12/09/2022
MENENE ‘BLACK HOLE’?
Black hole wani wuri ne a cikin sarari, wanda yake da Ƙarfi (gravity) mai tsananin karfin jawo abu zuwa cikin sa, wanda ko haske ne bazai iya kuɓuta daga wannan tsananin karfin janyowa na gravity ba.
Kafin mu shiga cikin gundarin bayanin ya kamata mu san abubuwan kamar haka:
1. Gravity/Gravitational force: wannan wani karfi(force) nesarari ke da shi, ta dalilin hakan ne yasa yakan janyo wani abu kusa da shi, misali earth din mu yana da gravitational force ta inda idan ka jefa abu sama sai ya dawo kasa, ko abu akan wani abu ya fado kasa, wannan force É—in da yake jawo abubuwa zuwa kasa shi ake kira da gravity. Duk wasu abubuwa
masu girma cikin sarari suna da irin wannan gravity din, abunda yake da girma yakan samu karfin gravity fiye da wadda baida girma. Misali: Wata(moon) bashi da girma sosai kamar Duniya (Earth) shi yasa bashi da karfin gravity da ya kai na Earth.
Rana(sun) dake yana da girma sosai-sosai sai ya zamto ƙarfin gravityn sa yafi na duniyarmu ninkin-baninkin, haka ma sauran taurarin da suke da girman da ya wuce na ranan mu, suna da karfin gravity da yafi na rana.
2. Event horizon: shikuma wani wuri ne a ta farko-farkon cikin blackhole. Duk abun da blackhole ta janwo cikin ta, da zaran ya wuce wannan yanki na event horizon to bazai iya fitowa daga ciki ba, sai dai ya wuce ciki har a bada.
3. Space-time: wannan wani nazariyya ne na lissafi (mathematical model) wanda ya haɗa sarari(space) da lokaci(time) wuri guda don ya samar da wata fahimta daya da ake kira (Continuum). gamayyar (space) da (time) ya matuƙar taimakawa masana sarari fahimtar yaya ƙaunu (universe) yake gudana a babban ma’auni ko mataki. Misali: matakin Girman tauraro (galaxy) da ƙankantar kwayar zarra (Atom).
Dimension: Shine ta yaya mu ke ganin abu, muke auna abu, muke fahimta, ta hanyar Sama(up)
Ƙasa(down), Hagu ko Dama, Gaba ko Baya, Zafi ko Sanyi, yaya muke jin nauyin abu, yaya nisan wuri? Da sauran fahimtar dimension a mathematics da physics, duk wadannan abubuwan da muka lissafa yana cikin Space, wanda a jimlace ake kira da ‘3Dimensions ko 3D a dunkule. Sai dayan dimension din da Albert Einstein ya fara kawowa cikin nazariyyar sa ta (Theory of Relativity), wato lokaci(time) shine idan aka hada da wanchan 3D din sai mu samu 4-D, ko ‘Space-time. Duk wani abun da zamuyi ko abun da zai wakana ko zai wanzu ko yana wanzuwa bai kasance ba illa a cikin wannan spacetime din(4D).
4. Atom: Shine mafi kankantar abu(matter) akwai ire-iren atoms da yawa, ko wane yana da sunan sa da nauyin sa da kuma girman jikin sa, wadannan ire-iren atoms din ana kiran su da ‘chemical elements’ a turance. Atoms suna da kankanta matuka sai dai kuma siffan su ya sha banban dalilin banbancin elements na su. girman atoms baya wuce daga 0.1 ‘nanometers’ zuwa 0.5 ‘nanometer. Za ka iya raba kaurin gashin mutum sau dubu dari ka cire kashi daya ciki, shine kaurin nisan Nanometer daya, cikin wannan kashin ne zaka sake raba ta gida goma, daya zuwa biyar cikin goman nanometer shine kwatankwacin kaurin atom daya. Anan zamu ce atom yana da kankanta matuka.
5. Radiation: Shine energy da jiki(body) yake fitarwa a jikin sa, yayi tafiya cikin sarari har wani jikin(body) ya shanye energy din(absorb).
Nazariyyar (General Relativity) na Albert Einstein, yana hasashen cewa yayin da abu ya fada cikin Black Hole, abun yakan niku(compress) nikuwan da ba iyakan sa (infinity), yayin da abun nan yake tafiya zuwa chan
tsakiyar Black Hole din, har ya kai zuwa wani matakin da ake kira da ‘Singularity’. masana basu iya gane abun da yake faruwa da abun da ya fada cikin Black Hole ya kai matakin ‘Singularity’.
Masana Physics s**an yi aiki akan duk wani abu da ya faÉ—a cikin Black Hole wanda bai yi nisa da iyakar (event horizon) ba, saboda kasan cewan karfin gravity a wannan yankin bai da karfin da zai nika(compress) wannan abu, har sai y agama gangarawa zuwa cikin tsakiya inda zai kai matakin Singularity.
Black Hole ya kasance maudu’i wanda Manazarta physics s**a yi kokarin warware matsalolin da ke cikin sa cikin kusan shekaru hamsin. Marigayi STEPHEN HAWKING na Jami’ar Cambridge yayi gagarumin nasara a shekaran 1970, inda yayi amfani da nazariyyar (Quantum Theory) akan wuraren da suke fitar da radiation a jikin Black Hole, ya gano cewa wannan wuraren suna da zafi na wani ma'auni (nonzero temperature).
