and could work for mosquito control. “It’s interesting, and I mean, you look at this, you think it’s promising, but we’ll see,” Jackson said.

Pregnant Wonder Woman

Gal Gadot played a superhero on the big screen in "Wonder Woman," but in some ways, she was a real-life one while making the movie. Gadot was pregnant through much of the filming of the box-office hit. When Gadot had to come back to do reshoots last November for the film, some CGI magic had to be done to keep Gadot's baby bump off the screen.

Gadot was five months pregnant when she returned to London's Leavesden Studios to film an additional scene. The costume department had to cut a section out of the front of her costume and replace it with a green cloth so her figure could be altered in postproduction. "I looked very much like Wonder Woman on close-up," Gadot said. "On wide shots, I looked amusing, like Wonder Woman pregnant with Kermit the Frog."

According to reports, "Wonder Woman" did not have many reshoot days. However, in particular, there was one scene in which director Patty Jenkins wanted something extra after seeing a cut of the movie. In a setting in which Diana Prince (Gadot) and Steve Trevor (Chris Pine) walk to the frontlines of World War I and have a serious talk about the horrors of war, Jenkins wanted to add something visually to the chat.

"That scene was just a slightly tense scene of them walking. I was like, 'I need her to see some brutality,'" Jenkins told The Hollywood Reporter. "So we added her, seeing the horses being whipped. It was something that had been in the script originally." Jenkins told EW about Gadot being pregnant during shooting: "Now, at least, we will be able to tell her [new] daughter Maya that she's in her mom's stomach right then, in the middle of that battle scene."

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/bosmyTEW0p0

03/05/2022

Did You Know?

Mount Athos

Mount Athos, actually a 335 sq km (130 sq mile) peninsula, maybe the largest area in the world from which women and female animals are banned. Mount Athos has barred women for more than 1,000 years, they are not allowed within 500m of the coast.

According to Dr. Graham Speake, author of Mount Athos: Renewal in Paradise, a 10th Century charter states that female animals are excluded but says nothing about women because "everyone knew that women were not allowed in men's monasteries".

This was the simplest way, he says, to ensure celibacy. The thing that makes Athos different from other monasteries, he says, is that the whole peninsula "is regarded as one huge monastery". But there is also another reason for banning women, connected with Orthodox tradition.

"One of the traditions is that the Virgin Mary was blown off course when she was trying to sail to Cyprus and landed on Mount Athos. And she liked it so much that she prayed to her son that she should be given it as her own and he agreed," says Speake. "It's still called 'the garden of the mother of God', dedicated to her glory, and she alone represents her s*x on Mount Athos."

This applies to both humans and domestic animals, except for cats. "There are a lot of cats around and it's probably quite a good thing that there are because they are good mousers. They turn a blind eye, as it were, to the fact that there are female cats," says Speake.

This means that dairy products and eggs have to be brought in from outside. "They eat very little dairy. There is a bit of cheese. They do quite like cheese in salads," says Speake. "They have eggs at Easter hens' eggs which they paint red. That is absolutely standard. Again they have to import them as there are no chickens on the mountain." An exception has to be made for wild animals, which would be near-impossible to control.

With boys, the policy has become more flexible over the years. "The rule is and always has been that men should be capable of growing a beard if they were going to go to Athos, and there was a prohibition against eu**chs and boys in the Byzantine period," says Speake. The fear was that a woman could pretend to be a boy or a eu**ch to sneak in. "What happens nowadays is that boys frequently come if they're accompanied by an adult - usually their father - and I've seen boys as young as ten. And the monks are very indulgent towards them. They actually like having boys around. "So the answer is that yes, boys do come occasionally, but invariably when accompanied by an adult."

Women have visited the peninsula, however, despite the ban. During the Greek Civil War, between 1946 and 1949, Mount Athos granted sanctuary to peasants' flocks, and women and girls were part of a raiding party that entered Athos in pursuit of the animals. And in 1953, the three-day visit of a Greek woman, Maria Poimenidou, who dressed as a man, caused Greece to pass a law that prohibits women from entering Athos, with a maximum penalty of 12 months imprisonment for those who break it.
In May 2008, four Moldovan women were dropped there by Ukrainian people smugglers. Police briefly detained them, but one officer said "they were forgiven" by the monks.

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/LdvSCavchJM

01/05/2022

Did You Know?

Bethlem Royal Hospital

In every society, there are those tortured by their minds individuals born mentally ill or afflicted by mental illness after suffering a grave misfortune. How we treat such people continues to evolve. Luckily, in much of the world, the rough medical techniques of the past have largely been abandoned, with insane asylums replaced by modern psychiatric hospitals.

But there was once an insane asylum so notorious that its very name entered the English language as a word for chaos, mayhem, and confusion. That institution is London's Bethlem Royal Hospital nicknamed Bedlam.

