10/08/2023
The 1960 Nigeria: Which Way today and tomorrow?
By: Uche Emmanuel Woke
THE BACKGROUND
The year 1960 was a momentous one for Nigeria, as it marked the country's independence from British colonial rule. Our country was full of hope and the fireworks that greeted the sky during that anxious moment when the Union Jack descended to pave way for the Green White Green, was a radiant signal of the promise of a great nation birthed without blood. Our people; our forefathers, kids who are now senior citizens looked to the future with great optimism. The founding fathers' dream for Nigeria in 1960 was a nation that was strong, united and prosperous. A nation that would take the lead in Africa's race for self-reliance and technological advancement. A nation where all citizens would have equal opportunities and the chance to thrive. That was the dream, but where is Nigeria today?
Many would argue that the Nigeria of today is far from that idealistic vision. Others would maintain that the country is making progress. Or it might just be a bit of the two positions; maybe the country is in a mood of intermittent flip-flop; slowly up and speedily down. Whatever! Time will provide the answers.
Governments are created for the good of man; his comfort, his well-being and security. And there are basic things that make life easy and beautiful for a lawful citizen. Indeed, if we go by the philosophical dictates of the social contract that established the state, no lawful citizen is deserving of a life in penury except he is a criminal, an enemy of the state or simply a fugitive. But even a criminal has his rights. So then, a legitimate citizen should have his paradise provided already for willingly submitting self to external discipline and institutional legal control; he deserves it and yes, the state owes him that. Where the state fails to provide this paradise or something that looks like it, then the state has yet to fulfill its purpose and by that virtue, has lost its meaning.
Or maybe not.
Let us take a brief tour back to the beginning.
We can't deny the obvious divergence between the dream of 1960 Independence and the reality of today's Nigeria. And there are several factors that contributed to this divergence.
Firstly, to have a strong and reliable nation, Nigeria needed a national identity that transcended ethnic, religious, and regional divisions. Did the nationalists who led the country to independence succeed in creating that national identity? Historical accounts clearly reveal that the early years of independence were marred by political instability, as the first civilian Government lost grip on governance and dragged its essence to the primordial and microscopic consideration of regional and ethnic interests, by reinforcing regional sentiments and dichotomy. And to make matters worse, the military seized power several times and corruption became widespread.
Hold on, let's catch a glimpse of the oil factor just to establish a motive and nexus before proceeding.
The discovery of oil was a blessing as much as it was also a curse to Nigeria. Oil discovery led to a "resource curse" that fueled massive distrust, conflict and corruption. And of course, I won't fail to mention the global economic downturn of the 1980s as contained in the history books. Nigeria failed to diversify its economy and became ensnared by the economic b***y trap of the West. US and other Western leaders who noticed the rapid free money economic boom of Nigeria due to oil discovery and how it posed some future threats on their own economy, took some deliberate steps to weaken the viability of oil in the global market. Oil price dropped and Nigeria was hit hard. This economic woe lasted through the 80s until Oil regained its strength in the 90s. Sadly, the situation damaged the country's prospects and it's all because of the failure of government to diversify the economy.
Back to the political beginning, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of independent Nigeria, is said to have made several decisions that had long-lasting negative consequences for the country. First, he did not do enough to unite the diverse ethnic and regional groups in Nigeria. Instead, he favored the Northern region, which led to resentment from other parts of the country. The northern elites saw themselves as educationally disadvantaged and were determined to close the gap. Sir Abubakar's administration was also accused of corruption and nepotism. He failed to diversify the economy away from its reliance on agriculture and oil and did not provide enough support for education and infrastructure.
Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the leader of the Yoruba people and Premier of the Western region, was a fierce critic of the policies of Prime Minister Balewa. He accused Balewa's government of being corrupt and nepotistic, and of ignoring the needs of the Yoruba people. He also implemented programs such as free primary education and rural electrification in his region, which were not matched by the Federal Government. The battle between him and Akintola led to serious riots in the Western Region culminating into a constitutional crisis and eventually a state of emergency in the West. These tensions between the different regions of Nigeria from the time of the civilian rule, through the period of the brief military rule under Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (1960-1966 crisis period) were one of the main factors that led to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War. Don't forget that beneath the surface of the whole crisis is a major factor which is resource control; and the resource is the OIL.
