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Minalabac , An Banuwaan kong Ginikanan An Pag babago yaon Sato nagpopoon Luway - luway pero siguradong hero ; Ngonian bako sa AGA, Punan

Panalo ang Bayan!Sa Wakas!!!Sa tulong at habag ni Ahba Yahawah ay lumabas na ang matagal na nating hinahanap na tamang W...
21/10/2022

Panalo ang Bayan!
Sa Wakas!!!
Sa tulong at habag ni Ahba Yahawah ay lumabas na ang matagal na nating hinahanap na tamang WACC para sa Distribution at Transmission Rate. Matapos ang 7 taon na hindi pag compute sa wakas ay narito na ang tamang komputasyon. Dahil dito, magmumura na ang kuryente at magkaka-refund pa ang Sambayanang Pilipino.

Panoorin kung paano ipinaglaban ni Cong. Dan Fernandez ang lahat ng ito!

Narito ang mga links sa mga sumusunod na videos:
https://youtu.be/gQpIJ4L9aaQ





Panalo ang Bayan!Sa Wakas!!!Sa tulong at habag ni Ahba Yahawah (prayer_hands)ay lumabas na ang matagal na nating hinahanap na tamang WACC para sa Distributio...

CCTO; Goddes Hope Libiran, Assistant Secretary for Communications and Commuter Affiars, Dapartment of Transportation(DOT...
30/05/2022

CCTO; Goddes Hope Libiran, Assistant Secretary for Communications and Commuter Affiars, Dapartment of Transportation(DOTr)
This post failed to mention that the submission of the Unsolicited Proposal for the MRT-7 project was made on August 27, 2001, and its Concession Agreement was signed on August 18, 2008.

However, as of June 2016, not a single post has been built, and not a single train has been delivered. Actual construction of the project only began in August 2016— during the Duterte administration, and under the leadership of Secretary Art Tugade in DOTr, in solid partnership with the San Miguel Corporation headed by Mr. Ramon Ang.

It took almost 20 years from the submission of the unsolicited proposal before the actual construction of the MRT-7 started in the Duterte administration.

Now, after nearly two decades, construction is in full swing, and brand new trains from South Korea have already started arriving.

Thank you. 🙂

———
PS: As mentioned time and again, comparing Build Build Build (BBB) with Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) is GROSSLY ILLOGICAL.

BBB is an overarching program of infrastructure. PPP, on the other hand, is a financing scheme, which involves the private sector’s assistance in funding certain government projects and services.

To understand further, there are various funding sources available to implement any infrastructure project under the BBB Program, or even non-infra projects and services. These are:

1. ODA - Official Development Assistance
2. PPP - Public-Private Partnership
3. GAA - General Appropriations Act

And we are lucky that the BBB program knows no political color. Notwithstanding the political debates, the Duterte administration knows that what should be upheld and considered in each project is not the “who started”… but the “why it is needed”, and “who will benefit the most”.

Fortunately, the Duterte administration decisively pursued these projects, regardless of who conceptualized or initiated them. President Duterte knows that important projects are worthy to be finished, and that its long-term effects will be most beneficial to the Filipino people and the entire country.

Thank you PNoy admin and Filipino taxpayers and SMC for the MRT 7 Public Private Partnership project, not
Build, Build, Build as others claim.

The current project was approved on November 21, 2013 by the NEDA board, chaired by President Benigno Aquino III, and the project was developed through a public-private partnership (PPP). It has an indicative cost of ₱62.7 billion.[16]

The Department of Finance issued the terms of financial guarantee for the line in 2014, and financial closure for the project was achieved in February 2016.[17] On January 22, 2016, Hyundai Rotem won the US$440.2 million contract with SMC-Mass Rail Transit 7 Incorporated to supply 108 train cars, signalling, communication and power supply systems.[2][18]

The new line will include a 22.8 kilometer of a mostly elevated railway line with 14 stations. The project also includes construction of a 22 kilometer highway from the NLEX Bocaue Interchange, up to the proposed intermodal transport terminal (ITT) located near San Jose del Monte station.[1]

Dangugon po tabi...
21/05/2022

Dangugon po tabi...

