15/02/2023
Behanzin, king of Dahomey(King Shark Of West Africa)
BĂ©hanzin (GbĂȘhanzin) Hossu Bowelle or the âKing Sharkâ was one the most powerful kings in West Africa at the turn of the 19th century. He was the eleventh king of Dahomey, and the last independent ruler of Abomey before French colonization. Who was really BĂ©hanzin?
Born in 1844 in Abomey, BĂ©hanzin was the eleventh king of Dahomey from 1889 to 1894. His name, Kondo, was changed to BĂ©hanzin after he succeeded to his father GlĂšlĂš. His personal symbols were the shark, the egg, and two coconut palm trees, while those of his father were the lion and the ritual knife of Gu. His name actually meant âthe egg of the world or the son of the sharkâ. His great love for the freedom of his country, culture, and people led him to courageously and fiercely defend the land of his ancestors. He led the resistance and fight for the Dahomeyâs freedom.
Seh-Dong Hong-Beh, leader of Dahomey Amazons in 1851.
Dahomey was one of most powerful kingdoms of West Africa, deriving its power from trade and its superior army. Dahomeyâs army was one of the strongest and best-organized armies in West Africa and was comprised of both men and women, including the Amazons, a superior and dreaded fighting force of female warriors. At the time, BĂ©hanzin masterfully led an army of 15000 men and 5000 amazon women. One of the Amazon leaders was Seh-Dong Hong-Beh (which means âGod speaks trueâ) who led an army of 6000 amazons against the Egba fortress in Abeokuta in 1851.
In 1882, France declared a protectorate over Porto Novo, a vassal state of Abomey, without consulting with the indigenous people, as was (and still is) the practice with Europeans colons. By 1885, the French occupied the entire coastal strip West of Porto Novo. In 1889, King GlĂšlĂš and his son BĂ©hanzin, who considered these coastal areas to be part of the kingdom of Dahomey, declared that the Fon people could no longer tolerate Franceâs actions.
Combat de Dogba au Dahomey, 19 September 1892
In February 1890, the French occupied Cotonou; BĂ©hanzin, now king after GlĂšlĂšâs sudden death, prepared for war. BĂ©hanzinâs army, with rifles supplied by the Germans, were getting too strong for neighboring French colonies. BĂ©hanzinâs forces attacked the French simultaneously on two frontsâmilitarily at Cotonou and economically by destroying the palm plantations at Porto Novo. The latter precipitated an early end to the hostilities. A treaty was signed, with the French continuing to occupy Cotonou, for which BĂ©hanzin exacted an annuity; he made France pay for the use of Cotonou port. The peace lasted for two years. However, France was determined to annex Dahomey before the British or Germans did. BĂ©hanzin, knowing that he would have to defend his sovereignty, continued upgrading his army in preparation for renewed war.
General Alfred-Amedee Dodds on the cover of âLâIllustrationâ 20 May 1893
He declared a treaty made with France by his father, GlĂšlĂš, in 1868 null and void, from this war began. In 1894, BĂ©hanzin was defeated by Colonel Alfred-AmĂ©dĂ©e Dodds, a Senegalese mulatto, who was sent to fight against him with powerful French armed forces. BĂ©hanzin, not wanting his people to be massacred, surrendered his person to Dodds, without signing any instrument of national surrender or treaty. BĂ©hanzin thought that he will get a chance to talk to the French president and find a way or sign a conciliation agreement for his country, unfortunately, the French tricked him and instead of going to France, Behanzin was exiled to Martinique. With BĂ©hanzin and his immediate family adamantly refusing to sign a treaty making Dahomey a French protectorate, the French installed their choice, Agoli-Agbo, as king; Agoli Agbo, the puppet, did not last more than 6 years (when he asked for more freedom to rule, he was deported to Gabon). Dahomey was then placed under Franceâs protection and it eventually became a French colony. BĂ©hanzin died in 1906 in Algeria. In 1928, his son, Ouanilo (who was also Franceâs first African attorney in 1920) had his body moved to Dahomey. Ouaniloâs remains will be restituted to Benin almost 80 years after his death.
King Behanzin in exile in Algeria
BĂ©hanzin once said: «Vous pouvez arracher lâhomme de son pays, mais vous ne pouvez arracher son pays du cĆur de lâhomme, ni arracher un grand homme de lâhistoire.» [You can remove a man from his country, but you can never remove his country from a manâs heart, or erase a great man from history]. BĂ©hanzin truly loved his people, and when he saw that his army was being massacred by the French, he cried for his beautiful and strong amazons, and pronounced the most beautiful ode to them [OĂč sont maintenant les ardentes amazones quâenflammait une sainte colĂšre? ⊠Qui chantera leurs splendides sacrifices? Qui dira leur gĂ©nĂ©rositĂ©? ⊠comment accepterais-je sans eux une quelconque abdication? Comment oserais-je me prĂ©senter devant vous, braves guerriers, si je signais le papier du GĂ©nĂ©ral? ⊠pour la survie de mon peuple, [jâaccepte] de rencontrer dans son pays, selon sa promesse, le prĂ©sident des Français.