30/09/2023
The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, NGC 5457, Arp 26, and UGC 8981) is a spiral galaxy located at a distance of around 21 million light-years in the constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered on the 27th of March, 1781, by Pierre Mechain.
The Pinwheel Galaxy is a large face-on galaxy with a diameter of 170,000 light-years (the Milky Way has a diameter of 100,000 - 120,000 light years). Its physical characteristics are comparable with the Great Andromeda Galaxy. The mass of its disk has been estimated at 100 billion solar masses, and the mass of its bulge is around 3 billion solar masses. Finally, the number of stars in the Pinwheel has been estimated at one trillion.
The viewing angle of the Pinwheel allows detailed observations. Numerous H II regions have been detected in the Pinwheel (i.e., 1264), where many are very bright and large. H II regions are associated with massive, hot, young stars, which ionise their immediate environment, hence the bluish appearance. In addition, H II regions are also associated with enormous clouds of molecular gas, which are the source of gas that leads to the formation of new stars.
Due to interaction with its nearby companion companions, the Pinwheel appears asymmetrical. Due to interaction, star formation has been triggered in the galaxy. As an effect of this, it is no surprise that four supernovae have been detected in the Pinwheel. These are known as SN 1901A (unknown type), SN 1951H (type II), SN 1970G (type II-L), and SN 2001fe (type Ia).
Through X-ray observations, an ultra-luminous X-ray source was detected in the Pinwheel. This is known as ULX-1, and in 2005, an optical counterpart was detected, suggesting that this is an X-ray binary. The main component of the binary is a black hole with a mass of 20-30 solar masses. This mass measurement deviates from what is expected according to theoretical models. To a further surprise, the black hole consumes material at a higher rate than the theory suggests.
Image: Composite image of the Pinwheel Galaxy. It was created using data from the Hubble Space Telescope, the 3.6-metre Canadian French Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), and the 0.9-metre telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory.
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CFHT, and NOAO. Acknowledgement - K. K***z (GSFC), F.Bresolin (U. Hawaii), J.Trauger (JPL), J.Mould (NOAO), Y.-H.Chu (U. Illinois)