CCTO;Kapulutan ng ARAL ang nangyari sa Kanya, ang mga natutunan sa Paaralan , na maging Rebellious sa Government walang ...
12/05/2022

CCTO;
Kapulutan ng ARAL ang nangyari sa Kanya, ang mga natutunan sa Paaralan , na maging Rebellious sa Government walang patutunguhan. Matutu kayong mga Kabataan ng Tunay kahulugan, ng PATRIOTISM, HINDE YANG PAGPAPAGAMIT ACTIVIST ACTIVITY. TALO KAYO , ANG INYONG KINABUKASAN. NAKAKAWA ANG INYONG MGA MAGULANG..
GISING NA KAYO KABATAAN..!💖

Ako si Daniel Dellosa, isang dating mag-aaral ng Applied Physics mula sa UP Diliman na nahikayat umanib sa League of Filipino Students at kalaunan ay naging miyembro ng Kabataang Makabayan noong 2016.

Sa isang magulong kabanata ng aking buhay ay ako ay mas nalugmok pa sa mga mapanlinlang na kaisipan. Noong 2017 ay tuluyan na akong naging kaanib ng Partido Komunista kung saan ako ay naging kalihim ng Guerilla Front 2 at nanguna sa pagpapalaganap ng mga komunistang propaganda.

Sa ilalim ng Southern Mindanao Regional Committee ay nagkaroon ng engkwentro sa pagitan ng aming hanay at mga sundalo. Dito ay tinamaan ako sa may hita na siyang naging dahilan upang hindi ako makalakad. Sa kasagsagan ng labanan ay iniwan ako ng aking mga kasamahan, sila ay nagtakbuhan palayo at inalala ang kanilang pansariling kaligtasan lamang.

Dahil sa paglipas ng mga sandali at walang tulong na dumating mula sa aking mga kasamahan, nagdesisyon akong humingi ng saklolo sa aking mga itinuturing na kalaban.
Ang mga sundalo na aming nakalaban ay walang pag-aatubiling ako’y binigyan ng paunang lunas at paulit-ulit na ako’y sinabihan na huwag mag-alala at ako ay dadalhin nila sa pagamutan.

Sa kabutihang aking naranasan sa kamay ng mga kasundaluhan ay aking napagtanto na ang armadong pakikipaglaban ay walang patutunguhan at kailanma’y hindi ito ang paraan upang makamtan ang pagbabagong aking nais para sa bayan.

Tunghayan ang aking kwento:
Part 1: https://youtu.be/V7PNLOELwVI
Part 2: https://youtu.be/dqNWUjZWBvI

In connection with our theme, "Kapayapaan Para Sa Lahat," featured stories were already posted on this page. aims to highlight that through our unparalleled service and collaboration, we could proudly say that even through our small acts, we continuously take part in advocating peace and order, which every Filipino deserves. With this, we are encouraging your unit’s troops to share their which will be posted in this FB page and Instagram to encourage as well as to inspire others. You may directly message us your story.

Tama po kayo, kaya kayo ang
16/01/2022

Tama po kayo, kaya kayo ang

CCTO;Hindi ako naniniwala na merong kandidato right now for Presidency na walang corruption o malinis 100%. So, I don't ...
17/10/2021

CCTO;
Hindi ako naniniwala na merong kandidato right now for Presidency na walang corruption o malinis 100%. So, I don't really buy na graft and corruption free si or si for that matter, o si , . Kanya-kanyang baho yan.
But since we need to choose, who will lead us then I choose .
For these reasons:
***He speaks with eloquence, ease and he has this calm demeanor. I never heard him saying hurtful words, very careful siya even in front of the press. Kinakain na siya ng press alive, accusations na severe and to his face however he manages to stay calm and collected. This means, in tough and severe situations, kaya niya mag lead. A person who can keep calm when his ego is attacked is someone you can admire. He was humbled through time.

***Ang tagal na niya politiko, and I never heard a scandal about him while in office. Wala ako naririnig na " berdugo" siya o mamamatay tao, o nag abuse siya ng power. When asked about the drug war, he said yes he will fight drugs but through meaning, rehabilitation, providing work, creative pursuits instead of Extrajudicial killings. Very far from the monster, they paint him to be.

