12/09/2023
It seems something is not quite right with the recognition of Minkowski’s decisive contribution to spacetime physics (such examples prompted, rather provoked, all Minkowski projects), if one of the brightest minds of the twentieth century - Bertrand Russell - can confidently write (The Scientific Outlook, p. 109):
“Space and time were invented by the Greeks, and served their purpose admirably until the present century. Einstein replaced them by a kind of centaur which he called “space-time,” and this did well enough for a couple of decades, but modern quantum mechanics has made it evident that a more fundamental reconstruction is necessary.”
This is a totally incorrect and misleading statement. It was Hermann Minkowski, Einstein’s mathematics professor, who discovered the spacetime structure of the world. Minkowski called the four-dimensional absolute entity (which we have been perceiving as space and time) die Welt (the World); we now call it Minkowski spacetime or just spacetime. Minkowski successfully decoded the profound physical message hidden in the failed experiments to detect uniform motion in the (absolute) space (captured in Galileo’s principle of relativity and the Michelson-Morley experiment) – it turned out that all those experiments failed because the world is four-dimensional (with time as the fourth dimension), which in ordinary language means that observers in relative motion have different spaces and times; that is why, without realizing, the observers had been performing experiments in their own spaces using their own times and always had been finding themselves to be at rest in their own spaces. Moreover, it is a fact that for some time Einstein had difficulty accepting the profound depth of the introduced by Minkowski spacetime physics. Sommerfeld’s recollection of what Einstein said on one occasion provides an indication of Einstein’s initial attitude towards the work of his mathematics professor on the foundations of spacetime physics: "Since the mathematicians have invaded the relativity theory, I do not understand it myself any more" [1].
[1] A. Sommerfeld, To Albert Einstein’s Seventieth Birthday. In: Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. P. A. Schilpp, ed., 3rd ed. (Open Court, Illinois 1969) pp. 99-105, p. 102.