Founded in 1247, Bethlem is Europe's oldest center devoted solely to the treatment of mental illness. The facility was founded by the Italian Bishop Goffredo de Prefetti and built directly atop a sewer that frequently overflowed. It originally served not as a sanctuary for the insane but to help raise money for the Crusades via alms collection. During this time, it was not uncommon for monks and other religious figures to take in the indigent, who were often mentally ill.

When exactly Bethlem's mission transformed from the collection of alms to the treatment of the mentally ill is unclear. By 1330, the institution was being referred to as a hospital and by 1377 historians believe it had become the exclusive home for the insane. Little is known of the institution's inner workings during the Medieval period, but by the 1600s, control was transferred from the church to the state.

In 1675, the facility shabby and in desperate need of additional space moved north of London to the Moorfields. Two ominous statues were installed over its entrance gate one named "Melancholy" who appeared calm and the other named "Raving Madness" who was chained and angry. As evermore schizophrenics, epileptics, and those with learning disabilities crowded into the facility, Bethlem twisted into Bedlam, and patient treatment took a turn for the sinister.

One such approach was rotational therapy. A patient would be placed in a chair and suspended from the ceiling. The chair was then spun in the direction of a doctor, sometimes at more than 100 rotations a minute. The patient would often vomit and experience extreme vertigo, but these were seen as healthy reactions with the healing potential.

In 1728, James Monro became Bethlem's chief physician, initiating a Monro family dynasty that lasted for roughly four generations. As the Monros shifted their focus from apothecaries to surgeons, treatment procedures grew worse. Patients were routinely beaten, starved, and dunked in ice-cold baths. One such doctor, William Black, wrote his Dissertation on Insanity in 1811 and said of Bethlem: "The strait waistcoat, when necessary, and occasional purgatives are the principal remedies."

Patients were also victims of bloodletting by leeches, cupping glass therapy, and the inducing of blisters. Treatment was so severe that the facility refused to admit patients deemed too meek to withstand it. Indeed, many did not survive. Modern investigations have uncovered mass graves on the property, dug exclusively for those who died under Bethlem's care.

Perhaps most humiliating of all was the period when the facility opened its doors to the public. Initially, the policy hoped to draw in family members to visit their loved ones. Unfortunately, wealthy Londoners often paid money to roam the halls of Bedlam, taking in the zoo-like conditions and marveling at the psychosis around them. The Bethlem Royal Hospital has long since renounced the dark practices of the past and today its staff works day and night to care for those who cannot help themselves. There's even a museum that exhibits the artwork created by the facility's patients.

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/unCCN5o3FV0

30/04/2022

Did You Know?

A Bowl of Fortune

A rare Chinese bowl bought for about $3 from a yard sale in the U.S. sold for $2.2 million at an auction in New York,2013. The bowl, found in New York state, "was bought for a few dollars from a tag sale near the consignor's home in the summer of 2007," said Cecilia Leung of Sotheby's. "At the time, the purchaser had no idea that they had happened upon a 1,000-year-old treasure."

The previous owner displayed the bowl in their living room for several years before they became curious about its origins and had it assessed, Leung said. Sotheby's pre-sale estimates valued the bowl, which measures just five inches in diameter, at between $200,000 to $300,000.

The 'Ding' bowl is an example of Northern Song Dynasty pottery and is described by Sotheby's as "remarkable and exceptionally beautiful." The only other known bowl of the same size, form, and almost identical decoration has been in the collection of the British Museum in London for over 60 years, according to Sotheby's.

The bowl was purchased by London dealer, Giuseppe Eskenazi, for $2,225,000, after a prolonged battle between four bidders.

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/w7btqjTTS-g

30/04/2022

Did You Know?

Building a Savior Vehicle

Back in 1993, Emile Leray sometimes called a real-life Tony Stark or Mad Max, found a way to escape the African desert. After his Citroen 2CV broke down 20 miles from the nearest village, he went into survival mode and started using the car parts to build himself a functional motorcycle.

This happened when he was driving from the city of Tan Tan across the Moroccan desert. ‘I wanted to do it off-road because I had traveled around Africa about 10 times, so I knew the region well and therefore had no concerns. I decided to do it in a 2CV because, although it is not a 4×4, it is tough.

In Africa, they call it the ‘Steel Camel’ because it goes everywhere — provided you drive it gently. One must not be rough. I was too rough because I broke it. I could not have gone back on foot — it was too far. I put myself in what one calls survival mode. I ate less; I monitored my supplies of water and food to make them last as long as possible.’

At that point, he decided he had to do everything in his power to survive. He shortened the chassis and placed it at the center of the motorcycle, turned the car’s rear bumper into a seat, and built the front wheel with suspension. He also placed the engine and gearbox in the middle. In the end, it took him 12 days to finish it, which was a perfect result giving into consideration he had just half a liter of water left that last day.