***I've been to Ilocos several times, testimony ang Ilocos Norte- kung malala siyang leader, ilocos na mismo, mga residents na mismo ang isusuka siya. As an Ilokano myself, frankly kapag super wala kang kwenta, malutong na mura aabutin mo sa Norte- and yet we have what we call the for BBM. Sabi nila myth, but all the surveys kahit FB lang point out to the reality of this.
As my sister would say, if all your life, you have been projected as the evil one, who did nothing for your country- wouldn't you have a vendetta- sigurado, would want to correct all the wrong assumptions about them.

***They say myth lang daw yung Marcos Gold- Yamash*ta treasure, etc. or the idea that Ferdinand Marcos wanted to back the peso with gold reserves- I want to see for myself if myth nga or totoong lalabas ang gold. Kasi ilan na ba ang nagsasabi na successful sila naka dig ng gold sa different areas ng PH? I once talked to a Japanese bone digger who collected over 2K bones, he attested meron ngang gold nakakalat buong Pinas, pero most ng gold na ito, nahukay na- meaning, meron talaga itong gold na ito, where is it then? Myth? Facts? Wala toh sa Google but almost all of us has heard this-- will this come out in Marcos time?

***He has the bearing of a Statesman- if pipili ka sino emissary mo sa China na growing global power- who do you think can best represent us? Sino palagay mo ang at least igagalang ng Chinese government? Who can become an emblem- strong image- babae si Leni at kaya rin ng babae imaging emblem o symbol however in her time of office as VP- I didn't see a good strategist in Leni- frankly, she speaks too slow for me. I don't have the patience to listen to her speech. Sobrang bagal niya magsalita, aantukin ako. I am not excited sa mga speech niya and have yet to feel anything.
Browsed through some of the laws he wrote and filed- and malalim at may silbi ang mga batas na ito, that I am excited to see get passed and enacted finally- kapag siya na ang uupo.

I still do not understand why Leni became VP. Prior to death of her husband, I never heard of her. Wala may kilala sa kanya, at wala tayo alam na proyekto niya mismo- to be honest- it was super convenient lang namatay husband niya then she became VP.

***If Leni cannot even unite the Liberal party, how will she lead the entire country. Ganito yun eh, if ka partido mo mismo di mo ma disiplina o di mo makuha ang respeto nila para solid kayo at iisa- how will you do that with Generals, PNP forces, AFP, lahat na?

To believe kasi na wala talaga corruption ang mga politiko is a fairytale. Meron bang ganun? Malinis, walang bahid? walang agenda?

Isa pa, majority of Pinoys do not trust their media. Mas mag titiwala pa yan sa Tiktok kesa sa news. We are run by these big media corporations- sila ang ruling class now. Almost every newspaper is owned by them- and the majority of these newspapers are making sure 24/7 that the Marcos will never set foot again in Malacanang Palace but why?
Why are they so afraid of the Marcoses?

And the weird thing is because they have published so many books about Marcos, so many documentaries-- these media outlets were really the ones who made sure Filipinos will never forget the Marcoses--
in short--your own Philippine media and journalists helped make sure the legend of Marcos stays alive-and ironically it will be them who paves the way for the Marcoses to get back in power.- lalo na tong

06/10/2021
06/10/2021

CCTO;
KAALAMAN: AYON SA 1980's SIBIKA AT KULTURA (isa sa inabandunang libro).

Ang Pilipinas noong 1965 pagpasok ni Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos sa pamahalaan at halos walang laman ang kaban ng bayan.

Malinaw pa sa isipan ng mga Lolo at Lola natin ang kasaganaan ng buhay nila noong panahon ni President Marcos.

Ito ay dahil sa panahon na yan ilang taon palang ang nakakalipas nung sumiklab ang Ikalawang Dimaan Pandaigdigan.

Nung maupos si Marcos ay nagsagawa kaagad siya ng mga magagandang programa papaano magkakaroon ng laman ang kaban ng bayan at maipapatayo muli ang mga istraktura na nawasak sa panahon ng Digmaan.