The legacy of these events still resonates in Nigerian politics today. The divisions between the different regions and ethnic groups have never fully healed, and they continue to affect the country's politics and economy. There is still a lack of trust between the different regions, and there is a deep sense of frustration with the Federal Government's failure to address what many consider historical injustices. This has led to a cycle of violence and instability that has made it difficult for Nigeria to realize its full potential.
NIGERIA TODAY
According to World Population Review, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of over 200 million people. By United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs records as at the time of writing, the Nigeria's population is growing rapidly, with an annual growth rate of over 2%. Clearly, this population growth is putting pressure on the country's resources, including water, food, and energy. It is also contributing to urbanization, as more and more people move to the cities in search of opportunities. This rapid population growth poses challenges for the government in terms of providing basic services and ensuring economic development.
Nigeria is currently facing a number of economic challenges. The country is heavily dependent on oil, which has led to fluctuations in economic growth. Inflation and unemployment remain high, and poverty is a major problem. That said, let me ease your mind a little by announcing that there are also some positive signs for the future. Nigeria's population is young and growing, which could lead to increased productivity. The country appears to be waking up to the reality of diversifying its economy and investing in infrastructure, which could boost economic growth. In addition, Nigeria is rich in natural resources, and the potential for renewable energy development is significant.
Simply put, our setbacks can be seen in areas such as over dependence on oil, poor infrastructure including roads, power and water supply. Our common objective therefore, is to surpass these challenges and achieve a better Nigeria that we can all be proud of. In my opinion, a better Nigeria would be one that has stable and diversified sources of revenue, with less reliance on oil. This would allow for the development of other sectors like agriculture, solid minerals, and manufacturing. The country would also have a stable and reliable power supply, which would support economic activities and improve the standard of living. A better Nigeria would have a well-developed transport infrastructure, which would facilitate the movement of goods and people. But there's a resilient monster blocking our way, and it's called corruption.
Corruption has eaten deep into our system and is almost becoming a norm that is spiritually, morally and institutionally acceptable. Corruption is not just in politics and governance as many would like to think; there may be more corrupt practices amongst business owners, religious leaders, and ordinary citizens. Governance is rapidly changing in meaning and is turning out to be all about politics. Security system is still low grade as there is an obvious lack of proper surveillance system, plus lack of expertise in investigative capabilities, lack of forensic technology, and more. Most business people still complain of lack of conducive environment for businesses to thrive because the basic social needs are not adequately provided.
Now it looks like I have answered the question of where we are at the moment but let me further lay emphasis on some specifics.
SECURITY is a major issue in Nigeria. The country faces a number of security challenges, including terrorism, banditry, and kidnapping. These issues have a negative impact on the economy and the lives of citizens. The government has made some efforts to address these challenges, but more needs to be done. The lack of proper digital surveillance for instance, is indeed a major challenge for security in Nigeria. This makes it difficult to monitor and prevent crime, as well as to apprehend and prosecute criminals.
The government has been investing in digital surveillance technologies, but there is still a long way to go in terms of implementation and capacity. One example is the National Public Security Communications System (NPSCS), which is a network of CCTV cameras and other surveillance equipment that is used to monitor public spaces and help law enforcement track crime. Another example is the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), which is used to identify criminals by matching fingerprints from crime scenes with those in a database. Additionally, the government has also invested in social media monitoring systems, which can be used to track online activity and identify potential threats. But the issues remain the capacity to reach every area and to implement the programs effectively. Now, I am sitting in a public place writing but I don't see any CCTV facing me here. If I walk from Choba to Mgbuoba, I don't think I will see any either.
ELECTRICITY is absolutely crucial for a country's economic development. In Nigeria, poor electricity supply is a major obstacle to economic growth. Without reliable power, businesses cannot operate efficiently, and many jobs are lost. This has a ripple effect on other areas of the economy, including agriculture, manufacturing, and services. In addition, a lack of power leads to increased use of diesel generators, which are expensive and pollute the environment. Finally, it makes it difficult for people to meet their basic needs, such as food, water, and healthcare. So, the importance of power to the economy cannot be overstated.
