
22/06/2025
Fifty years after independence, Papua New Guinea (PNG) remains one of the world’s poorest countries.
Persistent poverty, weak infrastructure, and limited access to essential services continue to undermine development progress.
The IMF projects PNG’s nominal GDP to reach $31 billion in 2025. “Papua New Guinea’s economic outlook remains positive. Growth is expected to increase to 4.7 percent in 2025 from an estimated 3.8 percent in 2024 Nir Klein, IMF mission chief for PNG supported by the resumption of activities at the Porgera gold mine and improvements in access to foreign exchange.
However, these gains have yet to improve living standards for most citizens.
Poverty is widespread according to UNICEF report, with over 34 percent of the population living below the international poverty line of $2.15 per day. Rural poverty exceeds 40 percent, compared to 27 percent in urban areas. Most Papua New Guineans depend on subsistence agriculture, which suffers from low productivity due to inadequate training and poor infrastructure.
Access to electricity covers only about 20 percent of the population, and just 19 percent have safe drinking water. World Bank reported worsening education outcomes, with 72 percent of Grade 5 students unable to read age-appropriate texts. Health infrastructure is underdeveloped, contributing to malnutrition where nearly half of children under five are stunted. Youth unemployment remains high, with many young people neither in education nor employment.
PNG’s economy heavily relies on extractive industries, which account for over 70 percent of export earnings but employ only a small fraction of the workforce. The reopening of the Porgera gold mine and progress on major projects like Papua LNG and P’nyang gas developments offer growth potential but remain vulnerable to commodity price swings and infrastructure bottlenecks.
Foreign exchange shortages, power disruptions, and civil unrest, including the January 2024 riots in Port Moresby, have dampened business confidence as reported by local media. Inflation remains elevated at around 5.5 percent, driven by exchange rate depreciation and rising food and fuel costs.
Inequality persists, with wealth concentrated among political elites and urban centers while rural communities remain marginalized. The government’s Medium-Term Development Plan IV aims to improve infrastructure, social services, and stimulate private sector growth, but implementation challenges remain.
Despite these challenges, Prime Minister James Marape remains optimistic: “Our country’s challenges remain significant, but we can overcome them if we work together.”
PNG’s journey over 50 years has seen modest growth overshadowed by deep social challenges. Recent developments offer cautious hope, but turning economic gains into broad social progress remains the nation’s greatest challenge.