Madalas na nababanggit ni Marcos noon ang salitang "This Nation Shall Be Great Again" ito ang nakikita niya sa Pilipinas magiging matatag muli at magiging mayamang bansa.

Maraming proyekto ang naipatayo sa ilalim ng pamumuno niya, sagana ang mga Pilipino noong panahon na yun, ngunit sumiklab ang plano ng Teroristang NPA na binuo ni Ninoy Aquino sa Tarlac, ang planong pabagsakin ang Republika ng Pilipinas at ipasakamay sa ilalim ng sistemang komunista.

1972 nag deklara ang ating Lolo na si Marcos ng Martial Law para depensahan ang Republika ng Pilipinas at mapanatili ang demokrasya.

Natalo ang mga terorista sa Digmaan at naipakulong ang mga namumuno ng kilusan kagaya ni Joma Sison, Buscayno, at Ninoy Aquino.

Naging mas sagana ang buhay ng mga Pilipino, mas maraming proyekto ang naipatayo at mas naging kilala ang Pilipinas sa buong mundo dahil sa talino at galing ni Marcos.

Si Marcos ang hinihingian ng payo ng mga leader ng iba't-ibang bansa tungkol sa kung papaano mapapalago ang kanilang nasasakopan.

Iba't-ibang lahi ang pumupunta sa Pilipinas para dito mag-aral lalo na pagdating sa Agrikultura.

Noon kasi sagana ang buhay ng mga Magsasaka dahil sa sistema ni Marcos kaya naman nakakapag export ang Pilipinas ng bigas sa iba't-ibang bansa.

1986 pilit na inagaw ang pwesto kay Marcos at dito na nagsimulang maging madilim ang takbo ng Pilipinas.

Bumagsak ang ekonomiya ng Pilipinas, tumaas ang presyo ng mga bilihin, bayarin sa tubig, kuryente, pamasahe, at marami pang iba.

Ang mga proyekto ni Marcos ay hindi ipinagpatuloy. Patuloy ang paninira at pang-aapi sa pamilya Marcos at itinapon, sinunog ang mga libro na nagsasaad sa tunay na kasaysayan ng bansa at pinalitan ng nasabotaheng impormasyon ng kasaysayan.

Hanggang ngayon malinaw parin sa isipan ng mga lolo at lola natin ang tamis at sagana ng panahon nila sa pamumuno ng isang BRILLIANT PRESIDENT na si Ferdinand Marcos.

60% na mga proyekto ni Marcos ay pinakikinabangan parin ng mga Pilipino hanggang sa taon na ito.


03/07/2021

Basa po kita nin Estorya kan satung hinalian..

The lost tribe of ISRAEL is found -- THE FILIPINO.

Whoever shall not remember to look back their origin; Hence, they cannot reach their destination - this applies the law of attraction and physics any multiplication of energy should observed always the origin. People don't observe this law in life, instead they just pre-occupied by thoughts for Nothing and continue whatever they want. When we get old at the time will come to us to return to the source that we are coming from Abba Yahawah.

In the midst of my being my thought is tilted about the past of my homeland "WHAT IS THE ANCIENT NAME OF THE PHILIPPINES?" as with the other countries has its Renaissance name example of that is in IRAQ his previous names are BABYLON until it comes to another generation then its called MESOPOTAMIA this research is never taught in school nowadays, perhaps almost of the subjects now is occupied with the latest sciences. Do you know that we FILIPINOS are part of the biblical history during the period of KING SOLOMON in the old testament of the holy bible,

The ancient name of my beloved HOMELAND PHILIPPINES IS: OPHIR

Ophir is found mainly in Tarshis which is called now the whole Philippines not to confuse, Ophir is the Luzon island of the Philippines when it is first discovered by the Portuguese then finally the Spaniards. Until they called it OPHIR THE WHOLE PHILIPPINES.

