ZID Research Magazine

26/03/2023

🕵️ Antibodies are soluble immunoglobulins of blood plasma, globulin means "spherical" molecules.
🕵️ Five main classes of Ig which are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE.
🕵️ It is Y shaped structure that consists of four subunits; two heavy chains "H-chains" and two light chains "L-chains".
🕵️ Some domains of polypeptide chains always remain constant while others vary from molecule to molecule.
🕵️ The variable domains of the polypeptide chains contain the respective epitope-specific paratopes of the antibodies " hyper-variable domains of V regions which when binding to the antigen it is specific to it " key-lock" principle.
🕵️ This antigen-Antibody bond ( paratope-epitope) correspond to the nature of electrostatic interactios , van DER Waals forces, and hydrogen bonds, there is no covalent bond created.

Dr. KP gives an overview of antibody structure, and takes a look at a human antibody bound to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. PDB IDsAvailable at rcsb.org: 1ig...

25/02/2023

💥Long COVID Now Looks like a Neurological Disease, Helping Doctors to Focus Treatments.
👤People with long COVID have symptoms such as pain, extreme fatigue and “brain fog,” or difficulty concentrating or remembering things. As of February 2022, the syndrome was estimated to affect about 16 million adults in the U.S. and had forced between two million and four million Americans out of the workforce, many of whom have yet to return. Long COVID often arises in otherwise healthy young people, and it can follow even a mild initial infection. The risk appears at least slightly higher in people who were hospitalized for COVID and in older adults (who end up in the hospital more often). Women and those at socioeconomic disadvantage also face higher risk, as do people who smoke, are obese, or have any of an array of health conditions, particularly autoimmune disease. Vaccination appears to reduce the danger but does not entirely prevent long COVID.

Read fall article here 😊 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/long-covid-now-looks-like-a-neurological-disease-helping-doctors-to-focus-treatments/

09/08/2021

سبحان الله "وَلَقَدْ كَرَّمْنَا بَنِي آدَمَ وَحَمَلْنَاهُمْ فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَرَزَقْنَاهُمْ مِنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَفَضَّلْنَاهُمْ عَلَىٰ كَثِيرٍ مِمَّنْ خَلَقْنَا تَفْضِيلًا" الاسراء ٧٠
We have honored the sons of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea; given them for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favours, above a great part of our creation.
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04/08/2021

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18/07/2021

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01/07/2021

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Long COVID afflicts kids too. Here's what we know so far.

Many children can also experience lingering symptoms after getting COVID-19. But scientists are struggling for answers, so parents are banding together to find treatments and warn others of the risks.

As an 11-year-old in a pre-COVID-19 world, Wednesday Lynch loved being part of a competitive cheer team. She’d gotten good at no-hands cartwheels and back tucks. Wednesday also adored hanging out with friends and riding her bicycle around her Dallas, North Carolina, neighborhood.

All that changed last September, when Wednesday was exposed to COVID-19 while attending virtual school with other socially distanced students at her gym. “A teen in the room didn’t know she had it at the time,” her mom Melissa recalls. Wednesday tested positive soon after.

She experienced many classic COVID-19 symptoms: exhaustion, low oxygen levels, and a loss of smell. Melissa Lynch cared for her daughter at home and after a few weeks the doctor said she could resume her regular activities.

Yet 10 months later she still hasn’t been able to. Every few weeks Wednesday has what her mother calls a wave of illness—three days to a week where she’s so tired she can barely sit up, her heart races, her head pounds, she sometimes spikes a fever, and, in the most recent wave, she had a seizure. Melissa has carted her daughter from doctor to doctor, some of whom were less than helpful; after one physician thought the virus might have damaged Wednesday’s heart, a cardiologist insisted there was nothing wrong. Wednesday is now being assessed by a special COVID Recovery Clinic at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, although few treatments have yet been offered. “It’s frustrating that there’s nothing really available. As one doctor told me, We’re all in the woods,” Melissa says.

BY: MERYL DAVIDS LANDAU
PUBLISHED JUNE 30, 2021

28/06/2021

17/03/2021

1. General principles
a. Antibodies are precious resources and must be conserved—i.e., use as low concentration as possible. DO NOT WASTE.
b. Antibodies are proteins and should be kept cold (refrigerated, on ice, or frozen) when not in use.
c. The more dilute the antibody is, the less stable. Therefore, it is good idea to store antibodies in concentrated form without dilution.
d. Companies that supply antibodies generally also supply instructions on storage and handling. Read and follow the instructions but the recommended concentration is always higher than it should be. So
optimal concentration should be tested for every new antibody (please refer to published literature).
e. Antibodies work best when freshly diluted. Do not dilute your antibodies to make working solutions for immunostaining until you’re ready to start the incubations.
f. Repeated freezing and thawing kills antibodies. Once you have thawed an antibody solution, store it at 4°C for repeated use (unless you are aliquoting a newly arrived antibody; see next section).
2. What to do with newly arrived antibodies: ALIQUOT!
a. If the antibody arrives frozen, thaw it and place it on ice. If it is in liquid, immediately place it on ice.
b. Gently vortex the antibody solution and spin briefly (at 5,000-10,000 x g for 10 seconds to pull down solution) in microcentrifuge to collect all liquid at bottom of tube.
c. Check the total volume of the antibody solution and determine how many aliquots you can make. Typically, aliquots of 5-10 µl (or 20 µl) are appropriate (larger aliquots for antibodies that are used with relatively low
dilution, e.g. 1:100; and smaller aliquots for antibodies that will be highly diluted, e.g. 1:5000).
d. Label tubes with the antibody name, dilution, volume, and date aliquoted; e.g., anti–NR1, undiluted (1:2), 10 µl, 9/28/2013.
e. Aliquot the antibody into the BOTTOM of tubes. Put the tubes in a box in the freezer, and make sure the box is appropriately labeled (e.g., GaoLab polyclonal antibodies, cat. #, company.).
f. Enter the antibody in computer database. Put any accompanying literature or instructions in our antibody notebook or keep a copy for your own record.
g. If you thaw an antibody, write the thaw date on the tube; e.g., thaw 9/28/13.
3- Exceptions and other special conditions:
a- Enzyme-conjugated antibodies, should not be frozen at all and should instead be kept at 4oC. Freezing and thawing will reduce enzymatic activity in addition to affecting the antibody binding capacity.
b- Conjugated antibodies, whether conjugated to fluorochromes, enzymes, or biotin, should be stored in dark vials or wrapped in foil. Exposure to light will compromise the activity of conjugates. Fluorescent conjugates in
particular are susceptible to photo-bleaching and should be protected from light during all phases of an experiment.
c- IgG3 isotype antibodies are unique in their tendency to form aggregates upon thawing and should always be stored at 4oC.
Again, it is important to follow the recommendations on the datasheet.
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13/02/2021

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A complete blood count is typically not a definitive diagnostic test. Depending on the reason your doctor recommended this test, results outside the normal range may or may not require follow-up. Your doctor may need to look at the results of a CBC along with results of other blood tests, or additional tests may be necessary.

For example, if you're otherwise healthy and have no signs or symptoms of illness, results slightly outside the normal range on a complete blood count may not be a cause for concern, and follow-up may not be needed. Of if you're undergoing cancer treatment, the results of a complete blood count outside the normal range may indicate a need to alter your treatment plan.

In some cases, if your results are significantly above or below the normal ranges, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who specializes in blood disorders (hematologist).


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