Still on power, let's go down the memory lane. The first electric light in Nigeria was installed in Lagos in 1896, (read "Lagos: The Making of a City" by Elisha Renne). The light was powered by a small generator, which was used to illuminate the premises of a merchant named John Holt. However, it was not until 1929 that the first public power station was built in Lagos, which had a capacity of just 50 kW. Since then, there have been several attempts to expand and improve the country's electricity supply, but it has been a slow and difficult process. The first major power project in Nigeria was the Kainji Dam, which was commissioned in 1968. The dam is located on the Niger River in Niger State and has a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 760 MW. The Kainji Dam was a major landmark in Nigeria's power sector and helped to pave the way for other hydroelectric projects like the Shiroro Dam and the Jebba Dam. Currently, Nigeria generates around 4,000 to 5,000 megawatts of electricity on a daily basis. This is far below the country's demand, which is estimated to be around 25,000 megawatts. This means that there is a huge gap between the supply and demand for electricity, which has a major impact on the economy and the standard of living.
It simply means that, despite all the developments in the power sector over the years, the country still has a large energy deficit. Nigeria's power sector is still lagging behind and there are several reasons for this, including poor management, corruption, vandalism, and a lack of infrastructure. As a result, many Nigerians still rely on private generators for power, which is expensive and polluting.
There are a few ways that Nigeria could increase its electricity generation. One option is to invest in more renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Another option is to upgrade and expand the existing grid infrastructure. Additionally, the government could encourage more private sector investment in the power sector. There is also a need for a reform of the sector to guarantee better management and accountability. Finally, the government needs to promote energy conservation and efficiency. All of these steps will require significant investment and political will, but they are necessary for the long-term economic prosperity of Nigeria.
Let's look at Agriculture.
Emphasis here is on agricultural potentials of the country, agricultural marketing, rural poverty, and smallholder farmers.
Nigeria has a lot of potential when it comes to agriculture. The country has a large amount of arable land, as well as a growing population that needs food. One way to improve agriculture in Nigeria would be to invest in better farming techniques and technologies. This could include things like improved seeds, irrigation systems, and fertilizer. Additionally, there is a need to develop better storage and transportation systems for agricultural products. There is also a need to train more people in the agricultural sector.
Another area where Nigeria could improve is in its agricultural marketing. Currently, a lot of farmers in Nigeria do not have access to good markets for their products. This means that they often sell their products at a loss, or even waste them. The government could help to improve this situation by setting up better marketing systems and by providing farmers with more information about prices and markets.
Of course, we can't improve Agriculture without addressing the issue of rural poverty. Many farmers live in poverty, which makes it difficult for them to invest in better farming techniques or to afford inputs like fertilizer and seeds. The government could help to address this by providing more support for rural development, such as better roads, education, and health care. Addressing rural poverty would also have the added benefit of improving food security in Nigeria. One of the biggest challenges facing the country is the fact that many people do not have access to enough food. In fact, over 30% of the population is food insecure. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) published a report in 2020 that found that 30% of the population in Nigeria was food insecure. Food insecurity in Nigeria is caused by a variety of factors, including conflict, poverty, climate change, and lack of infrastructure. The FAO report also found that the COVID-19 pandemic had exacerbated the issue, as it disrupted food supply chains and caused food prices to rise. The government could help to improve this situation by providing more support for smallholder farmers and investing in programs that improve nutrition.
Smallholder farmers are defined as farmers who have small plots of land, typically between one and two hectares. They often rely on family labor and traditional farming methods. In Nigeria, they produce a significant portion of the country's food, including staples like cassava, yams, and maize. However, they often face a number of challenges, including limited access to credit, poor infrastructure, and inadequate market access. Added to their challenges now is the issue of security around the bush areas. Some of the bushes are used as criminal hideouts or kidnap den. This situation has discouraged so many farmers.
THE ACTORS AND THEIR ROLES IN THE WOE
Political Leaders:
This is not a piece for tantrums and blame games. Consider it a wake up call or charge to sit up. That's why I'll confine myself to the simple task of reminding Political Leaders at all levels in Nigeria, that they need to take concrete steps to build trust and create a more equitable society. First, they need to prioritize the rule of law and ensure that all citizens are treated equally before the law. Second, they need to promote transparency and accountability in government, including with respect to public finances. Third, they need to work to improve economic opportunities for all, including by creating jobs and investing in education and infrastructure. Finally, they need to ensure that all groups have a voice in decision-making and that the concerns of marginalized groups are taken into account.