To unlock the secrets of the Spaniards in voyage is to search mainly the land of OPHIR indeed, because of its abundance of GOLD and other precious stones and metals as described by King Solomon in the old testament of the holy bible

What the Spaniards believed

After the death of King Solomon, Ophir was abandoned and soon forgotten. After the passage of hundreds of years nobody would know where or what is Ophir. The other word associated with Ophir is the word "Tarshish." Nobody also knew what it meant. In old translations of the Bible it was Supposed also to be a place. However, in new translations of the Bible, it is Used to refer to the fleet that went to Ophir.

What happened to the Hebrew or Jewish settlements that were established Process the gold before they were shipped back to King Solomon? Nobody also knew. However, we knew that because of their religious beliefs the Hebrews tend to survive as a separate enclave wherever they settled.

Historical facts

In Spain there is a book called Coleccion General de Documentos Relativos a las Islas Filipinas. It is found in the Archivos de Indias de Sevilla. It was reprinted in 1920 in Barcelona, Spain by the Compania General de Tabaccos de Filipinas. Its Tomo III (1519-1522), pages 112-138, contains Document No. 98 describing how to locate the land of Ophir.

This same volume also contains the official documents regarding the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan. It also contains the logbook of Francisco Albo, the chief pilot of the ship Victoria. This logbook is also one of the main references regarding the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan.

Since this book contains important documents, we can discern that the Spaniards did not really believe that Ophir was in India. In fact the Cabot expedition that left Spain on April 3, 1526 had a secret mission, "to search for a route to Tarsis, OPHIR, Oriental Cathay (China), and Japan."

Document No. 98 describes how to locate the land of Ophir. The travel guide started from the Cape of Good Hope in Africa to India, to Burma, to Sumatra, to Moluccas, to Borneo, to Sulu, to China, then finally Ophir.

Ophir was "…in front of China towards the sea, of many islands where the Moluccans, Chinese, and Lequios met to trade…"

This group of islands could not be Japan because the Moluccans did not get there. It could not be Taiwan because it is not "of many islands." Only the present day Philippines could satisfy the description.

Jewish Settlements

Along the route described by Document No. 98 are locations of old Jewish settlements.

It would not be surprising for that was the procedure used by King Solomon's fleet.

Settlements were established at selected places to trade and process the gold and silver. The ships will collect the gold and silver and bring it to King Solomon. To the credit of the Hebrew people, their settlement remained true to the Jewish faith even for thousands of years. Settlements were found in India, Burma, Sumatra, and Vietnam (Annam and Cochin China).

Who Were the Lequios?

Spanish records mention of a mysterious people known as Lequios. Modern historians variously identified them as Okinawans, Koreans, or Vietnamese. They were favorite targets of Spanish ships during the time of General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi because the ships of the Lequios were always laden with gold and silver.

According to Documents 98, the Lequios were big, bearded, and white men. They were only interested in gold and silver when trading at Ophir. Okinawans, Koreans, and Vietnamese people are not big nor are they white. Their beards are just small goatees and could not satisfy the word "bearded". Therefore they were not the Lequios. So who could the Lequios be but the remnants of Hebrews and Phoenicians who have made some enclaves along the Southeast Asian shores?

The Hebrew word "LEQOT" or "LIQQET" means to gather, to glean. It resembles closely the word Lequios. It will fit the men of King Solomon's fleet who gathered gold and silver. (Note: The Hebrew alphabet has no small letters.)

Where Was Ophir?

There is no doubt that the group of islands in front of China towards the sea is the present day Philippines. The question is where was Ophir located in the Philippines?

Ancient Chinese records say that the ancient trading places in the Philippines were Ma-yi and Pulilu. Dr. Otley Beyer identified Ma-yi as Mindoro. Dr. Jose Rizal, Blumentrit, Robertson, and Stangl say that it was Luzon in part or in whole.

Dr. Jose Rizal identified "Pulilu" as Bo-ol or Bohol. Nobody disputed Dr. Jose Rizal. So there are only three possible places in the Philippines that could be identified as Ophir, they are Luzon, Mindoro, and Bohol.

