A vortex ring is like a spinning, moving donut made of air, water, or another fluid. It forms when a puff of air or water is pushed out through a small opening, causing the edges to curl back and spin around.
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Yes, on December 6, 2024, Jupiter will make its closest approach to Earth for the year, coming within approximately 611 million kilometers (380 million miles) of our planet. This event, known as perigee, occurs just one day before Jupiter reaches opposition on December 7, 2024, when Earth positions itself directly between the Sun and Jupiter.
During this period, Jupiter will be exceptionally bright and prominent in the night sky, outshining all stars and rivaling Venus in brilliance. It will remain visible throughout the night, reaching its highest point in the sky near midnight. This alignment offers an excellent opportunity for observation, as Jupiter will appear larger and more radiant than usual.
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The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was one of the most powerful volcanic events of the 20th century. After over 500 years of dormancy, the volcano erupted on June 15, sending ash and gases over 20 kilometers into the atmosphere. The eruption coincided with Typhoon Yunya, creating deadly mudflows that destroyed homes and infrastructure. Over 800 lives were lost, primarily due to collapsing roofs under the weight of wet ash.
The eruption released 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide, causing global temperatures to drop by 0.5°C and creating vivid sunsets and a lingering haze. Locally, agriculture was devastated, and indigenous Aeta communities were displaced.
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The QWERTY keyboard we use today was designed in the 19th century by Christopher Latham Sholes, the inventor of the modern typewriter. At the time, typewriters had a mechanical problem: their typebars—metal arms that struck a ribbon to imprint letters on paper—would jam if certain keys were pressed in quick succession. To address this, Sholes created the QWERTY layout, deliberately spacing out commonly used letter combinations like “TH” and “ST” to reduce the likelihood of collisions between typebars. This design made typing slightly slower but significantly improved the machine’s reliability.
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