Followers (Citizens):
Citizens also have a role to play in building a more trusting and inclusive society in Nigeria. First, they need to be actively engaged in the political process, including by voting and holding leaders accountable. Second, they need to work to overcome prejudices and stereotypes about other groups. Third, they need to reject violence and extremism as a means of resolving differences. Fourth, they need to find common ground and work together for the common good. Finally, they need to speak up when they see injustices and speak out for those who are marginalized or oppressed.
Entrepreneurs and Corporate Organizations:
Businesses and corporations in Nigeria can also play a role in building a more trusting and inclusive society. First, they can commit to ethical and transparent business practices, including by paying taxes and creating good jobs. Second, they can invest in the communities where they operate, including by supporting local businesses and providing training and education opportunities. Third, they can promote diversity and inclusion in their workforce and in their corporate culture. Finally, they can advocate for policies that support economic development and social justice.
Talking about entrepreneurs, the "profit at all costs" mentality has been a basis for their involvement in manipulating government policies with less consideration of citizens' plight. There are claims of generator dealers doing everything possible to keep Nigeria dependent on generating plants. There are also claims about oil/petrol dealers doing everything to keep Nigeria dependent on fuel consumption. Also worth noting is the issue of monopoly and indiscriminate increase in prices of commodities. Profit maximization at all cost has often been blamed for exacerbating the trust deficit in Nigeria. It has led to the exploitation of resources and the mistreatment of workers, and it has contributed to inequality and poverty. While profit is a legitimate goal for businesses, they need to balance it with a commitment to social responsibility and sustainable development. They need to recognize that their long-term success depends on a healthy society and a healthy environment. In the end, businesses that put profit before people will only create a society that is increasingly fractured and divided.
Religious Leaders:
Religious leaders in Nigeria have a crucial role to play in promoting social cohesion and trust. They can act as moral authorities and role models, and they can use their platforms to advocate for peace and justice. First, they need to promote religious tolerance and understanding, and reject the use of religion to justify violence or discrimination. Second, they can work to strengthen community bonds and build relationships across religious lines. Third, they can encourage people to respect the rights and dignity of others, even when they are different from them. Finally, they can use their influence to advocate for policies that benefit the common good.
Today, there are many religious associations in Nigeria, representing a variety of faiths. Some of the major ones include:
- The Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, which represents Muslims
- The Christian Association of Nigeria, which represents Christians.
- The Nigerian Inter-Religious Council, which brings together leaders from different faiths.
- The Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria, which represents Pentecostal churches.
- The Jama'atul Nasril Islam, which represents Sunni Muslims.
- The Christian Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria, which represents charismatic churches.
Whether these religious organizations have been able to foster unity and contribute to the development of Nigeria is a mixed picture. On the one hand, these organizations have played a role in promoting peace and understanding between different religious groups. For example, the Nigerian Inter-Religious Council has been involved in efforts to prevent violence and resolve conflicts. On the other hand, these organizations have also been criticized for being too political and for contributing to division rather than unity. It is clear that there is still work to be done in this area. But overall, religious organizations have the potential to be a powerful force for good in Nigeria.
THE PROSPECTS FOR NIGERIA
The country under His Excellency Senator Ahmed Tinubu appears to be making moves in the direction of diversifying the economy and investing in other areas including infrastructure, entertainment and tourism. If actions are adequately matched with words, this could boost economic growth. Again, Nigeria is rich in natural resources, and the potential for renewable energy development is significant. The country has a population advantage and must utilize it by building capacities formally and vocationally.
Finally, it is possible for the different regions and ethnic groups in Nigeria to build trust and work together for the common good, but it will require a lot of effort and patience. There needs to be a willingness to address the historical issues and to move beyond the grievances of the past. There also needs to be a commitment to building a truly inclusive and democratic society that gives everyone a voice and a stake in the future of the country. This will require strong leadership, both at the national and regional levels, that is focused on creating a shared vision for Nigeria's future.
It is time to bring the Dubai concept home and also bring our citizens home. It is time to end medical tourism and have the best hospitals run by our own doctors here. It is time to compete favorably in the global world of technology. It is time to enjoy uninterrupted power supply and for our citizens to be highly productive because the system affords them the opportunity to be. It is time to be proud of being a Nigerian. Let's do more of the governance and less of the politics.
Uche Emmanuel Woke
https://crystalinemediablog.wordpress.com/2023/08/10/the-1960-nigeria-which-way-today-and-tomorrow/