OPHIR

The Ancient-Name of the Islands of the Philippines

(Only the descendants of Levites Datu Gerson, Datu Merari and few descendants of Datu Cohat reached the island of Ophir, but the High Priest comes in the lineage of Aaron left in Yahrushalom)

People in the Islands of Ophir speaks Ancient-Hebrew Language

Who is Ophir ?

Ophir written in the Old Testament of the Bible 1 Kings 22:48, 9:28 and 22:49,
Psalms 45:9, Isaiah 13:12, Job 22:24, 28:16, 1Chron. 24:4, 1:23, Genesis 10:25-26.
In Genesis 10:25-30 “ And Heber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg, for his days was the earth divided and his brother’s name was Yoktan. And Yoktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Yerah, and Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah, and Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba, and OPHIR, and Havilah, and Yobab; all these were the sons of Yoktan. And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the EAST”.

The language of Ophir

The language of Heber is the same language of Adam and when the language was confused, only Heber retained the original language of Adam and was called Hebrew from Heber’s name and therefore the language of his two sons Peleg and Yoktan will be Hebrew and the language of Ophir the son of Yoktan will be Hebrew also.

The language of Abraham

Peleg son is Reu, reu son is Serug, Serug son is Nachor, Nachor son is Thare, Thare had tree sons Abram become Abraham, Nahor and Haran the father of Lot. Abraham is Hebrew in Genesis 14:13.

Historians said about Ophir

The western writers garlanded the Philippine land with more names such as Maniolas, Ophir, Islas del Oriente, Islas del Poniente, Archipelago de San Lazaro, Islas de L*****s (Island of Mortars), Archipelago de Magallanes and Archipelago de Legaspi. The western writers and ocean navigators called the islands Ophir before the Western people arrived and re-named it as Philippines from the name of King Philip of Spain.

When the first European historian set their foot in the land of Ophir, it was written by historian Gregorio F. Zaide in page 2 and page 24 of History of the Filipino People, that Padre Chirino an eminent Jesuit historian found in Tagalog language that “it has the Mystery and obscurities of the Hebrew language”.
Therefore in the islands of Ophir the people speaks Ancient-Hebrew language.

"Where is Tarshish and Ophir"

During the early period of European colonization, the Biblical lands of Tarshish and Ophir, or Tarsis and Ofir, as they were called, held the imagination of European explorers. Not only was it believed that the "lost tribes" of Israel were to be found in these lands, but also untold wealth. To these kingdoms King Solomon and King Hiram of Tyre sent ships for trade that "brought from Ophir great plenty of almug trees, and precious stones," (I Kings 10:11). Concerning Tarshish it is written: "Fro the king's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Hiram: every three years once came the shop sof Tarshish bringing gold and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacock." (II Chronicles 9:21)
In Samuel Purchas's well-known travel compendium Purchas His Pilgrim, he devotes the entire first chapter to a discussion of Tarshish and Ophir. In particular, he argues strenously that it is beloved Britain and not Spain that deserved the title as the modern Tarshish and Ophir. Curiously, in Careri's journal of his visit to the Philippines, he mentions that he would not go into the argument raging in Europe at that time over whether the Philippines was originally populated by the descendants of Biblical Tarshish.
In modern times, scholars have attempted to relate Tarshish and Ophir with a number of areas, none of which include the Philippines. However, things were different in Europe prior to the discovery of the Philippines. There, they believed that Tarsis and Ofir were some lands far to the east of biblical Israel. Their reasoning was actually quite logical. King Solomon built the port from which ships departed for Tarsis and Ofir at Ezion-Geber on the coast of the Red Sea. The return journey took about three years, so obviously the location must be somewhere far to the East. In modern times, some scholars have tried to suggest that Solomon's navy circumnavigated Africa to reach the Mediterranean, but the seafaring Europeans of those times would not consider such nonsense. Tarsis and Ofir were unknown lands beyond the Golden Chersonese of Ptolemy. Their discovery would undoubtedly bring untold wealth and great fame in the minds of the people of those times.
But what, one may ask, has this to do with the Philippines? The truth is that the search for Tarsis and Ofir was directly related to the "discovery" of these islands by Magellan!