After a day of riding his custom-built motorcycle, police found him and drove him to the nearest village. The funny thing about this story is that the police issued him a fine for not having proper documents for this vehicle. To this very day, Emile Leray kept his life-saving motorcycle.

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/9b8Ezu4u5CI

29/04/2022

Did You Know?

A Whopper of a Wedding

Burger popped the question and King said "yes." Ashley King and Joel Burger married in what may be the first wedding sponsored by Burger King. The two had met in the kindergarten in New Berlin, Illinois, and finally tied the knot in 2015. The couple and their bridal party don paper Burger King crowns in some photos. The groomsmen wore Burger King logos under their dress shirts.

Burger, a grain inspector, proposed in October 2014. They published an engagement announcement in their local newspaper the New Berlin Bee with a photo of the pair behind a Burger King sign as a joke.

Another newspaper, The State Journal-Register, picked up their story. Once Burger King caught wind of the tasty match, the company told them in April 2015 that they would pick up the wedding tab. Plus, the company provided personalized yo-yos, Mason jars and Burger King crowns in gift bags.

Back in April, King declined to share with ABC News the details about the Burger King agreement. She did reveal that she could choose how the money was used. The couple had always planned a huge wedding for Jacksonville, Illinois, including 10 bridesmaids and 10 groomsmen. A spokeswoman said she believes this is the first wedding sponsored by Burger King.

"When we heard that Joel Burger and Ashley King were engaged, we knew it was going to be a once in a lifetime celebration," Burger King said in a YouTube video description. "Here’s to them, and the best, most unique, one-of-a-kind, delicious-sounding last name combination in history."

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/tqx1ODGmwIk

29/04/2022

Did You Know?

The Voice of King Louie

King Louie is a fictional character introduced in Walt Disney's 1967 animated musical film The Jungle Book. He is an Orangutan who leads the other jungle primates and attempts to gain knowledge of fire from Mowgli to become more human. Unlike the majority of the adapted characters in the film, Louie was not featured in Rudyard Kipling's original works.

King Louie was voiced by Italian-American and New Orleans native Louis Prima in the original 1967 film. Initially, the filmmakers considered Louis Armstrong for the role, but to avoid the likely controversy that would result from casting a black person to voice an ape, they instead chose Prima, a white singer. Prima considered playing King Louie as one of the highlights of his career and felt he had become "immortal" thanks to Walt Disney and the entire studio.

Following a legal dispute with Prima's widow Gia Maione up until she died in 2013, King Louie was absent for the 2000s until the release of the 2016 live-action Jungle Book film, where he is depicted as a Gigantopithecus and voiced by Christopher Walken.

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/pJaO7jleqQg

29/04/2022

Did You Know?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Whiton Calkins was ready for an academic career before the patriarchal academic world of the late nineteenth century was ready for her. After earning an undergraduate degree in 1882 from Smith College in classics and philosophy, Calkins began to teach Greek at Wellesley College. She found herself drawn to the nascent field of psychology, and in the late 1880s, Calkins was granted special permission to attend seminars at Harvard (then an all-male institution), including those offered by William James and Josiah Royce. In fact, Calkins was the sole student in James' graduate seminar in 1890, the year he published his famous Principles of Psychology. Calkins also worked in Hugo Münsterberg's lab from 1892-1895. Of her studies with James, Calkins wrote in her autobiography:

“The Principles of Psychology was warm from the press; and my absorbed study of those brilliant, erudite, and provocative volumes, as interpreted by their writer, was my introduction to psychology. What I gained from the written page, and even more from tête-à-tête discussion was, it seems to me as I look back upon it, beyond all else, a vivid sense of the concreteness of psychology and the immediate reality of "finite individual minds" with their "thoughts and feelings.” James's vituperation of the "psychologist's fallacy" -- the "confusion of his standpoint with that of the mental fact about which he is making his report" -- results directly from this view of introspection as immediate experience and not a mere inference from experience” (Calkins, 1930, p. 31).

Calkins passed all the requirements for a Ph.D. at Harvard with distinction and wrote her dissertation on memory, for which she developed the paired-associate experimental paradigm, one of the classic tools in memory research. In 1896 Münsterberg wrote to the president of Harvard that Calkins was, "one of the strongest professors of psychology in this country." A committee of six professors, including James, unanimously voted that Calkins had satisfied all the requirements, but she was refused a Harvard doctoral degree because she was a woman. She was later offered a special doctorate bearing the name of Radcliffe College (at the time, the woman’s college associated with Harvard), but turned it down.

This technical setback did not prevent Calkins from pressing on with her work. She began to teach psychology at Wellesley and established the first psychology laboratory at an American women’s college. In 1898 Calkins was elected as the American Psychological Association’s first female president. She authored several books and lectured widely during her distinguished, decades-long career in psychology.

WATCH VIDEO HERE : https://youtu.be/BU5DTX_HDSs

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