Ta wannan dalilin yasa wannan wuraren ba ma janyowa ba har fitar da wani ‘energy’ suke yi.
Wannan analysis na Stephen, ya saka Black Hole cikin nazarin thermodynamics, nazarin abun da ya shafi dangantaka tsakanin zafi/sanyi(temperature) da work(aikin da wani abu key i sanadiyar faruwan wani abu a jikin sa).
Sanadiyyar haka wannan hasashe na Stephen ta kara matsalan da ake kira (irreversibility) wato abun da baza a iya dawo da shi bay aba, bayan aukuwan sa(duk abun da ya faÉ—a cikin Black Hole) yana gamuwa da wannan matsalata irreversibility) Shi wannan fitar da Radiation da Stephen yace tana
faruwa, tana faruwane a kan iyakan Black Hole(event horizon) kuma wannan radiations É—in baya É—auke da wani bayani da ya shafi cikin Black Hole, kawai dai wani wasoson radiation ne. idan mukayi
kokarin mayar da wannan wasoson radiation din cikin black hole, sai ya shige bazai dawo ba har abada, sai a bar mu da Karin zafi, baza ka iya kwatanta yaya abun da ya fada ciki ya makale a ranka ba,
saboda yayin da Black Hole din ya fitar da radiation yakan tsuke har ya kai matakin da zai É“ata gabaki daya inji Stephen. Wannan matsalar ana kiranta da (Information Paradox) saboda ita Black Hole tana lalata duk wani bayani da zamu iya samu akan abun da yake fadawa cikin sa.
Masana kimiyya suna kyautata zaton cewa tun farko-farkon ƙaunu, an samu kananan Black Holes. Black Hole samfurin Stellar sun samo asali ne, yayin da aka samu ruftawa a tsakiyan manyan taurari ko rugujewa sanadiyyar tsananin karfin gravity na wannan tauraron. Yayin da hakan ta faru, wannan tauraron sai ya tarwatse ya zama wani wagegen tauraro da ake kira (Supernova). Irin wannan tauraron suna fashewa ne su tarwats sassan jikin su zuwa cikin sarari(space).
Hakazalika, masanan sun ce manyan Black Hole masu girman gaske sun samu ne lokaci guda da galaxy din da suke cikin su. Yayin da irin wadannan manyan taurarin s**a karar da makamashin dake cikin su a karshen rayuwan su, sai gravity na wannan tauraron ya cinye tsakiyar sa, yayi sanadiyyar ruftawar sa a cikin sa(tauraron) sai sauran sassan jikin tauraron ta fashe ta watsu cikin sarari, daga nan ne kuma, sai tsakiyar tauraron ta fara cinye duk wani abu da yake a kusa, tana kara girma.
A tsakiyar black Hole ake samun (singularity) sannan event horizon ya lullube ko yayi zobe wa singularity a tsakiya. A cikin event horizon escape velocity(wato karfin gudun abu don tserewa janyen gravity) ya darewa saurin tafiyan haske, a takaice karfin janyen gravity cikin event horizon na black hole ta darewa saurin tafiyan haske, hakan yasa duk saurin haske baya iya tserewa janyewan gravity. Baza mu iya ganin Black Hole da idanuwan mu ba, ba don kankanta ko tsananin girman suba, sai don kasancewar su masu tsananin karfin gravity da hatta haske baya iya tsira musu. Muna iya gane Black Hole ne saboda tsananin girman gravitational field din su da kuma yanda kasantuwan su yake shafan duk wani abu da yake a kusa da su. Misali, idan Black Hole yana cikin rabe-raben Binary Star System’ duk wasu abubuwanda suke fadawa cikin sa, s**an dauki sananin zafi su fitar da radiation na X-ray, kafin su gangara cikin Event Horizon su bace bacewa na har a bada
Cikin Black Hole akwai manyan gaske akwai kuma kananan da girman su bai wuce na atom ba, irin wadannan Black HOLES masu girman atom suna da kankanta sosai sai dai kuma suna da nauyin da ya kai nauyin girman dutse.
Black Holes irin su stellar suna da girman da ya kai girman nauyin ranan mu sau ashirin. Akwai irin wadannan Stellar Black Holes din da yawa a cikin Galaxy din mu na Milky Way. Manyan Black Holes ana kiran su da ‘Supermassive’ irin wannan manyan Black HOLE suna da girman da ya kai nauyin girman rana sau miliyan daya. Masana kimiyya suna da tabbacin cewa a tsakiyar ko wace babban galaxy akwai Supermassive Black Holes a tsakiyar su da ko wani abu cikin galaxy din ke kewaya ta.
Supermassive Black Holes da yake tsakiyar galaxy din mu ana kiran sa da ‘Sagittarius A’ yana da nauyin da ya kai nauyin ranan mu sau miliyan hudu, zai dauki yawan miliyoyin duniyar mu a cikin sa.
Shin yaya zaka kwatanta idan mutum É—a fada cikin Black Hole?
Hausa.