Magellan and the Search for Ophir
Magellan's contemporary, Duarte Barbosa, wrote that the people of Malacca (in modern Malaysia) had described to him an island group known as the Lequios whose people were as "rich and more eminent than the China (Chinese)," and that traded "much gold, and sliver in bars, silk, rich cloth, and much very good wheat, beautiful porcelains and many other merchandise."
However, Barbosa was not the only one to mention the Lequios during Magellan's time. About a decade after Magellan's voyage, Ferdinand Pinto had wrote in his journal of the experience of his crew and himself after being shipwrecked on the Lequios! Pinto was traveling through the Malay Archipelago at the time and he describes the Lequios islands as belonging to large group of islands many of which were rich in gold and silver. He mentions that at that time the Portugese were familiar with Japan and China, and also with the island of "Mindanaus" or Mindanao, so the Lequois islands must have been somewhere between these two areas. Furthermore, Pinto even goes as far as to give the exact latitude of the main Lequios island. He states that is was situated at 9N20 latitude and that the island was on a merdian similar to that of Japan.
Now, in Magellan's time all exploration was done by latitude sailing and dead reckoning, as no navigational clocks were in use. Latitude sailing required fixing one's latitude precisely by means of an astrolabe. Longitude could only be approximated roughly by using a patent log to track the distance the ship has travelled in any particular direction. When Magellan began to suspect he was nearing the region of the Moluccas he deliberately steered on a north course and then turned westward at a latitude of 13 degrees North according to both Pigafetta and Albo. Pigafetta states that the reason was to get near the port of "Gaticara" which was the Cattigara mentioned by Ptolemy. In the book, Magellan's Voyage around the World, the author, Charles E. Nowell, offers another possible reason for Magellan steering so far to the north of the Moluccas. He notes that Magellan himself had rewrote part of Barbosa's book referring to the Lequios, and in his version Magellan substituted "Tarsis" and "Ofir" for the world "Lequios."
Although these lands are not mentioned in Magellan's contract, less than six years after his voyage, Sebastian Cabot signed a contract with Spain which did have as one of its objectives the "lands of Tarshish and Ophir." Magellan had been to Malacca himself, and probably many have heard of the community of Filipino workers and merchants that lived there under the protection of the king of Malacca. Probably many of you already know of the theory that Black Henry, the slave Magellan purchased at Malacca, may have belonged to the Filipino community of Malacca as he was able to speak with the natives at Limasawa. Whatever the case, we know from his own pen that Magellan thought the Lequios islands might be the same as the Biblical Tarsis and Ofir, and it may be that his idea of the position of the Lequios was partly shaped by Barbosa's book, and partly by information he may have received from Filipinos in Malacca. Was the fact that Black Henry was able to converse with the people living at the latitude given by Pinto (but not with the people of Samar or Leyte) a coincidence, or something planned in advance from information gleaned in Malacca?
Even after their discovery, many still regarded the Philippines, rich in gold and silver, to be the same as ancient Tarsis and Ofir. Father Colin, referred to them as such in the early 1600's and even at the turn of the century, the Philippine historian Pedro Paterno, still claimed that the Philippines were really Tarshish and Ophir! Whatever one thinks of these claims though, the search for the Biblical El Dorado appears to have played an important role in the European discovery of the Philippines.

Chryse, the "Golden One," is the name given by ancient Greek writers to an island rich in gold to the east of India. Pomponius Mela, Marinos of Tyre and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mention Chryse in the first century CE. It is basically the equivalent of the Indian Suvarnadvipa the "Island of Gold." Josephus calls it in Latin Aurea, and equates the island with biblical Ophir, from where the ships of Tyre and Solomon brought back gold and other trade items.

Chryse is often coupled with another island Argyre the "Island of Silver" and placed beyond the Ganges. Ptolemy locates both islands east of the Khruses Kersonenson the "Golden Peninsula" i.e. the Malaya Pen*sula. North of Chryse in the Periplus was Thin, which some consider the first European reference to China.

In addition to gold, Chryse was also famed for having the finest tortoise shell in the world according to the Periplus. Large ships brought trade goods back and forth between Chryse and the markets at the mouth of the Ganges

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